Heike Kamerlingh Onnes: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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Qator 18: Qator 18:
| awards = {{no wrap|[[Matteucci Medal]] <small>(1910)</small><br>[[Rumford Medal]] {{small|(1912)}}<br />[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] {{small|(1913)}}<br />[[Franklin Medal]] {{small|(1915)}}}}
| awards = {{no wrap|[[Matteucci Medal]] <small>(1910)</small><br>[[Rumford Medal]] {{small|(1912)}}<br />[[Nobel Prize in Physics]] {{small|(1913)}}<br />[[Franklin Medal]] {{small|(1915)}}}}
}}
}}
'''Heyke Kammerling-Onnes''' ({{lang-nl|Heike Kamerlingh Onnes}}) — [[Gollandlar|golland]] fiziki va kimyogari. Tarixda ilk bora, past haroratlar fizikasida amaliy natijalarga erishgan olim hisoblanadi. Uning o‘z davri uchun rekord hisoblangan 0.9 [[Kelvin (oʻlchov birligi)|Kelvin]] haroratga erishgani va bu orqali suyuq [[Geliy|geliy]] olish usulini kashf etgani uchun, [[Fizika|fizika]] bo‘yicha [[1913-yil]]gi [[Nobel mukofoti]] bilan taqdirlangan. Shu tufayli ham uning ilmiy doiralardagi hazilomuz unvoni (''Janob Mutlaq nol'') bo‘lgan.
'''Heyke Kammerling-Onnes''' ({{lang-nl|Heike Kamerlingh Onnes}}) — [[Gollandlar|golland]] fiziki va kimyogari. Tarixda ilk bora, past haroratlar fizikasida amaliy natijalarga erishgan olim hisoblanadi. Uning o‘z davri uchun rekord hisoblangan 0.9 [[Kelvin (oʻlchov birligi)|Kelvin]] haroratga erishgani va bu orqali suyuq [[geliy]] olish usulini kashf etgani uchun, [[fizika]] bo‘yicha [[1913-yil]]gi [[Nobel mukofoti]] bilan taqdirlangan. Shu tufayli ham uning ilmiy doiralardagi hazilomuz unvoni (''Janob Mutlaq nol'') bo‘lgan.
== Tarjimai holi ==
== Tarjimai holi ==
Kammerling-Onnes [[1853-yil]]ning [[21-sentyabr]] kuni, [[Niderlandlar|Gollandiya]]ning [[Gröningen]] shaxrida tug‘ilgan<ref name="nobel">{{cite web|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/onnes-bio.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes|publisher=Nobel Media AB|accessdate=24 April 2012}}</ref>. O‘rta taʼlimni o‘z shahridagi maktabda tamomlagach, [[1870-yil]]da Groningen universitetining [[Fizika]] va [[Matematika]] bo‘limiga o‘qishga kiradi. Keyinroq oliy taʼlimni [[Heydelberg universiteti|Geydelberg universiteti]]da, mashhur olimlar [[Kirxgof Gustav Robert|Kirxgof]] va [[Bunzen Robert Vilgelm|Bunzen]]lar qo‘l ostida davom ettirgan. [[1873-yil]]da u yana Groningenga qaytib keladi. [[1878-yil|1878]]-[[1882-yil]]lar davomida Kammerling-Onnes, Delfta universitetida maʼruzalar o‘qiy boshlagan. [[1882-yil]]da uni, Gollandiyaning eng mashhur oliy taʼlim muassasalaridan biri bo‘lgan [[Leyden universiteti]]ga, amaliy fizika fanlari professori lavozimiga taklif etishadi va Kammerling-Onnes ushbu lavozimni qabul qiladi.
Kammerling-Onnes [[1853-yil]]ning [[21-sentyabr]] kuni, [[Niderlandlar|Gollandiya]]ning [[Gröningen]] shaxrida tug‘ilgan<ref name="nobel">{{cite web|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/onnes-bio.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes|publisher=Nobel Media AB|accessdate=24 April 2012}}</ref>. O‘rta taʼlimni o‘z shahridagi maktabda tamomlagach, [[1870-yil]]da Groningen universitetining [[Fizika]] va [[Matematika]] bo‘limiga o‘qishga kiradi. Keyinroq oliy taʼlimni [[Heydelberg universiteti|Geydelberg universiteti]]da, mashhur olimlar [[Kirxgof Gustav Robert|Kirxgof]] va [[Bunzen Robert Vilgelm|Bunzen]]lar qo‘l ostida davom ettirgan. [[1873-yil]]da u yana Groningenga qaytib keladi. [[1878-yil|1878]]-[[1882-yil]]lar davomida Kammerling-Onnes, Delfta universitetida maʼruzalar o‘qiy boshlagan. [[1882-yil]]da uni, Gollandiyaning eng mashhur oliy taʼlim muassasalaridan biri bo‘lgan [[Leyden universiteti]]ga, amaliy fizika fanlari professori lavozimiga taklif etishadi va Kammerling-Onnes ushbu lavozimni qabul qiladi.
Qator 31: Qator 31:
# hamda, moddalarning magnit xossalarini o‘rganish masalalarini o‘z ichiga olgan.
# hamda, moddalarning magnit xossalarini o‘rganish masalalarini o‘z ichiga olgan.


[[1911-yil]]ga kelib, Kammerling-Onnes, [[Simob|simob]]ning elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi 4.2 Kelvin haroratda birdaniga keskin kamayishini aniqlashga muvaffq boʻlgan. Ushbu hodisa fizikada [[Oʻta oʻtkazuvchanlik|o‘ta-o‘tkazuvchanlik]] nomini olgan<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ilorentz.org/history/cold/DelftKes_HKO_PT.pdf |title=The Discovery of Superconductivity|author=van Delft, Dirk and Kes, Peter |date=September 2010|pages=38–43|journal=Physics Today|doi=10.1063/1.3490499|volume=63}}</ref> . Bir yil o‘tib, u suyuq geliyning [[O‘ta oquvchanlik|o‘ta oquvchanlik]] xossasini kashf etadi<ref>van Delft, Dirk (2007) [http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-10-Van%20Delft-Freezing%20Physics.pdf ''Freezing physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the quest for cold''], Edita, Amsterdam, ISBN 9069845199.</ref>
[[1911-yil]]ga kelib, Kammerling-Onnes, [[simob]]ning elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi 4.2 Kelvin haroratda birdaniga keskin kamayishini aniqlashga muvaffq boʻlgan. Ushbu hodisa fizikada [[Oʻta oʻtkazuvchanlik|o‘ta-o‘tkazuvchanlik]] nomini olgan<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ilorentz.org/history/cold/DelftKes_HKO_PT.pdf |title=The Discovery of Superconductivity|author=van Delft, Dirk and Kes, Peter |date=September 2010|pages=38–43|journal=Physics Today|doi=10.1063/1.3490499|volume=63}}</ref> . Bir yil o‘tib, u suyuq geliyning [[o‘ta oquvchanlik]] xossasini kashf etadi<ref>van Delft, Dirk (2007) [http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-10-Van%20Delft-Freezing%20Physics.pdf ''Freezing physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the quest for cold''], Edita, Amsterdam, ISBN 9069845199.</ref>
. Ushbu masalalar yuzasidan tekshiruvlarni davom ettirib, [[1913-yil]]da, kuchli magnit maydoni ham toklar taʼsirida o‘ta-o‘tkazuvchanlikning buzilishi hodisasini aniqlaydi. Aynan shu yili Heyke Kammerling-Onnes, ''Natijasi suyuq geliy ishlab chiqarishni yo‘lga qo‘yilishiga sabab bo‘lgan, o‘ta past haroratlardagi moddalarning xossalarini tadqiq qilgani uchun'' fizika bo‘yicha Nobel mukofotiga loyiq ko‘rilgan. Past haroratlar fizikasida erishgan yutuqlari sharafiga u, hamkasblari orasida (''Janob Mutlaq nol'') taxallusi bilan atala boshlangan<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1862.0001| title = On the Influence of Temperature on the Electric Conducting Power of Metals| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 152| pages = 1–27| year = 1862| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| last2 = von Bose | first2 = M.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1864.0004| title = On the Influence of Temperature on the Electric Conducting-Power of Alloys| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 154| pages = 167–200| year = 1864| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| last2 = Vogt | first2 = C.}}</ref>.
. Ushbu masalalar yuzasidan tekshiruvlarni davom ettirib, [[1913-yil]]da, kuchli magnit maydoni ham toklar taʼsirida o‘ta-o‘tkazuvchanlikning buzilishi hodisasini aniqlaydi. Aynan shu yili Heyke Kammerling-Onnes, ''Natijasi suyuq geliy ishlab chiqarishni yo‘lga qo‘yilishiga sabab bo‘lgan, o‘ta past haroratlardagi moddalarning xossalarini tadqiq qilgani uchun'' fizika bo‘yicha Nobel mukofotiga loyiq ko‘rilgan. Past haroratlar fizikasida erishgan yutuqlari sharafiga u, hamkasblari orasida (''Janob Mutlaq nol'') taxallusi bilan atala boshlangan<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1862.0001| title = On the Influence of Temperature on the Electric Conducting Power of Metals| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 152| pages = 1–27| year = 1862| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| last2 = von Bose | first2 = M.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1864.0004| title = On the Influence of Temperature on the Electric Conducting-Power of Alloys| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| volume = 154| pages = 167–200| year = 1864| last1 = Matthiessen | first1 = A.| last2 = Vogt | first2 = C.}}</ref>.


Qator 48: Qator 48:


== Meros ==
== Meros ==
Uning o‘zi tashkillagan ajoyib ilmiy laboratoriyasi va ko‘p sonli mutaxassis shogirdlari, keyingi davrlarda ham ilm-fanning turli sohalarida yangidan-yangi yutuqlarga erishib, Kammerling-Onnes maktabining nufuzini yanada ortishiga sabab bo‘lishgan. Xususan uning eng iqtidorli shogirdlaridan bir bo‘lgan olim Willem Hendrik Keesom, [[1926-yil]]da, tarixda ilk bora qattiq holatdagi [[Geliy|geliy]]ni olishga erishgan.
Uning o‘zi tashkillagan ajoyib ilmiy laboratoriyasi va ko‘p sonli mutaxassis shogirdlari, keyingi davrlarda ham ilm-fanning turli sohalarida yangidan-yangi yutuqlarga erishib, Kammerling-Onnes maktabining nufuzini yanada ortishiga sabab bo‘lishgan. Xususan uning eng iqtidorli shogirdlaridan bir bo‘lgan olim Willem Hendrik Keesom, [[1926-yil]]da, tarixda ilk bora qattiq holatdagi [[geliy]]ni olishga erishgan.


Hozirda, Heyke Kammerling-Onnes tashkil etgan Leyden kriogen laboratoriyasi, uning nomi bilan ataladi; shuningdek, o‘sha laboratoriyada, olimning o‘zi loyihalagan mashhur kriogen qurilmasi namoyishga qo‘yilgan bo‘lib, ushbu qurilmaga ham, uning nomi berilgan. Bundan tashqari, Oydagi kraterlardan biri, Kammerling-Onnes sharafiga, uning nomi bilan ataladi<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ed079p697 |last=Howard|first=Irmgard |year=2002|title=H Is for Enthalpy, Thanks to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Alfred W. Porter|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|publisher=ACS Publications|volume=79|issue=6|pages=697|url=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed079p697|bibcode = 2002JChEd..79..697H }}</ref>.
Hozirda, Heyke Kammerling-Onnes tashkil etgan Leyden kriogen laboratoriyasi, uning nomi bilan ataladi; shuningdek, o‘sha laboratoriyada, olimning o‘zi loyihalagan mashhur kriogen qurilmasi namoyishga qo‘yilgan bo‘lib, ushbu qurilmaga ham, uning nomi berilgan. Bundan tashqari, Oydagi kraterlardan biri, Kammerling-Onnes sharafiga, uning nomi bilan ataladi<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ed079p697 |last=Howard|first=Irmgard |year=2002|title=H Is for Enthalpy, Thanks to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Alfred W. Porter|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|publisher=ACS Publications|volume=79|issue=6|pages=697|url=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed079p697|bibcode = 2002JChEd..79..697H }}</ref>.


==Tanlangan asarlari==
== Tanlangan asarlari ==
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde." Ph.D. dissertation. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde." Ph.D. dissertation. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Algemeene theorie der vloeistoffen." ''Amsterdam Akad. Verhandl''; 21, 1881.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Algemeene theorie der vloeistoffen." ''Amsterdam Akad. Verhandl''; 21, 1881.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden and on the Production of Very Low Temperature." ''Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden''; 14, 1894.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden and on the Production of Very Low Temperature." ''Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden''; 14, 1894.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Théorie générale de l'état fluide." ''Haarlem Arch. Neerl.''; 30, 1896.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Théorie générale de lʼétat fluide." ''Haarlem Arch. Neerl.''; 30, 1896.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. C. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. IV. The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures." ''Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden''; No. 120b, 1911.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. C. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. IV. The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures." ''Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden''; No. 120b, 1911.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. D. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. V. The disappearance of the resistance of mercury." ''Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden''; No. 122b, 1911.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. D. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. V. The disappearance of the resistance of mercury." ''Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden''; No. 122b, 1911.
Qator 68: Qator 68:
* <nowiki>''Волков В. А., Явелов Б. Е.'' Переписка А. Г. Столетова с Г. Камерлинг-Оннесом // Исследования по истории физики и механики. 1990. — {{М.}}: Наука, 1990. — С. 186—197. ISBN 5-02-000738-2</nowiki>
* <nowiki>''Волков В. А., Явелов Б. Е.'' Переписка А. Г. Столетова с Г. Камерлинг-Оннесом // Исследования по истории физики и механики. 1990. — {{М.}}: Наука, 1990. — С. 186—197. ISBN 5-02-000738-2</nowiki>
* {{Книга:Храмов Ю. А.:Физики|часть = Камерлинг-Оннес Гейке (Kamerlingh Onnes Heike)|с =125|ссылка часть = 651}}
* {{Книга:Храмов Ю. А.:Физики|часть = Камерлинг-Оннес Гейке (Kamerlingh Onnes Heike)|с =125|ссылка часть = 651}}
* {{cite journal | last = de Bruyn Ouboter | first = Rudolf |date=March 1997 | title = Heike Kamerlingh Onnes’s Discovery of Superconductivity | journal = Scientific American | volume = 276 | issue = 3 | pages = 98–103 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0397-98}}
* {{cite journal | last = de Bruyn Ouboter | first = Rudolf |date=March 1997 | title = Heike Kamerlingh Onnesʼs Discovery of Superconductivity | journal = Scientific American | volume = 276 | issue = 3 | pages = 98–103 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0397-98}}
* {{cite journal | last = Laesecke | first = Arno |date=May–June 2002 | title = Through Measurement to Knowledge: The Inaugural Lecture of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1882) | journal = Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology | volume = 107 | issue = 3 | pages = 261–277 | url = http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/jres/107/3/j73lae.pdf | format = PDF | doi=10.6028/jres.107.021}}
* {{cite journal | last = Laesecke | first = Arno |date=May–June 2002 | title = Through Measurement to Knowledge: The Inaugural Lecture of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1882) | journal = Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology | volume = 107 | issue = 3 | pages = 261–277 | url = http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/jres/107/3/j73lae.pdf | format = PDF | doi=10.6028/jres.107.021}}
* {{cite journal | last = Reif-Acherman | first = Simón |date=June 2004 | title = Heike Kamerlingh Onnes: Master of Experimental Technique and Quantitative Research | journal = Physics in Perspective | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–223 | doi = 10.1007/s00016-003-0193-8 | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/abn2kb4vrwx5yc2n/fulltext.pdf | format = PDF |bibcode = 2004PhP.....6..197R }}
* {{cite journal | last = Reif-Acherman | first = Simón |date=June 2004 | title = Heike Kamerlingh Onnes: Master of Experimental Technique and Quantitative Research | journal = Physics in Perspective | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 197–223 | doi = 10.1007/s00016-003-0193-8 | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/abn2kb4vrwx5yc2n/fulltext.pdf | format = PDF |bibcode = 2004PhP.....6..197R }}
Qator 78: Qator 78:
== Havolalar ==
== Havolalar ==
{{commons}}
{{commons}}
* [http://www.orbita.uz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=544:kammerling-onnes-heyke&catid=42:horijiy-olimlar&Itemid=63| Kammerling Onnes Heyke - orbita.uz saytida]
* [http://www.orbita.uz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=544:kammerling-onnes-heyke&catid=42:horijiy-olimlar&Itemid=63 Kammerling Onnes Heyke - orbita.uz saytida]
* [http://n-t.ru/nl/fz/kamerlingh.htm Камерлинг-Оннес (Kamerlingh-Onnes), Хейке. Биография] на сайте электронной библиотеки «Наука и техника»
* [http://n-t.ru/nl/fz/kamerlingh.htm Камерлинг-Оннес (Kamerlingh-Onnes), Хейке. Биография] на сайте электронной библиотеки «Наука и техника»
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/ Информация с сайта Нобелевского комитета]{{ref-en}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/ Информация с сайта Нобелевского комитета]{{ref-en}}
Qator 90: Qator 90:
* [http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/KOL_archive/Communications/index.html Communications from the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory] (1885–1898).
* [http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/KOL_archive/Communications/index.html Communications from the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory] (1885–1898).
* [http://ilorentz.org/history/KOL_archive/dissertations/KamerlinghOnnes.html Ph.D. students] of Kamerlingh Onnes (1885-1924).
* [http://ilorentz.org/history/KOL_archive/dissertations/KamerlinghOnnes.html Ph.D. students] of Kamerlingh Onnes (1885-1924).



{{Fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari}}
{{Fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari}}

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13-Aprel 2016, 12:42 dagi koʻrinishi

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
Tavalludi 21-sentyabr 1853-yil
Groningen, Niderlandlar bayrogʻi Niderlandiya
Vafoti 21-fevral 1926-yil(1926-02-21)
(72 yoshda)
Leyden, Niderlandlar bayrogʻi Niderlandiya
Fuqaroligi Niderlandlar
Millati Niderlandlar bayrogʻi Niderlandiya
Sohasi Physics
Ish joylari University of Leiden
Delft Polytechnic
Taʼlimi Geydelberg universiteti
Groningen universiteti
Akademik rahbarlari Rudolf Adriaan Mees
Mashhur shogirdlari Jacob Clay
Claude Crommelin
Wander de Haas
Gilles Holst
Johannes Kuenen
Remmelt Sissingh
Ewoud van Everdingen
Jules Verschaffelt
Pieter Zeeman
Mashhur ishlari Onnes-effect
O‘ta oquvchanlik
Oʻta oʻtkazuvchanlik
Mukofotlari Andoza:No wrap

Heyke Kammerling-Onnes (niderlandcha: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes) — golland fiziki va kimyogari. Tarixda ilk bora, past haroratlar fizikasida amaliy natijalarga erishgan olim hisoblanadi. Uning o‘z davri uchun rekord hisoblangan 0.9 Kelvin haroratga erishgani va bu orqali suyuq geliy olish usulini kashf etgani uchun, fizika bo‘yicha 1913-yilgi Nobel mukofoti bilan taqdirlangan. Shu tufayli ham uning ilmiy doiralardagi hazilomuz unvoni (Janob Mutlaq nol) bo‘lgan.

Tarjimai holi

Kammerling-Onnes 1853-yilning 21-sentyabr kuni, Gollandiyaning Gröningen shaxrida tug‘ilgan[1]. O‘rta taʼlimni o‘z shahridagi maktabda tamomlagach, 1870-yilda Groningen universitetining Fizika va Matematika bo‘limiga o‘qishga kiradi. Keyinroq oliy taʼlimni Geydelberg universitetida, mashhur olimlar Kirxgof va Bunzenlar qo‘l ostida davom ettirgan. 1873-yilda u yana Groningenga qaytib keladi. 1878-1882-yillar davomida Kammerling-Onnes, Delfta universitetida maʼruzalar o‘qiy boshlagan. 1882-yilda uni, Gollandiyaning eng mashhur oliy taʼlim muassasalaridan biri bo‘lgan Leyden universitetiga, amaliy fizika fanlari professori lavozimiga taklif etishadi va Kammerling-Onnes ushbu lavozimni qabul qiladi.

Faoliyati

Kammerling-Onnesning doktorlik dissertatsiyasi o‘ziga xos mavzuda bo‘lib, unda olim Yerning o‘z o‘qi atrofida aylanishini g‘ayrioddiy usul bilan isbotlashga uringan. 1883-yilda himoya qilingan mazkur dissertatsiya, yirik ilmiy doiralarda katta qiziqish va munozaralarga sabab bo‘lib, olimga ilk muvaffaqiyatlar uchun katta yo‘l ochib beradi. Bu orada uning ilmiy qiziqishlari doirasi, gazlarni siqish va ularning past haroratlardagi xossalarini o‘rganish masalalariga qaratilib, olim laboratoriya sharoitlarida mutlaq nol haroratga erishish uchun ilmiy tadqiqotlar o‘tkazishni boshlagan. Ushbu maqsadda uning shaxsiy tashabbusi bilan, 1894-yilda Leyden universiteti qoshida Kriogen texnikasi laboratoriyasini tashkilkashtiradi va laboratoriyaning eng birinchi direktori etib, aynan Kammerling-Onnes tayinlanadi. Laboratoriyaning ilmiy-amaliy ehtiyojlari uchun, olimning o‘zi o‘sha yildayoq maxsus yangicha qurilma — gazlarni siqib-suyultiruvchi ilmiy-tajriba dastgohini yasaydi. Mazkur qurilmaning ishlab chiqarish samaradorlik ko‘rsatkichlari shu darajada yuqori bo‘lganki, undan keyingi bir necha o‘n yilliklar davomida ham yetarlicha foydalanish mumkin bo‘lgan ekan. Kammerling-Onnes, o‘zi tayyorlagan qurilma va laboratoriyada, tarixda ilk bora suyuq kislorod va suyuq neon moddalarini olishga muvaffaq bo‘lgan[1]. 1906-yilda esa suyuq vodorod olishni ham uddalagan.

Leydendagi Kammerling Onnes sharafiga atab toshga oʻyib yozilgan yodgorlik

1908-yilga kelib olim, tarixda ilk bora suyuq geliyni olishga erishgan va bir vaqtning o‘zida, o‘sha davr uchun eng past haroratni, yaʼni, 0.9 Kelvinni hosil qilishga erishgan. Ushbu tajribaning asosiy maqsadi mutlaq nol haroratga erishish bo‘lmay, balki, o‘ta past haroratlarda moddalarning xossalarini tadqiq qilish bo‘lib, jumladan uning asosiy muddaolari:

  1. o‘ta past haroratlardagi elementlarning yutish spektrlari;
  2. turli birikmalarning fosforoessensiyalari;
  3. suyultirilgan gazlarning qovushqoqlik ko‘rsatkichlari;
  4. hamda, moddalarning magnit xossalarini o‘rganish masalalarini o‘z ichiga olgan.

1911-yilga kelib, Kammerling-Onnes, simobning elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi 4.2 Kelvin haroratda birdaniga keskin kamayishini aniqlashga muvaffq boʻlgan. Ushbu hodisa fizikada o‘ta-o‘tkazuvchanlik nomini olgan[2] . Bir yil o‘tib, u suyuq geliyning o‘ta oquvchanlik xossasini kashf etadi[3] . Ushbu masalalar yuzasidan tekshiruvlarni davom ettirib, 1913-yilda, kuchli magnit maydoni ham toklar taʼsirida o‘ta-o‘tkazuvchanlikning buzilishi hodisasini aniqlaydi. Aynan shu yili Heyke Kammerling-Onnes, Natijasi suyuq geliy ishlab chiqarishni yo‘lga qo‘yilishiga sabab bo‘lgan, o‘ta past haroratlardagi moddalarning xossalarini tadqiq qilgani uchun fizika bo‘yicha Nobel mukofotiga loyiq ko‘rilgan. Past haroratlar fizikasida erishgan yutuqlari sharafiga u, hamkasblari orasida (Janob Mutlaq nol) taxallusi bilan atala boshlangan[4][5].

Olimning past haroratlar fizikasida faqat nazariyot bilan cheklanib qolmasdan, balki, mazkur soha yutuqlarini amaliyotga tadbiq etish borasida ham amalga oshirgan. Chunonchi u, sovutgichli vagonlar (refrijeratorlar) hamda, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini saqlash tizimlarini loyihalash-muhandislik ishlarida faol ishtirok etgan.

Heyke Kammerling-Onnes, 1926-yilning 21-fevral sanasida Leydenda vafot etgan.

Unvon va mukofotlari

Voorschotendagi Kamerlingh Onnes qabri.

Kammerling-Onnesning fan oldidagi sharafli xizmatlari uchun, uni ko‘plab nufuzli akademiya va ilmiy muassasalarning faxriy aʼzoligiga saylashgan bo‘lib, masalan u Berlin universitetining Faxriy Doktori, Amsterdam Qirollik Fanlar Akademiyasining haqiqiy aʼzosi, shuningdek, Kopengagen, Gettingen, Galle, Uppsala, Turin va Venadagi joylashgan Fanlar Akademiyalarining faxriy aʼzoligiga saylangan[6]. Bulardan tashqari olim, fan oldidagi xizmatlari uchun:

Meros

Uning o‘zi tashkillagan ajoyib ilmiy laboratoriyasi va ko‘p sonli mutaxassis shogirdlari, keyingi davrlarda ham ilm-fanning turli sohalarida yangidan-yangi yutuqlarga erishib, Kammerling-Onnes maktabining nufuzini yanada ortishiga sabab bo‘lishgan. Xususan uning eng iqtidorli shogirdlaridan bir bo‘lgan olim Willem Hendrik Keesom, 1926-yilda, tarixda ilk bora qattiq holatdagi geliyni olishga erishgan.

Hozirda, Heyke Kammerling-Onnes tashkil etgan Leyden kriogen laboratoriyasi, uning nomi bilan ataladi; shuningdek, o‘sha laboratoriyada, olimning o‘zi loyihalagan mashhur kriogen qurilmasi namoyishga qo‘yilgan bo‘lib, ushbu qurilmaga ham, uning nomi berilgan. Bundan tashqari, Oydagi kraterlardan biri, Kammerling-Onnes sharafiga, uning nomi bilan ataladi[7].

Tanlangan asarlari

  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde." Ph.D. dissertation. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Algemeene theorie der vloeistoffen." Amsterdam Akad. Verhandl; 21, 1881.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden and on the Production of Very Low Temperature." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; 14, 1894.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Théorie générale de lʼétat fluide." Haarlem Arch. Neerl.; 30, 1896.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. C. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. IV. The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 120b, 1911.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. D. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. V. The disappearance of the resistance of mercury." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 122b, 1911.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. G. On the electrical resistance of pure metals, etc. VI. On the sudden change in the rate at which the resistance of mercury disappears." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 124c, 1911.
  • Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Lowest Temperature Yet Obtained." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 159, 1922.

Manbalar

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 „The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes“. Nobel Media AB. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 24-aprel.
  2. ↑ van Delft, Dirk and Kes, Peter (September 2010). "The Discovery of Superconductivity". Physics Today 63: 38–43. doi:10.1063/1.3490499. http://ilorentz.org/history/cold/DelftKes_HKO_PT.pdf. 
  3. ↑ van Delft, Dirk (2007) Freezing physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the quest for cold, Edita, Amsterdam, ISBN 9069845199.
  4. ↑ Matthiessen, A.; von Bose, M. (1862). "On the Influence of Temperature on the Electric Conducting Power of Metals". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 152: 1–27. doi:10.1098/rstl.1862.0001. 
  5. ↑ Matthiessen, A.; Vogt, C. (1864). "On the Influence of Temperature on the Electric Conducting-Power of Alloys". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 154: 167–200. doi:10.1098/rstl.1864.0004. 
  6. ↑ „Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853 - 1926)“. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 22-iyul.
  7. ↑ Howard, Irmgard (2002). "H Is for Enthalpy, Thanks to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Alfred W. Porter". Journal of Chemical Education (ACS Publications) 79 (6): 697. doi:10.1021/ed079p697. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed079p697. 

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