Qoʻshma Shtatlarga immigratsiya: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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„Immigration to the United States“ sahifasi tarjima qilib yaratildi
(Farq yoʻq)

2-Sentyabr 2022, 17:46 dagi koʻrinishi

Fairfaks okrugidagi Oakton o'rta maktabida fuqarolikka qabul qilish marosimi, Virjiniya, 2015-yil dekabr.
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlariga immigrantlar Arizonadagi Grand Canyon milliy bog'ida fuqarolikka qabul qilish marosimida sodiqlik qasamyodini qabul qilishdi. 2010-yil sentabr.
AQShda migratsiya bilan va migratsiyasiz aholining o'sish sur'ati

Immigratsiya Qo'shma Shtatlar tarixida aholi o'sishi va madaniy o'zgarishlarning asosiy manbai bo'lib kelgan. Mutlaq raqamlarda Qo'shma Shtatlarda immigrantlar soni dunyoning boshqa mamlakatlariga qaraganda ko'proq, 2015-yil holatiga ko'ra 47 million muhojir[1]ni tashkil etgan. Bu dunyo bo'ylab 244 million xalqaro muhojirning 19,1 foizini va Qo'shma Shtatlar aholisining 14,4 foizini tashkil qiladi. Ba'zi boshqa mamlakatlarda ham immigrantlar soni ko'proq, masalan, Avstraliya 30%[2] va Kanada 21,9%[3]

2016-yilgi Immigratsiya statistikasi yilnomasiga ko‘ra, Qo‘shma Shtatlar 2016-yilda jami 1,18 million qonuniy immigrantni (618 ming yangi kelgan, 565 ming maqomga o‘zgartirish kiritgan) qabul qilgan[4]. Ularning 48 foizi Qo'shma Shtatlar fuqarolarining yaqin qarindoshlari, 20 foizi oila tomonidan homiylik qilingan, 13 foizi qochqinlar yoki boshpana izlovchilar, 12 foizi ish bilan bog'liq imtiyozlar, 4,2 foizi turli millatlarga mansub immigratsion vizalar dasturining bir qismi bo'lgan, 1,4 foizi jinoyat qurboni bo‘lgan (U1) yoki ularning oila a’zolari (U2 dan U5 gacha)[5] va 1 % AQSh hukumati tomonidan ishlagan iroqliklar va afg‘onlar uchun maxsus immigratsion vizani (SIV) olgan[4]. Qolgan 0,4% boshqa bir qancha toifadagi kichik raqamlarni o'z ichiga oladi, shu jumladan 0,2% kishilar fuqaroning bevosita qarindoshi sifatida deportatsiyani to'xtatib turish huquqiga ega (Z13)[6]. Nikaragua va Markaziy Amerikaga yordam koʻrsatish toʻgʻrisidagi qonunga muvofiq qabul qilingan shaxslar, ota-ona vizasi berilgandan keyin tug'ilgan bolalar va sobiq Sovet Ittifoqi, Kambodja, Laos va Vetnamdan shartli ravishda ozod qilingan ba'zilar qochqin maqomidan mahrum bo'lganlar[4] ham ushbu qatorga kiradi.

1921 va 1965-yillar oralig'ida milliy kelib chiqish formulasi kabi siyosat G'arbiy Yevropadan tashqaridagi odamlar uchun immigratsiya va naturalizatsiya imkoniyatlarini cheklab qo'ydi. 1880-yillarda qabul qilingan istisno toʻgʻrisidagi qonunlar odatda Osiyodan immigratsiyani taqiqlagan yoki qattiq cheklagan, 1920-yillarda qabul qilingan kvota qonunlari esa Sharqiy Yevropa immigratsiyasini cheklagan. Fuqarolik huquqlari harakati ushbu etnik kvotalar[7] oila tomonidan homiylik qilinadigan va ishga asoslangan imtiyozli vizalar emigratsiyalarning ko'payishiga olib kelgan[8]. O'shandan beri Qo'shma Shtatlarda yashovchi birinchi avlod immigrantlari soni to'rt baravar ko'paydi[9][10]. Muhojirlarning umumiy soni so'nggi yillarda, ayniqsa Donald Trump saylanganidan keyin va COVID-19 pandemiyasidan keyin to'xtab qoldi. Aholini ro'yxatga olish ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2018-yil mart oyida 45,3 million xorijiy fuqarolar orasida farzand ko'rish ro'y bergan va 2021-yil sentabr oyida 45,4 million kishini tashkil etib, o'n yilliklardagi eng past yillik o'sishga erishgan[11].

Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Qo'shma Shtatlarga immigratsiya Qo'shma Shtatlar iqtisodiyoti uchun foydalidir. Bir nechta istisnolardan tashqari, dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, o'rtacha immigratsiya mahalliy aholiga ijobiy iqtisodiy ta'sir ko'rsatadi, ammo past malakali immigratsiya past malakali mahalliy aholiga salbiy ta'sir qiladimi yoki yo'qmi degan savol ochiq qolmoqda. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, immigrantlar orasida Qo'shma Shtatlardagi mahalliy aholiga qaraganda jinoyatchilik darajasi pastroq[12][13][14]. Immigratsiyaning iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va siyosiy jihatlari etnik bir xillikni saqlash, ish beruvchilar uchun ishchilar va muhojir bo'lmaganlar uchun ish o'rinlari, turar-joy shakllari, ijtimoiy harakatchanlikka ta'sir qilish, jinoyatchilik va ovoz berish xulq-atvori kabi masalalar bo'yicha munozaralarga sabab bo'lgan.

Tarixi

Ozodlik haykali yonidan o‘tayotgan okean paroxodidagi muhojirlar. Nyu-York. 1887-yil.

Amerika immigratsiya tarixini to'rtta davrda ko'rish mumkin: mustamlaka davri, XIX asr o'rtalari, XX asr boshlari va 1965-yildan keyingi davr. Har bir davr Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlariga alohida milliy guruhlar, irqlar va etnik guruhlarni olib kelgan.

Mustamlaka davri

XVIIasr davomida 400 000 ga yaqin inglizlar mustamlakachi Amerikaga ko'chib o'tganlar[15]. Ular 1790-yildagi birinchi aholini ro‘yxatga olish vaqtida oq tanli aholining 83,5 foizini tashkil qilgan[16]. 1700-yildan 1775-yilgacha 350 000 dan 500 000 gacha yevropaliklar ko'chib kelgan: taxminlar manbalarda farq qiladi. XVIII asrning ingliz ko'chmanchilari haqida bir manbada aytilishicha, 1701-yildan 1775-yilgacha 52 000 ingliz ko'chib kelgan, ammo bu ko'rsatkich juda past[17][18]. XVIII asr muhojirlarining 400 000–450 000 nafari shotlandlar, Olsterdan kelgan shotland-irlandlar, nemislar, shveytsariyaliklar, fransuzlar gugenotlari bo'lgan[19]. XVII-XVIII asrlarda mustamlakachi Amerikaga yevropalik muhojirlarning yarmidan koʻpi shartnoma asosida xizmatkor sifatida kelgan[20]. Ularning soni 350 000 kishi bo'lgan[21]. 1770-yildan 1775-yilgacha (oxirgi yil Amerika inqilobiy urushi boshlangan) 7 000 ingliz, 15 000 shotland, 13 200 shotland-irland, 5 200 nemis va 3 900 irland katoliklari O'n uchta koloniyaga ko'chib o'tishgan[22][23]. 1790-yilda birinchi aholini ro'yxatga olish vaqtida ingliz tili AQShning barcha shtatlarida ko'pchilikning ajdodlari bo'lib, Konnektikutdagi eng yuqori 96,2% dan Nyu-Jersidagi eng past 58,0% gacha bo'lgan.

Ancestries of Each U.S. State in 1790[24]
State English % Scotch % Irish % Dutch % French % German % Other %
Andoza:Country data Maine 93.1 4.3 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.3
Andoza:Country data New Hampshire 94.1 4.7 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
Andoza:Country data Vermont 95.4 3.0 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.2
Andoza:Country data Massachusetts 95.0 3.6 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1
Andoza:Country data Rhode Island 96.0 3.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0
Andoza:Country data Connecticut 96.2 2.8 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0
Andoza:Country data New York 78.2 3.2 0.8 16.1 0.8 0.4 0.5
Andoza:Country data New Jersey 58.0 7.7 7.1 12.7 2.1 9.2 3.2
Andoza:Country data Delaware 86.3 7.5 3.9 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.4
Andoza:Country data Pennsylvania 59.0 11.7 2.0 0.6 0.6 26.1 0.0
Andoza:Country data Maryland 84.0 6.5 2.4 0.1 0.7 5.9 0.4
Andoza:Country data Virginia 85.0 7.1 2.0 0.2 0.6 4.9 0.2
Andoza:Country data Kentucky 83.1 11.2 2.3 0.2 0.3 2.8 0.1
Andoza:Country data Tennessee 83.1 11.2 2.3 0.2 0.3 2.8 0.1
Andoza:Country data North Carolina 83.1 11.2 2.3 0.2 0.3 2.8 0.1
Andoza:Country data South Carolina 82.4 11.7 2.6 0.1 1.3 1.7 0.2
Andoza:Country data Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia 83.1 11.2 2.3 0.2 0.3 2.8 0.1

Tarixchilarning hisob-kitoblariga ko‘ra, 1600-1799-yillar oralig‘ida Yevropadan Qo‘shma Shtatlarga bir milliondan kam muhojir ko‘chib kelgan[25]. Taqqoslash uchun, 1790-yilda o'tkazilgan birinchi federal aholini ro'yxatga olishda Qo'shma Shtatlar aholisi 3,929,214 kishini tashkil etgan edi[26].

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dastlabki davri

1790-yildagi naturalizatsiya to'g'risidagi qonun "erkin oq tanlilar" uchun fuqarolikni chekladi. 1860-yillarda qora tanlilarni va 1950-yillarda osiyoliklarni qamrab olish uchun kengaytirildi[27]. Bu Qo'shma Shtatlarni chetlab o'tgan, chunki irqiy tafovutlarni belgilovchi qonunlar XVIII asrda dunyoda kam tarqalgan edi[28].

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari mustaqllligining dastlabki yillarida immigratsiya (odamlardan ko'ra tovar sifatida muomala qilingan qullarni hisobga olmaganda) yiliga 8000 kishidan kam bo'lgan[29]. 1808-yildan keyin qul bo'lgan afrikaliklarni qonuniy olib kirish taqiqlangan, ammo ko'plari sotish uchun yashirincha olib kelingan. 1820-yildan keyin immigratsiya asta-sekin o'sib bordi. 1836-yildan 1914-yilgacha 30 milliondan ortiq yevropaliklar Qo'shma Shtatlarga ko'chib keldi[30] Ushbu transatlantik sayohatlarda o'lim darajasi yuqori bo'lib, har yetti sayohatchidan biri vafot etgan[31].

Ellis oroliga kelgan muhojirlar, 1902-yil

Kaliforniyadagi Oltin Rushdan keyin Xitoydan immigratsiyaning dastlabki to'lqinidan so'ng, Kongress o'zining birinchi immigratsiya qonunini, xitoylik ayollarni taqiqlovchi 1875-yildagi sahifa qonunini qabul qildi[32]. Buning ortidan 1882-yilda Xitoydan chetlatish to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilindi, u 1943-yilda qonun bekor qilinmaguncha Xitoydan deyarli barcha immigratsiyani taqiqladi. 1800-yillarning oxirlarida Osiyoning boshqa davlatlaridan, xususan, Gʻarbiy sohilga immigratsiya keng tarqalgan.

Cheklash davri

Yeropa immigratsiyasining eng yuqori ko'rsatkichi 1907-yilda bo'lib, mamlakatga 1,285,349 kishi kirgan[33]. 1910-yilga kelib Qo'shma Shtatlarda 13,5 million muhojir yashagan[34].

1882-yilgi Xitoydan chetlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun allaqachon Xitoydan muhojirlarni chiqarib tashlagan bo'lsa-da , 1917-yilgi Immigratsiya to'g'risidagi qonun bilan Xitoydan tashqari aqliy zaiflik va anarxistik dunyoqarashga ega odamlardegan sabab bilan Osiyo davlatlaridan ham odamlarning immigratsiyasi taqiqlangan edi[35]. 1921-yilda Favqulodda kvota qonuni, keyin esa 1924-yilgi Immigratsiya qonuni qabul qilingan. 1924-yilgi qonun Janubiy va Sharqiy Yevropadan kelgan muhojirlarni, xususan, 1890-yillardan boshlab mamlakatga ko'p miqdorda kirib kela boshlagan yahudiy, italyan va slavyan xalqlarini yanada cheklashga qaratilgan edi. 1924-yilgi qonun ham Osiyo immigratsiyasini taqiqlashni mustahkamladi. 

Several Polish immigrant workers, some of which are children, are seen standing in their fields after picking berries.
Fermada ishlaydigan polshalik muhojirlar, 1909-yil. 1930-yillarga qadar ijtimoiy ta'minot tizimi deyarli yo'q edi va kambag'allarga iqtisodiy bosim bolalar mehnatini keltirib chiqardi.

1930-yillardagi immigratsiya ko'chishlari Buyuk Depressiyadan so'ng pasaygan. 1929-yilda 279 678 muhojir qayd etilgan edi[36], lekin 1933-yilda atigi 23 068 kishi AQShga ko'chib o'tdi[25]. 1930-yillarning boshlarida Qo'shma Shtatlardan immigratsiyaga qaraganda ko'proq odam ko'chib ketdi[37]. AQSh hukumati odamlarni ixtiyoriy ravishda Meksikaga ko'chib o'tishga undashga qaratilgan Meksikaning Repatriatsiya dasturiga homiylik qildi, biroq minglab odamlar ularning xohishiga qarshi deportatsiya qilindi[38]. Hammasi bo'lib, taxminan 400 000 meksikalik vataniga qaytarildi; ularning yarmi AQSh fuqarolari bo'lgan[39]. Natsistlar va Ikkinchi jahon urushidan qochgan yahudiy qochqinlarning aksariyatiga AQShga kelish taqiqlangan[40]. Urushdan keyingi davrda Adliya departamenti Wetback operatsiyasini boshladi, uning doirasida 1954-yilda 1 075 168 meksikalik deportatsiya qilindi[41].

1965-yildan beri

Immigrant sandiqlari. Chapda, Shvetsiyadan, XIX asr oxiri. Tailanddagi qochqinlar lageridan, 1993-yil.

1965-yildagi Immigratsiya va fuqarolik to'g'risidagi qonun, shuningdek, Xart-Cellar qonuni sifatida ham tanilgan, milliy kelib chiqish kvotalari tizimini bekor qildi. Immigratsiya siyosatini tenglashtirib, bu harakat Yevropadan tashqari davlatlardan yangi immigratsiyaga olib keldi, bu esa Qo'shma Shtatlarning etnik demografiyasini o'zgartirdi[42] 1970-yilda immigrantlarning 60% Yevropadan bo'lgan, bu 2000 yilga kelib 15% ga kamaydi[43]. 1990 yilda Jorj H.V. Bush 1990-yilgi Immigratsiya qonunini[44] imzoladi, bu esa Qo'shma Shtatlarga qonuniy immigratsiyani 40% ga oshirdi[45]. 1991-yilda Bush AQSh Qurolli Kuchlarida 12 yoki undan ortiq yil xizmat qilgan chet ellik harbiy xizmatchilarga doimiy rezidentlik va ba'zi hollarda fuqarolikni olish huquqini beruvchi 1991-yildagi Qurolli kuchlarning immigratsiyasini tartibga solish to'g'risidagi qonunni imzoladi.

1994-yil noyabr oyida Kaliforniya saylovchilari shtat konstitutsiyasiga o'zgartirish kiritish bo'yicha 187-sonli taklifni qabul qilib, noqonuniy muhojirlarga davlat moliyaviy yordamini rad etishdi. Federal sudlar bu o'zgarishni federal konstitutsiyaga zid deb topib, bekor qildi[46].

Bill Klinton tomonidan tayinlangan[47] AQSh Immigratsiya islohoti komissiyasi qonuniy immigratsiyani yiliga taxminan 800 000 kishidan taxminan 550 000 kishigacha kamaytirishni tavsiya qildi[48]. 1998-yilda Prezident Bill Klinton aytganidek, turli madaniyatlardan yangi aholi oqimi ba'zi qiyinchiliklar tug'dirsa-da, "Qo'shma Shtatlar har doim o'zining immigrant populyatsiyasi tomonidan quvvatlangan". “Amerika muhojirlar toʻlqinidan doimo kuch va ruhni tortib oldi . . . Immigrantlar odamlarning eng notinch, eng sarguzashtli, eng innovatsion, eng mehnatkash ekanliklarini isbotladilar”[49].

Boston Chinatown, Massachusets, 2008-yil.

2001-yilda Prezident Jorj Bush Meksika prezidenti Vinsente Foks bilan yangi kelishuvni muhokama qildi. 11-sentabr xurujlari tufayli mumkin bo'lgan kelishuv amalga oshmadi. 2005-yildan 2013-yilgacha AQSh Kongressi immigratsiyani nazorat qilishning turli usullarini muhokama qildi. Senat va Palata kelishuvga erisha olmadi[46].

2000-yildan 2010-yilgacha Qo'shma Shtatlarga 14 millionga yaqin immigrant[50] kirgan va 2008-yilda bir milliondan ortiq kishi AQSh fuqaroligiga qabul qilingan. Har bir davlat chegarasi[8] aholi sonidan qatʼiy nazar barcha mamlakatlarga vizalar soni boʻyicha bir xil maksimal miqdorni qoʻllaydi va shuning uchun Meksika, Xitoy, Hindiston va boshqa aholi gavjum davlatlarda tugʻilgan shaxslarning immigratsiyasini sezilarli darajada cheklash taʼsirini koʻrsatdi. Filippin - 2013-yilda Qo'shma Shtatlarga qonuniy ravishda qabul qilingan immigrantlar uchun yetakchi mamlakatlar[51] qatoriga kirdi. Shunga qaramay, AQSh aholini roʻyxatga olish byurosi tadqiqotiga koʻra, 2013-yilda huquqiy maqomidan qatʼi nazar,Xitoy, Hindiston va Meksika yetakchi davlatlar boʻlgan[52].

2000-yildan 2005-yilgacha AQShga 8 millionga yaqin odam ko'chib kelgan. Ulardan 3,7 millioni hujjatsiz kirgan[53][54]. 1986-yilda prezident Ronald Reygan immigratsiya islohotini imzoladi, bu mamlakatdagi 3 million hujjatsiz muhojirlarga amnistiya berdi[55]. Ispaniyalik muhojirlar 2000-yillarning oxiridagi tanazzul paytida ish joylarini yo'qotishdi[56], ammo 2009-yil iyun oyida retsessiya tugaganidan beri immigrantlar 656 000 ish o'rni bilan sof daromad olishgan[57]. 2011-yilda 1 milliondan ortiq muhojirga qonuniy yashash huquqi berildi.

AQShga Meksika-Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari chegarasi orqali va boshqa joylarda noqonuniy ravishda kirganlar uchun migratsiya qiyin, qimmat va xavfli[58]. Deyarli barcha hujjatsiz immigrantlar uchun yashil kartalar bo'yicha cheklangan qonuniy cheklovlar va past malakali ishchilar uchun immigratsion vizalar yo'qligi sababli Qo'shma Shtatlarga qonuniy kirish imkoniyati yo'q[59]. XXI asr boshlarida immigratsiya boʻyicha munozaralar ishtirokchilari Qoʻshma Shtatlarga noqonuniy immigratsiyani tartibga soluvchi amaldagi qonunlar ijrosini kuchaytirishga, 2,000 milya (3,200 km) bir qismi yoki barchasi boʻylab toʻsiq qurishga chaqirishdi. 2006-yil davomida mamlakat va Kongress ushbu takliflar bo'yicha munozaralar bilan shug'ullangan. Ushbu takliflarning bir nechtasi qonunga aylandi, qisman chegara to'siqlari tasdiqlangan va keyinchalik bekor qilingan[60].

Zamonaviy islohot urinishlari

1980-yillarda Ronald Reygandan boshlab, har ikkala siyosiy partiyaning prezidentlari chegara patrul agentlari sonini doimiy ravishda ko'paytirdilar va immigratsiya qoidalarini buzganlik uchun qattiqroq jazo choralarini qo'lladilar. Ronald Reyganning 1986-yildagi Immigratsiya islohoti va nazorati to'g'risidagi qonuni va Klinton davridagi <i>to'xtatib turish orqali oldini olish</i> strategiyasi bu siyosatlarga misol bo'la oladi. Sotsiolog Duglas Masseyning ta'kidlashicha, bu siyosatlar chegarani himoyalash haqidagi tasavvurni shakllantirishga muvaffaq bo'lgan, ammo Lotin Amerikasidan emigratsiyaning oldini olishda muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan. Ta'kidlash joizki, noqonuniy immigratsiyani cheklash o'rniga, chegara patrul xodimlarining ko'payishi AQSh-Meksika chegarasi bo'ylab aylanma migratsiyani kamaytirdi va shu bilan AQShda ispaniyaliklar sonining ko'payishiga olib keldi[61].

Ikkala partiyaning prezidentlari o'z siyosatini ikki partiyaviy qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun muhojirlarga qarshi ritorikadan foydalanishgan. Reygan va Donald Tramp kabi respublikachilar ispan immigrantlarini jinoyatchi sifatida ko‘rsatishda yetakchilik qilgan bo‘lsa-da, Duglas Massi “hozirgi ochiq irqchilik va ksenofobiya lahzasi demokratlarning roziligi bilan sodir bo‘lishi mumkin emasligini” ta’kidlaydi[61]. Misol uchun, 1986-yilgi immigratsiya qonuni loyihasida Reygan ruxsatsiz immigratsiyani "milliy xavfsizlik" muammosi deb hisobladi va "terrorchilar va qo'poruvchilar uchun mamlakat hududidan haydash ikki kunlik ish" deb ogohlantirdi[61]. Keyinchalik prezidentlar, jumladan, demokratlar Bill Klinton va Barak Obama, respublikachilarning keng qamrovli immigratsiya islohotini qoʻllab-quvvatlashini sud qilish harakatlarida xuddi shunday “xavfsizlik” ritorikasidan foydalanishgan. Obama 2013-yilgi Ittifoq holatiga murojaatida “haqiqiy islohot kuchli chegara xavfsizligini anglatadi va biz, mening ma’muriyatim erishgan yutuqlarga asoslanishimiz mumkin”, dedi[61].

Tramp ma'muriyati siyosati

ICE 2016-moliya yilida 240 255 immigrantni, 2017-yilda 226 119 va 2018-yilda 256 085 immigrantni deportatsiya qilinganini xabar qiladi. Markaziy Amerika mamlakatlari (shu jumladan Meksika) fuqarolari 2017-moliya yilida olib qo‘yilganlarning 90% dan ortig‘ini va 2018-moliya yilida 80% dan ortig‘ini tashkil etgan[62].

2017-yil yanvar oyida AQSh prezidenti Donald Tramp 7 nafar musulmon davlat fuqarolarining AQShga kirishini vaqtinchalik to‘xtatib turish haqidagi farmonni imzolagan edi. U 2017-yil mart oyida boshqa ijroiya qarori va 2017-yil sentabr oyida prezidentning eʼlonlari bilan mamlakatlar roʻyxatiga turli oʻzgartirishlar va istisnolar bilan almashtirildi[63]. Buyurtmalar federal sudlar tomonidan vaqtincha to'xtatildi, ammo keyinchalik ularning qonuniyligi to'g'risida aniq qaror qabul qilinmaguncha, Oliy sud tomonidan davom ettirishga ruxsat berildi[64]. Boshqa bir ijroiya qarori AQSh-Meksika chegarasida zudlik bilan devor qurishni, 5000 yangi chegara patrul agenti va 10 000 yangi immigratsiya xodimlarini yollashni va qo'riqxona shaharlari uchun federal moliyalashtirishni talab qildi[65].

"Nol bardoshlik" siyosati 2018-yilda joriy etilgan bo'lib, u qonuniy ravishda bolalarni AQShga noqonuniy kirib kelayotgan kattalardan ajratishga imkon beradi. Bu qonunga xilof ravishda kirgan barchani kattalarni jinoyatchi deb belgilash va shu bilan ularni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish bilan oqlanadi[66]. Tramp ma'muriyati, shuningdek, uning siyosati Obama ma'muriyatida ham mavjud bo'lganini ta'kidladi, bu esa migrantlar kattalarni mamlakatga kiritish uchun bolalardan tobora ko'proq foydalanayotganiga javoban oilaviy qamoqxonalar ochgan. Biroq, Obama ma'muriyati oilalarni jinoiy emas, balki ma'muriy hibsda ushlab turgan[67][68].

Qo'shma Shtatlarga boshpana izlovchilar sonini yanada kamaytirish uchun advokat Jeff Seshns to'da zo'ravonligi va uydagi zo'ravonlikdan qochganlarni "xususiy jinoyat" sifatida cheklovchi qaror chiqardi, shuning uchun ularning da'volarini boshpana olish huquqidan mahrum qildi[69]. Amalga oshirilgan ushbu yangi siyosatlar ko'pchilikning hayotini xavf ostiga qo'yadi, shu sababli ACLU Jeff Seshnsni Trump ma'muriyatining boshqa a'zolari bilan birga rasman sudga berdi. ACLUning ta'kidlashicha, hozirda ushbu Prezident ma'muriyati tomonidan amalga oshirilayotgan siyosat Qo'shma Shtatlarga ko'chib kelganlarning, xususan ayollarning asosiy inson huquqlariga putur yetkazmoqda. Ular, shuningdek, bu siyosatlar o'nlab yillar davomida qabul qilingan boshpana to'g'risidagi qonunni buzayotganini da'vo qilmoqda[70].

2020-yil aprel oyida Prezident Tramp Qo‘shma Shtatlardagi COVID-19 pandemiyasi sababli AQShga immigratsiyani vaqtincha to‘xtatish to‘g‘risidagi farmonni imzolashini aytgan [71][72].

AQSh immigratsion aholisining kelib chiqishi, 1960–2016-yillar

AQShda istiqomat qiluvchi chet elda tug'ilgan aholining %. . . [73]
1960 yil 1970 yil 1980 yil 1990 yil 2000 2010 yil 2011 yil 2012 yil 2013 yil 2014 yil 2015 yil 2016 yil 2018
Yevropa - Kanada 84% 68% 42% 26% 19% 15% 15% 14% 14% 14% 14% 13% 13%
Janubiy va Sharqiy Osiyo 4% 7% 15% 22% 23% 25% 25% 26% 26% 26% 27% 27% 28%
Boshqa Lotin Amerikasi 4% 11% 16% 21% 22% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 25% 25%
Meksika 6% 8% 16% 22% 29% 29% 29% 28% 28% 28% 27% 26% 25%

Eslatma: “Boshqa Lotin Amerikasi”ga Markaziy Amerika, Janubiy Amerika va Karib dengizi kiradi.

Moliyaviy yilga kelib qonuniy doimiy rezident maqomini olgan shaxslar [74] [75] [76] [77]
Yil Yil Yil Yil Yil Yil Yil Yil
1890 455 302 1910 yil 1 041 570 1930 yil 241 700 1950 249,187 1970 yil 373 326 1990 yil 1 535 872 2010 yil 1 042 625 2018 1 096 611
1895 yil 258 536 1915 yil 326 700 1935 yil 34 956 1955 yil 237 790 1975 yil 385 378 1995 yil 720,177 2015 yil 1 051 031 2019 1 031 765
1900 448 572 1920 430 001 1940 yil 70 756 1960 yil 265 398 1980 yil 524,295 2000 841 002 2016 yil 1 183 505 2020 707 362
1905 yil 1 026 499 1925 yil 294 314 1945 yil 38,119 1965 yil 296 697 1985 yil 568 149 2005 yil 1 122 257 2017 yil 1 127 167
O'n yil Yiliga o'rtacha
1890–99 369,100
1900–09 745,100
1910–19 634,400
1920–29 429 600
1930–39 69 900
1940–49 85 700
1950–59 249 900
1960–69 321 400
1970–79 424 800
1980–89 624,400
1990–99 977 500
2000–09 1 029 900
2010–19 1 063 300
Qochqinlar raqamlari
"Ittifoqchilar boshpanasi" operatsiyasi : Kobulning qulashi paytida afg'onlar AQSh havo kuchlarining Boeing C-17 samolyotida evakuatsiya qilinmoqda (2021)

Davlat departamenti maʼlumotlariga koʻra, 2016-moliya yilida butun dunyodan AQShga 84 988 qochqin qabul qilingan. 2017-moliya yilida AQShga 53 691 qochqin qabul qilingan. Tramp lavozimga kelganidan keyin sezilarli pasayish kuzatildi. 2018-yilda atigi 22 405 qochqin AQShga qabul qilindi. Bu Trump ma'muriyati mavjud bo'lganidan beri qochqinlarni qabul qilishning sezilarli darajada kamayganini ko'rsatadi[78].

2019-yil 26-sentabrda Tramp maʼmuriyati 2020-moliya yilida atigi 18 ming qochqinning Qoʻshma Shtatlarga joylashishiga ruxsat berishni rejalashtirayotganini eʼlon qildi, bu zamonaviy dastur 1980-yilda boshlanganidan beri eng past koʻrsatkichni tashkil etadi[79][80][81]

2020-yilda Tramp maʼmuriyati 2021-yilda AQShga qochqinlar qabul qilishni rekord darajada kamaytirishni rejalashtirayotganini eʼlon qildi, yaʼni 2020-yilda 18 ming qochqindan 15000 nafarga qisqaradi. Bu Tramp davridagi ketma-ket to‘rtinchi yildirki, qochqinlarni qabul qilish kamayganini anglatadi[82][83][84].

Davr Qochqinlar dasturi



</br> [85] [86] [82] [83] [84]
2018 45 000
2019 30 000
2020 18 000
2021 yil 15 000

Zamonaviy immigratsiya

Naturalizatsiya marosimi, Salem, Massachusets, 2007-yil


1930-yillargacha qonuniy immigrantlarning aksariyati erkaklar bo'lgan. 1990-yillarga kelib, ayollar barcha qonuniy immigrantlarning yarmidan ko'prog'ini tashkil etdi[87] . Zamonaviy immigrantlar odatda Qo'shma Shtatlarning tub aholisidan yoshroq bo'lib, 15 yoshdan 34 yoshgacha bo'lgan odamlar ko'p vakillik qiladilar[88]. Immigrantlar, shuningdek, o'sha yoshdagi amerikaliklarga qaraganda ko'proq turmush qurishadi va ajralish ehtimoli kamroq[89].

Immigrantlar, ehtimol, o'z mamlakatlar yaqinidan kelgan odamlar yashaydigan joylarga ko'chib o'tishlari va yashashlari mumkin. Bu hodisa Qo'shma Shtatlarga immigratsiya tarixi davomida to'g'ri bo'lib qoldi[90]. 2009-yilda Public Agenda tomonidan soʻralgan oʻn nafar immigrantdan yetti nafari AQShni oʻzining doimiy uyiga aylantirish niyatida ekanliklarini aytishgan va 71% agar buni qaytadan qila olsalar, hali ham AQShga kelishlarini aytishgan. Xuddi shu tadqiqotda, muhojirlarning 76 foizi 2001-yil 11-sentabrdagi xurujlardan keyin hukumat immigratsiya qonunlarini qo'llashda qattiqqo'llashganini ta'kidlagan va 24 foizi shaxsan o'zlari biroz yoki ko'p diskriminatsiyaga uchraganliklarini bildirishgan[91].

11-sentabr xurujlaridan keyin AQShdagi immigratsiya jamoatchilikning munosabati katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Hujumlardan so'ng, 2009-yilda Gallup so'roviga ko'ra, amerikaliklarning 52 foizi immigratsiya AQSh uchun yaxshi narsa deb hisoblagan, bu avvalgi yildagi 62 foizdan kam[92]. 2008-yildagi “Publika kun tartibi” soʻrovi shuni koʻrsatdiki, amerikaliklarning yarmi immigratsiya ustidan nazoratni kuchaytirish AQSh milliy xavfsizligini mustahkamlash uchun “katta ish” qilishini aytishgan[93]. Garvard siyosatshunosi va tarixchisi Samuel P. Xantington o‘zining 2004-yilda chop etilgan “Biz kimmiz? Amerikaning milliy o'ziga xosligi bilan bog'liq muammolar Lotin Amerikasidan, ayniqsa Meksikadan ommaviy immigratsiyaning davom etishining kelajakdagi potentsial oqibatlari Qo'shma Shtatlarning bifurkatsiyasiga olib kelishi mumkin[94][95] degan.

AQShdagi noqonuniy meksikalik muhojirlarning taxminiy soni 2007-yildagi taxminan 7 milliondan 2011-yilda 6,1 millionga kamaydi[96]. Sharhlovchilar immigratsiya tendensiyasining teskarisini 2008-yilda boshlangan iqtisodiy tanazzul bilan bog‘laydilar, bu esa kamroq ish o‘rinlari mavjudligini anglatadi[97][98][99][100]. Pyu tadqiqot markazi ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2010-yilda Meksikada tug'ilganlarning aniq immigratsiyasi to'xtab qolgan va salbiy ko'rsatkichlarga o'tishga moyil bo'lgan[101].

AQShning 80 dan ortiq shaharlari[102], jumladan Vashington, Nyu-York, Los-Anjeles, Chikago, San-Fransisko, San-Diego, San-Xose, Solt-Leyk Siti, Feniks, Dallas, Fort-Uort, Xyuston, Detroyt, Jersi Siti, Minneapolis, Denver, Baltimor, Sietl, Portlend, Oregon va Portlend, Meyn shaharlarida muqaddas shahar siyosati mavjud[103].

Kelib chiqqan mamlakatlar

Hududlar boʻyicha yangi qonuniy doimiy rezidentlar oqimi, 2015–2020
Mintaqa 2015 yil jami % 2016 yil jami % 2017 yil jami % 2018 [75] jami % 2019 [76] jami % 2020 [77] jami % </img> /Decrease</img> 2020 yilda %
Amerika 438 435 41,7% 506 901 42,8% 492 726 43,7% 497 860 45,4% 461 710 44,8% 284 491 40,2% Decrease</img> 38,4%
Osiyo 419 297 39,9% 462 299 39,1% 424 743 37,7% 397,187 36,2% 364 761 35,4% 272 597 38,5% Decrease</img> 25,3%
Afrika 101 415 9,7% 113 426 9,6% 118 824 10,5% 115 736 10,6% 111,194 10,8% 76 649 10,8% Decrease</img> 31,1%
Yevropa 85 803 8,2% 93 567 7,9% 84 335 7,5% 80 024 7,3% 87 597 8,5% 68 994 9,8% Decrease</img> 21,2%
Avstraliya va Okeaniya 5404 0,5% 5,588 0,5% 5,071 0,5% 4,653 0,4% 5359 0,5% 3998 0,6% Decrease</img> 25,4%
Noma'lum 677 0,1% 1724 0,1% 1468 0,1% 1151 0,1% 1144 0,1% 633 >0,1% Decrease</img>
Jami 1 051 031 100% 1 183 505 100% 1 127 167 100% 1 096 611 100% 1 031 765 100% 707 632 100% Decrease</img> 31,4%

Manba: AQSh Ichki xavfsizlik departamenti, Immigratsiya statistikasi boshqarmasi [104] [105] [106] [107]

Top 15 sending countries, 2015–2020:[108][107]
Country 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
 Mexico 158,619 174,534 170,581 161,858 156,052 100,325
 India 64,116 64,687 60,394 59,821 54,495 46,363
 China 74,558 81,772 71,565 65,214 62,248 41,483
 Dominican Republic 50,610 61,161 58,520 57,413 49,911 30,005
 Vietnam 30,832 41,451 38,231 33,834 39,712 29,995
 Philippines 56,478 53,287 49,147 47,258 45,920 25,491
 El Salvador 19,487 23,449 25,109 28,326 27,656 17,907
 Brazil 11,424 13,812 14,989 15,394 19,825 16,746
 Cuba 54,396 66,516 65,028 76,486 41,641 16,367
 South Korea 17,138 21,801 19,194 17,676 18,479 16,244
 Jamaica 17,642 23,350 21,905 20,347 21,689 12,826
Nigeriya bayrogʻi Nigeriya 11,542 14,380 13,539 13,952 15,888 12,398
 Venezuela 9,144 10,772 11,809 11,762 15,720 12,136
Kolumbiya bayrogʻi Kolumbiya 17,316 18,610 17,956 17,545 19,841 11,989
 Afghanistan 8,328 12,513 19,538 12,935 10,136 11,407
Total 1,051,031 1,183,505 1,127,167 1,096,611 1,031,765 707,362


Languages spoken among U.S. immigrants, 2016:[73]

  English only (16%)
  Spanish (43%)
  Chinese (6%)
  Hindi and related languages (5%)
  French (3%)
  Vietnamese (3%)
  Arabic (2%)
  Other (18%)

Demografiya

Qatlam va yo'nalishlar

Nyu-Yorkdagi kichik Italiya, taxminan 1900-yillar
Nyu-York shahridagi Filippin Mustaqillik kuni paradida olomon
Galveston immigratsiya stantsiyalari
Yil soni



</br> chet elda tug'ilgan 		Foiz



</br> chet elda tug'ilgan
1850 2 244 602 9.7
1860 4 138 697 13.2
1870 5 567 229 14.4
1880 6 679 943 13.3
1890 9 249 547 14.8
1900 10 341 276 13.6
1910 yil 13 515 886 14.7
1920 13 920 692 13.2
1930 yil 14,204,149 11.6
1940 yil 11 594 896 8.8
1950 10 347 395 6.9
1960 yil 9 738 091 5.4
1970 yil 9 619 302 4.7
1980 yil 14 079 906 6.2
1990 yil 19 767 316 7.9
2000 31 107 889 11.1
2010 yil 39 956 000 12.9
2017 yil 44 525 500 13.7
2018 44 728 502 13.5
2019 44 932 799

Qo'shma Shtatlar 1991-yildan 2000-yilgacha o'n milliondan o'n bir milliongacha qonuniy immigrantlarni qabul qildi, bu avvalgi o'n yillikdagiga qaraganda ko'proq. Eng so'nggi o'n yillikda,  AQShda istiqomat qilgan 10 million qonuniy immigrantlar yillik o'sishning qariyb uchdan bir qismini tashkil etadi, chunki AQSh aholisi 32 millionga (249 milliondan 281 millionga) ko'paydi. Taqqoslash uchun, oldingi eng yuqori o'n yillik 1900-yillar bo'lib, 8,8 million kishi kelgan va bu AQSh aholisining umumiy soni har yili bir foizga ko'paygan. Xususan, "Amerikaliklarning qariyb 15 foizi 1910-yilda chet elda tug'ilgan bo'lsa, 1999-yilda atigi 10 foizga yaqini chet elda tug'ilgan"[112].

1970-yilga kelib, immigrantlar AQSh aholisining 4,7 foizini tashkil qilgan va 1980-yilda 6,2 foizga oshgan, 2009-yilda esa 12,5 foizni tashkil etgan[113]. 2010-yil holatiga ko'ra, 18 yoshgacha bo'lgan AQSh aholisining 25% birinchi yoki ikkinchi avlod immigrantlari edi[114]. Yaqinda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotga ko'ra, 2008-yilda AQShda tug'ilgan chaqaloqlarning sakkiz foizi noqonuniy immigrant ota-onalarga tegishli[115].

AQShga qonuniy immigratsiya 1930-yillarda 250 000 dan 1950-yillarda 2,5 millionga, 1970-yillarda 4,5 millionga va 1980-yillarda 7,3 millionga oshdi, 1990-yillarda 10 millionga yaqin bo'ldi[116]. 2000-yildan beri Qo'shma Shtatlarga qonuniy immigrantlar yiliga taxminan 1 000 000 kishini tashkil etgan 37 000 000 dan oshiq qonuniy immigrantlar soni eng yuqori darajada. 2005–2006-yillardagi hisobotlarda noqonuniy immigratsiya yiliga 700 000 dan 1 500 000 gacha bo'lgan[117][118]. Immigratsiya 1990-yildan 2000-yilgacha xorijda tug'ilgan aholining 57,4% ga o'sishiga olib keldi[119].

Kelib chiqishi

2019 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida tug'ilgan mamlakat bo'yicha chet elda tug'ilgan aholi [110] [120]

Country of birth Population (2019) 2018–2019

change
Total foreign-born 44,932,799 +204,297
 Mexico Decrease10,931,939 −239,954
 India 2,688,075 +35,222
 China[lower-alpha 1] 2,250,230 +28,287
 Philippines 2,045,248 +31,492
 El Salvador Decrease1,412,101 −7,229
 Vietnam 1,383,779 +38,026
 Cuba 1,359,990 +16,030
 Dominican Republic Decrease1,169,420 −8,444
 South Korea[lower-alpha 2] Decrease1,038,885 −214
 Guatemala 1,111,495 +104,508
Kolumbiya bayrogʻi Kolumbiya 808,148 +18,587
 Canada Decrease797,158 −16,506
 Jamaica 772,215 +38,786
 Honduras 745,838 +99,585
 Haiti 701,688 +14,502
 United Kingdom[lower-alpha 3] Decrease687,186 −12,007
 Germany Decrease537,691 −21,411
 Brazil 502,104 +29,467
 Venezuela 465,235 +71,394
 Peru Decrease446,063 −21,109
 Ecuador Decrease431,150 −11,955
 Poland 404,107 +5,321
 Pakistan 398,399 +19,296
Nigeriya bayrogʻi Nigeriya 392,811 +18,100
 Russia 392,422 +8,917
 Iran 385,473 +3,522
Tayvan bayrogʻi Tayvan Decrease371,851 −18,299
 Ukraine 354,832 +28,947
 Japan Decrease333,273 −28,292
 Italy Decrease314,867 −10,036
 Bangladesh 261,348 +296
 Thailand Decrease260,820 −8,561
 Nicaragua Decrease257,343 −4,734
Efiopiya bayrogʻi Efiopiya Decrease256,032 −22,051
 Guyana Decrease253,847 −26,450
 Iraq 249,670 +12,248
 Hong Kong Decrease231,469 −1,779
 Trinidad and Tobago Decrease212,798 −9,770
 Argentina 210,767 +16,346
 Egypt[lower-alpha 4] Decrease205,852 −1,727
 Ghana 199,163 +3,792
 Laos Decrease176,904 −7,486
 France[lower-alpha 5] Decrease171,452 −19,727
 Romania 167,751 +5,308
   Nepal 166,651 +18,017
 Portugal Decrease161,500 −8,390
 Kenya 153,414 +6,854
 Burma 150,877 +10,486
 Cambodia 149,326 +10,792
 Israel[lower-alpha 6] 132,477 +2,551
 Afghanistan 132,160 +18,491
 Lebanon Decrease120,065 −1,861
 Greece Decrease119,571 −6,128
 Turkey Decrease117,291 −9,203
 Spain Decrease116,077 −1,713
 Somalia 114,607 +11,230
 Ireland Decrease111,886 −13,104
 South Africa 111,116 +11,444
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Decrease104,612 −957
 Indonesia 101,622 +7,543
 Panama Decrease101,076 −2,674
 Australia 98,969 +8,382
 Liberia 98,116 +12,824
 Albania 94,856 +4,617
 Chile Decrease93,950 −9,080
 Costa Rica 93,620 +6,237
 Syria[lower-alpha 7] Decrease92,514 −19,252
 Jordan[lower-alpha 8] 90,018 +2,335
 Armenia 87,419 +151
 Netherlands[lower-alpha 9] Decrease82,603 −5,632
 Bolivia 79,804 +447
 Morocco[lower-alpha 10] Decrease77,434 −1,978
 Saudi Arabia 76,840 +2,166
 Malaysia Decrease76,712 −5,844
Kamerun bayrogʻi Kamerun Decrease72,634 −5,374
former  Czechoslovakia 68,312 +3,960
 Bulgaria Decrease66,950 −5,239
 Uzbekistan Decrease65,216 −3,296
 Hungary Decrease64,852 −2,413
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 60,512 +/−
 Yemen Decrease58,627 −3,795
 Belarus Decrease57,315 −13,654
 Barbados Decrease52,279 −1,097
 Sri Lanka Decrease51,695 −305
 Sudan Decrease51,351 −1,300
 Eritrea 49,355 +4,245
 Uruguay 48,900 +2,638
 Fiji 48,710 +5,195
 Moldova Decrease46,388 −1,379
 Sierra Leone Decrease45,506 −2,328
 Belize Decrease44,364 −2,923
 Uganda 44,150 +/−
 Sweden Decrease43,506 −6,236
 Switzerland 42,958 +8,536
 Bahamas 40,067 +10,851
 Austria 39,083 +100
 Serbia 39,020 +1,585
 Republic of the Congo 38,932 +/−
Xorvatiya bayrogʻi Xorvatiya Decrease37,044 −1,941
 Cape Verde Decrease36,410 −663
 Dominica Decrease36,372 −721
 Singapore Decrease33,736 −466
 Kazakhstan 33,438 +5,148
 Lithuania Decrease32,655 −445
 Belgium Decrease32,323 −3,431
 Denmark 31,872 +2,541
 Kuwait Decrease31,113 −4,494
 Senegal 30,828 +/−
 North Macedonia 30,359 +4,456
Mikroneziya bayrogʻi Mikroneziya 30,136 +/−
 Grenada Decrease29,722 −11,288
 Latvia Decrease23,300 −2,039
 Zimbabwe 20,519 +/−
 Norway Decrease20,143 −4,928

Immigratsiya ta'siri

Mexican immigrants are seen protesting for more rights in San Jose.
Meksikalik muhojirlar Shimoliy Kaliforniyaning eng yirik shahri San-Xoseda (2006) ko'proq huquqlar uchun yurishmoqda.

Qo'shma Shtatlarga immigratsiya aholi sonini sezilarli darajada oshiradi. Aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosi hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, AQSh aholisi 2014-yildagi 317 milliondan 2060-yilda immigratsiya bilan 417 millionga oshadi, bunda qariyb aholining 20 foizi chet elda tug'ilganlar bo'ladi[121]. Xususan, ispan va osiyolik amerikaliklarning aholisi immigratsiya tufayli sezilarli darajada ko'paygan, ikkala populyatsiyada ham katta o'sish kutilmoqda[122][123]. Umuman olganda, Pyu hisobotida aytilishicha, Qo'shma Shtatlar aholisi 2005-yildagi 296 milliondan 2065-yilda 441 millionga ko'tariladi, ammo immigratsiyasiz atigi 338 millionga etadi[122][124][125]. Qo'shma Shtatlarga immigratsiya diniy xilma-xillikni ham oshirdi, immigratsiya tufayli Qo'shma Shtatlarda islom, hinduizm, buddizm va sikxizm o'sib bormoqda[126]. Immigratsiya natijasida demografiyaning o'zgarishi siyosiy qarashlarga ta'sir qildi. Muhojirlar Demokratik partiyani mahalliy aholiga qaraganda ko'proq qo'llab-quvvatlaydi[42][127][128]. Immigratsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi va unga qarshi bo'lgan manfaat guruhlari immigratsiya siyosatida rol o'ynaydi[129][130].

Muhojirlar Qo'shma Shtatlarda jinoyatni ko'paytirishi aniqlanmagan va immigrantlar mahalliy aholiga qaraganda kamroq jinoyatga qo'l uradi[12][13][14][131]. Ba'zi tadqiqotlarga ko'ra, immigratsiyaning ko'payishi AQShda jinoyatchilik darajasining pasayishini qisman tushuntirishi mumkin[132][133][134]. Bir tadqiqotga ko'ra, odamlarni faqat noqonuniy immigrant bo'lgani uchun ta'qib qilmaslik siyosatini qabul qiladigan muqaddas shaharlar jinoyatga statistik jihatdan ahamiyatli ta'sir ko'rsatmaydi[135]. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, irqiy kamsitilish ozchiliklar yashaydigan hududlarda haddan tashqari politsiya nazorati va guruh ichidagi qarama-qarshilik jinoyatda gumon qilinganlar orasida muhojirlarning nomutanosib ravishda ko'payishiga olib kelishi mumkin[136][137][138][139]. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, sud tizimi tomonidan kamsitishlar bo'lishi mumkin, bu esa muhojirlar uchun sudlanganliklarning ko'payishiga yordam beradi[140][141][142][143][144]. Krimmigratsiya immigratsiya bo'yicha tanqidiy olimlar joriy immigratsiya qonunchiligini qo'llash tizimini kontsepsiyalashtirgan soha sifatida paydo bo'ldi[145].

Qo'shma Shtatlarga immigratsiyaning kuchayishi tarixan kamsitish va irqiy tartibsizliklarga sabab bo'lgan.  Aholisi koʻproq ozchiliklar boʻlgan hududlar politsiyaning kuchaytirilishi[136][137][146][139] va qattiqroq jazoga tortilishi mumkin[140][141][142][143][144]. Ta'lim muassasalaridagi professor-o'qituvchilar oq tanli talabalarga nisbatan ko'proq javob berishlari aniqlangan[147], ammo ijobiy harakatlar siyosati kollejlarni ozchilik abituriyentlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashiga olib kelishi mumkin[148]. Dalillar, shuningdek, uy-joy bozori[149][150][151] va mehnat bozorida irqiy kamsitish mavjudligini ko'rsatadi[149][152][153]. Turli immigrantlar guruhlari o'rtasida diskriminatsiya ham mavjud[154][155]. 2018-yilda daromadlar bo'yicha o'tkazilgan tadqiqotga ko'ra, ko'pchilik immigrantlar 20 yil ichida AQShga iqtisodiy jihatdan o'zlashtirilib, irqi va etnik kelib chiqishi o'xshash bo'lmagan muhojirlarning iqtisodiy ahvoliga mos keladi[156].

Immigratsiya mahalliy aholining sog'lig'iga kam ta'sir qilishi aniqlangan[157]. Tadqiqotchilar, shuningdek, "sog'lom immigrant effekti" deb nomlanuvchi narsani aniqladilar, bunda immigrantlar odatda AQShda tug'ilgan shaxslarga qaraganda sog'lomroq bo'ladi[158][159]. Biroq, ba'zi kasalliklar Qo'shma Shtatlarga kiritilgan deb ishoniladi yoki immigratsiya tufayli ko'payishiga sabab bo'lgan[160]. Immigrantlarga asli tug'ilgan amerikaliklarga qaraganda ko'proq kompensatsiyasiz tibbiy yordam ko'rsatishadi[161].

Amerikalik olimlar va muhandislarning katta qismini immigrantlar tashkil etadi. Magistratura talabalari bakalavriat talabalariga qaraganda ko'proq immigrant bo'lishadi, chunki immigrantlar ko'pincha immigratsiyadan oldin o'z vatanlarida bakalavriat ta'limini tugatadilar[162]. 2004-yil holatiga koʻra, AQSH fan va muhandislik fanlari nomzodlarining 33% chet elda tugʻilgan aspirantlarga berilgan[163].

Iqtisodiy ta'sirlar

Manxettenning Chinatown shahridagi tikuv fabrikalari

Immigratsiyaning iqtisodiyotga umumiy ta'siri minimal bo'ladi. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, xilma-xillik samaradorlikka[164][165] va iqtisodiy farovonlikka aniq ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatadi[166][167]. Immigrantlarning soliq va iqtisod orqali qo'shgan hissasi ular foydalanadigan xizmatlar narxidan oshib ketgani aniqlangan[168][169][170]. Umumiy immigratsiya mahalliy ish haqi tengsizligiga unchalik ta'sir ko'rsatmagan[171][172], ammo past malakali immigratsiya mahalliy aholining daromadlari tengsizligi bilan bog'liq[173]. Kasaba uyushmalari tarixan iqtisodiy muammolar tufayli immigratsiyaga qarshi chiqqan[174].

Immigrantlar, shuningdek, iqtisodiy samaradorlikni oshirishi aniqlandi, chunki ular mahalliy aholi qilishni istamaydigan ishlarni egallashlari ehtimoli ko'proq[175]. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, immigrantlar AQSHda tug'ilgan ishchilarga qaraganda xavfli ishlarda ishlash ehtimoli ko'proq, bu qisman immigrantlarning ingliz tilini bilish qobiliyati va ta'lim darajasi pastligi kabi o'rtacha xususiyatlardagi farqlar tufayli[176]. Qochqinlar mehnat bozoriga boshqa immigrantlarga qaraganda sekinroq integratsiyalashgani aniqlangan, biroq ular umuman davlat daromadlarini oshirishi ham aniqlangan[177][178][179]. Immigratsiya, shuningdek, innovatsiyalar va tadbirkorlikning ortishi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, immigrantlar mahalliy amerikaliklarga qaraganda biznes boshlash ehtimoli ko'proq[180][181][182].

Hujjatsiz muhojirlar ham Qo'shma Shtatlardagi iqtisodiy sharoitga ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi aniqlangan[170][183][184]. 2005-yilda NPR ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, noqonuniy muhojirlarning taxminan 3 foizi qishloq xo'jaligida ishlagan va H-2A vizasi AQSh ish beruvchilariga vaqtinchalik qishloq xo'jaligi ishlarini to'ldirish uchun chet el fuqarolarini AQShga olib kelish imkonini beradi[185]. Qattiqroq immigratsiya qonunlarini joriy qilgan davlatlar sezilarli iqtisodiy yo'qotishlarga duchor bo'lgan[186].

AQSh yashil kartasi, qochqinlar, siyosiy boshpana izlovchilar, oila tomonidan homiylik qilingan muhojirlar, ish joyiga asoslangan ishchilar va xilma-xil immigrantlar (DV) kabi munosib immigrantlar uchun doimiy rezident maqomini tasdiqlovchi hujjat.
1888 yilda <i id="mwCsM">Pakdagi</i> multfilm ko'p sonli kam maosh oluvchi muhojirlarni kutib olgani uchun ishbilarmonlarga hujum qilib, amerikalik erkaklarni ishsiz qoldirdi. [187]
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