Kontent qismiga oʻtish

Amedi

Koordinatalari: 37°5′30.8″N 43°29′13.2″E / 37.091889°N 43.487000°E / 37.091889; 43.487000
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Amedi

ئامێدی
Shahri
Skyline of Amedi
37°5′30.8″N 43°29′13.2″E / 37.091889°N 43.487000°E / 37.091889; 43.487000
Mamlakat Iroq
Mintaqa Duhok gubernatorligi
Tuman Duhok
Amadiya tumani
Asos solingan mil.avv 3000-yil
Markazi balandligi 1200 m
Aholisi
 11 000
Pochta indeks(lar)i 42008
Amedi xaritada
Amedi
Amedi

Amedi yoki Amadiya (kurdcha: ئامێدی[1][2], arabcha: العمادية, Lishanid Noshan[3]) - Iroq Kurdiston viloyatining Duhok gubernatorligidagi shaharcha hisoblandi[4].

Etimologiyasi

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Ibn al-Asirning soʻzlariga koʻra, arabcha “Amadiyya” nomi 1142-yilda u yerda qalʼa qurgan Imodaddin Zengiy nomi bilan atalgan. Boshqa bir nazariyaga ko'ra, bu ism Imod ad-Davla sharafiga nomlangan degan tahminlar ham mavjud[4].

Professor Jeffri Shuxmanning so‘zlariga ko‘ra, Amedi kelib chiqishi hurriy yoki urartiyaliklarga borib taqaladi[5].

Tarixi

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Ilk bronza davridan to miloddan avvalgi XVI asrgacha mitannilar nazorati ostiga o'tgunga qadar Amedi viloyati Kurdaning bir qismi bo'lgan. U qisman semit tilida gapirishgan Subartu boshchilik qilgan qabila nazorati ostida bo'lgan[6][7]. Mittani hukmronligi davrida bu hudud aholisi Zubariylar nomi bilan tanilgan[8][9][10][11].

Mittani qulagandan keyin Amedi Nairi va Barzoniylar bilan jang qilgandan keyin miloddan avvalgi XI asrda Oʻrta Ossuriya imperiyasi vakili Ashurnasirpal I tomonidan bosib olingan[12].

Ossuriya imperiyasi qulagandan keyin Amedi viloyati Midiya hukmronligi ostiga oʻtdi. Miloddan avvalgi IV asrda Ksenofont bu hududdan o'tayotganda uning aholisini Midiya deb atagan[13]. Keyinchalik Amedi hududi Media Magna nomi bilan Ahamoniylar imperiyasi tarkibiga kiritilgan. Parfiya imperiyasi hukmronligida Amedi viloyati Barchan (Barzan) tumani tarkibiga kiradi[14]. Oxir-oqibat u 640-yillarda Tikrit, Mosul va Saharzorda kurdlarni yengib, musulmonlar tomonidan istilo qilinguncha, Adiabene tumanida Sosoniylar imperiyasining ajralmas qismiga aylandi[15].

Keyin, bir necha asrlar davomida, VII asrdagi Abbosiy inqilobidan so'ng, u mintaqadagi eng boy oilalardan biri sifatida tanilgan qirollik Abbosiylar sulolasi tomonidan boshqarilgan[16].

Amedi Masihga da'vogar Devid Alroyning tug'ilgan joyi bo'lgan. 1163-yilda, Jozef Ha-Kohenning Emek ha-Baka asariga ko'ra, yahudiy aholisi mingga yaqin oilani tashkil etgan va yong'oq bilan savdo qilishgan. Alroy shaharga qarshi qo'zg'olon ko'tardi, ammo bu jurushda mag'lubiyatga uchradi va o'ldirildi[17]. Ispaniyalik yahudiy tarixchisi Sulaymon ibn Verga (1450–1525) Alroy davridagi Amedi yahudiylarni boy va baxtli qilib ko‘rsatgan[18].

Amedi 1376-yildan 1843-yilgacha yarim avtonom Bahdinaning qarorgohi edi. Amedi shahridagi Qubaxon maktabi xarobalari bor, u Sulton Husayn Valiy Bahdiniy (1534-1576) davrida islom ilmlarini o‘rganish uchun asos solingan[19][20]. Kichkina shaharchada Hizqiyoga tegishli ibodatxona va qabr xarobalari ham bor. Shaharning timsollaridan biri XII asrga oid va mintaqadagi eng qadimgi va eng katta Amedi masjididir.

1760-yilda dominikanlik Leopoldo Soldini hamkasbi Mauritsio Garzoni bilan Amedi shahrida Kurdiston uchun missiya tashkil qilishadi[21]. Garzoni u yerda oʻn toʻrt yil yashab, 4600 soʻzdan iborat italyancha-kurdcha lugʻat va grammatika ishlab chiqadi. Lug'at asosiy missiya hisoblangan, chunki u kurd tili grammatikasi va tilini o'rganish bo'yicha birinchi tadqiqotni ifodalaydi, shuning uchun Garzoni ko'pincha "kurdologiyaning otasi" deb ataladi[21] [22] [23]. 1907-yilda aholi soni 6000 kishini tashkil etdi, ulardan 2500 nafari kurdlar, 1900 nafari yahudiylar va 1600 nafari xaldeylik katolik ossuriyaliklar edi[24].

Mustaqil Kurdiston uchun Sevr shartnomasi qoidalari (1920-yil)

Geografiyasi

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Iqlimi

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Amedinining yozi issiq, O'rta yer dengizi iqlimiga ega ( Köppen iqlim tasnifi : Csa) va qishi nam hisoblanadi. Iroqning eng shimoliy shahri bo'lib, bu mamlakatning eng yumshoq iqlimli yirik shahridir. Qishda vaqti-vaqti bilan qor yog'ib turadi.

Amedi iqlimi
Koʻrsatkich Yan Fev Mart Apr May Iyun Iyul Avg Sen Okt Noy Dek Yil
Oʻrtacha maksimal, °C 6,2 7,8 12,1 17,8 25,1 31,9 36,3 36,2 32,2 24,4 15,4 8,4 21,2
Oʻrtacha minimal, °C −2,4 −1,3 2,4 7,2 12,5 17,4 21,4 20,9 16,8 10,9 5,0 0,0 9,2
Yogʻingarchilik meʼyori, mm 126 176 156 128 56 0 0 0 1 32 96 126 897
Manba: World Weather Online[25]

Galereya

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  • Citadel of Amedi
    Amedi qal'asi
  • The Badinan Gate, and the entrance to the Citadel
    Badinan darvozasi va qal'aga kirish
  • Great Mosque of Amedi
    Buyuk Amedi masjidi
  • Darvoza arkasi
    Darvoza arkasi

Taniqli odamlari

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Yana qarang

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Manbalar

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  1. ↑ „Li sînorê Gare 12 gund ji ber bombebaranên Tirkiyê hatine valakirin“ (ku). Rûdaw. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 18-dekabr.
  2. ↑ „ئامێدی | كوردستانی سەرسوڕهێنەر- وێبسایتی فەرمی دەستەی گشتی گەشت و گوزار“. bot.gov.krd. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 18-dekabr.
  3. ↑ Greenblatt, Jared. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Amədya (en). BRILL, 2010 — 56-bet. ISBN 978-90-04-19230-0. 
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Streck, M. (1965). "ʿAmādiya". Encyclopedia of Islam Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0575. 
  5. ↑ Szuchman, Jeffrey (2009-11-01). "Bit Zamani and Assyria" (en). Syria. Archéologie, art et histoire (86): 55–65. doi:10.4000/syria.511. ISSN 0039-7946. http://journals.openedition.org/syria/511. 
  6. ↑ Mieroop, Marc Van De. King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography (en). John Wiley & Sons, 2008 — 51-bet. ISBN 978-0-470-69534-0. „King of Elam to King of Kurda in 1770s BCE: Keep Subartu under your control and don’t give troops to the prince of Babylon. Send a message to Zimri-Lim of Mari that also he should give none to the prince of Babylon.“ 
  7. ↑ Michael C. Astour.. Hisotory of Ebla, in "Eblaitica". Eisenbrauns, 1987 — 98-bet. ISBN 9781575060606. „According to the renowned Assyriologists Charpin & Durand: for the Old Babylonian kings, Subartu is neither Assur nor Ekallatum but the agglomeration of the little city-kingdoms.“ 
  8. ↑ Samuel Alfred Browne Mercer & Frank Hudson Hallock. The Tell El-Amarna Tablets. (AMS Press, 1983), V.1 — 341-bet. 
  9. ↑ Gadd, C. J. (1940). "Tablets from Chagar Bazar and Tall Brak, 1937-38". Iraq 7: 22–66. doi:10.2307/4241663. ISSN 0021-0889. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241663. 
  10. ↑ Mallowan, M. E. L. (1937). "The Excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar and an Archaeological Survey of the Habur Region. Second Campaign, 1936". Iraq 4 (2): 91–177. doi:10.2307/4241610. ISSN 0021-0889. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241610. 
  11. ↑ Kazanjian, Garabet, "The Hurrians in the Ancient Near East", Dept. of History and Archaeology, A.U.B, 1969.. „"Zubari undoubtedly means Mitanni, Subartu, or Hurri"“ 
  12. ↑ Luckenbill, Daniel David. Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, Volume I: Historical Records Of Assyria From The Earliest Times To Sargon (en). Histories & Mysteries of Man, 1989 — 140, 141, 184-bet. „"against the Nairi lands I marched. The city of Barzani their property, their goods, their oxen, their sheep (to tells and) ruins I turned. The head(s) of their fighters (I smashed), of the Nairi lands; horses, donkeys.. Barzani I burned with fire, I devastated, I destroyed, to mounds and ruins [I turned it]... From the pass of the mountain of Amadani I went forth unto the city of Barzanishtun. Unto the city of Damdammusa, the stronghold of Hani of Zamani, I drew nigh. I stormed the city; my warriors flew like birds against them. 600 of their fighting men I struck down with the sword, I cut off their heads. 400 men I took alive, 3,000 prisoners I brought out. That city I took for my own possession. The living men and the heads I carried to Amedi, his royal city, I made a pillar of heads in front of his city gate, the living men I impaled on stakes round about his city. I fought a battle within his city gate, I cut down his orchards. From the city of Amedi I departed. I entered the pass of the mountain of Kashiari (and) of the city of Ahabr &, wherein none among the kings, my fathers, had set foot, or had made an expedition thereto."“ 
  13. ↑ Joseph, John. The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers (en). BRILL, 2000 — 8-bet. ISBN 978-90-04-11641-2. 
  14. ↑ Mclachlan, Keith. The Boundaries of Modern Iran (en). Routledge, 2016-11-10. ISBN 978-1-315-39936-2. 
  15. ↑ Houtsma, M. Th. E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936 (en). BRILL, 1993 — 1136-bet. ISBN 978-90-04-09790-2. 
  16. ↑ Wright, George Newenham. A New and Comprehensive gazetteer, Volume 1. T. Kelly, 1834. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 12-sentyabr. 
  17. ↑ „Jewish Encyclopedia“ (1906). Qaraldi: 2009-yil 12-sentyabr.
  18. ↑ Lenowitz, Harris. The Jewish Messiahs: From the Galilee to Crown Heights, 1906. ISBN 9780195348941. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 12-sentyabr. 
  19. ↑ „the Ancient Qobahan School | General Directorate of Tourism / Duhok“. duhoktourism.org. 2021-yil 27-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 6-fevral.
  20. ↑ Alnumman, Raeed. (2017).. "ROOTING OF QUBAHAN SCHOOL AN ANALYTICAL STUDY TO ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS (SPATIAL CONFIGURATION AND FORMALITY ELEMENT OF INTERIOR FACADES OF QUBAHAN SCHOOL).". The Journal of the University of Duhok. 20. 26-41. 10.26682/Sjuod.2017.20.1.4.. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319200640. 
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Filoni, Fernando. The Church in Iraq (en). CUA Press, 2017 — 64-bet. ISBN 978-0-8132-2965-2. 
  22. ↑ Borbone, Pier Giorgio. Linguistic and oriental studies in honour of Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006 — 293-bet. ISBN 978-3-447-05484-3. 
  23. ↑ Bois, Thomas. The Kurds. Khayats, 1966 — 79-bet. 
  24. ↑ „Catholic Encyclopaedia“. Appleton (1907). Qaraldi: 2009-yil 12-sentyabr.
  25. ↑ „Weather averages for Amadiya“. World Weather Online. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 6-sentyabr. 
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