Qizil tulki: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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Qizil tulkining Rüppell tulkisidir, lekin bu ikki tur mitoxondriyal DNK testi natijalariga ko'ra hayratlanarli darajada bir-biriga yaqin bo'ldi. Bir turning boshqa tur ichida bunday joylashishi parafiliya deb ataladi. Buni tushuntirish uchun bir qancha gipotezalar taklif qilingan, jumladan ( <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Basuony|first1=Ali E|last2=Saleh|first2=Mostafa|last3=Sarhan|first3=Moustafa|last4=Younes|first4=Mahmoud|last5=Abdel-Hamid|first5=Fouad|last6=Rodriguez Fernandes|first6=Carlos|last7=Vercammen|first7=Paul|last8=Aboshaala|first8=Faraj|last9=Bounaceur|first9=Farid|title=Paraphyly of the widespread generalist red fox (Vulpes vulpes): introgression rather than recent divergence of the arid-adapted Rüppell's fox (Vulpes rueppellii)?|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|date=2023|volume=138|issue=4|pages=453–469|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blad001}}</ref> ). Toshga aylanga hayvon qoldiqlari dalillariga asoslanib, oxirgi ehtimol, bu ikki tur o'rtasidagi aniq ekologik va morfologik farqlar mavjudligi qo'llab-quvvatlanadi. 
Qizil tulkining Rüppell tulkisidir, lekin bu ikki tur mitoxondriyal DNK testi natijalariga ko'ra hayratlanarli darajada bir-biriga yaqin bo'ldi. Bir turning boshqa tur ichida bunday joylashishi parafiliya deb ataladi. Buni tushuntirish uchun bir qancha gipotezalar taklif qilingan, jumladan ( <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Basuony|first1=Ali E|last2=Saleh|first2=Mostafa|last3=Sarhan|first3=Moustafa|last4=Younes|first4=Mahmoud|last5=Abdel-Hamid|first5=Fouad|last6=Rodriguez Fernandes|first6=Carlos|last7=Vercammen|first7=Paul|last8=Aboshaala|first8=Faraj|last9=Bounaceur|first9=Farid|title=Paraphyly of the widespread generalist red fox (Vulpes vulpes): introgression rather than recent divergence of the arid-adapted Rüppell's fox (Vulpes rueppellii)?|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|date=2023|volume=138|issue=4|pages=453–469|doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blad001}}</ref> ). Toshga aylanga hayvon qoldiqlari dalillariga asoslanib, oxirgi ehtimol, bu ikki tur o'rtasidagi aniq ekologik va morfologik farqlar mavjudligi qo'llab-quvvatlanadi. 


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|2={{em|Qizil tulki}} [[File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXII).jpg|50 px]]<ref name="lindblad-toh2005">{{cite journal |author1=Lindblad-Toh, K. |author2=Wade, C. M. |author3=Mikkelsen, T. S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue=7069 |pages=803–819 |doi=10.1038/nature04338 |pmid=16341006 |display-authors=etal|bibcode=2005Natur.438..803L|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|at=Fig. 10}}
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26-Iyun 2023, 08:05 dagi koʻrinishi

Qizil tulki ( lotincha Vulpes vulpes ) yirtqichlar oilasiga mansub, mavjud tulkilarning eng kattasi hisoblanadi va ularni butun Shimoliy yarim sharda, shu jumladan Shimoliy Amerika, Yevropa, Osiyoning ko'p qismi va Shimoliy Afrikaning ayrim qismlarida uchratish mumkin. Ular IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) tomonidan "Eng kam xavotirli" hayvonlar ro'yxatiga olingan. Bu turdagi hayvonlar soni odamlar sonining ko'payishi bilan bir qatorda ko'paydi. Ularning Avstraliyaga olib kelinishi, sutemizuvchilar va qushlar populyatsiyasiga jiddiy zarar yetkazishi mumkinligi aytildi. Avstraliyaga olib kelinishi tufayli ular "Dunyoning 100 ta eng yomon tarqaluvchi turlari" ro'yxatiga kiritilgan[1].

Qizil tulki O'rta Villafranchian davrida Yevroosiyodagi kichikroq ajdodlaridan kelib chiqqa[2], va muzlik davridan ko'p o'tmay shimoliy Amerikada tarqald[3]. Qizil tulkilar boshqa tulkilarga qaraganda go'shtxo'rlikka moyildir[4]. Qizil tulkilar kattaligidan tashqari yangi muhitga tezroq moslashishi bilan boshqa tulki turlaridan farq qiladi. Nomiga qaramay, ularning tanasi ko'pincha boshqa ranglarda bo'ladi, yan'ni ularning tanalari leykistik va melanistik ranglarni ishlab chiqaradi[4]. Hozirda qizil tulkilarning 45 ta kichik turi tanilga. Ular o'z ichida ikki turga bo'linadi:

  1. Yirik shimoliy tulkilar
  2. Osiyo va Afrikadagi kichik tulkilar[4].

Odatda qizil tulkilar juft yoki kichik-kichik guruhlardan iborat bo'ladi. Masalan, juftlik va ularning bolalari yoki qarindosh bo'lgan bir nechta urg'ochi va erkaklar kabi oilalardan iborat bo'ladi. Yangi juftlashganlari bolasiga g'amxo'rlik qilish maqsadida ota-onasi bilan qoladi[5]. Bu tur asosan mayda kemiruvchilar bilan oziqlanadi, ammo ular quyon, olmaxon, qushlar, sudralib yuruvchilar, umurtqasizlar[4] va yosh tuyoqli hayvonlarni ham ovlashi mumkin[4]. Ba'zida meva va sabzavotlar ham iste'mol qilishadi[6]. Qizil tulki kichikroq yirtqichlarni, shu jumladan boshqa tulki turlarini o'ldirishga moyil bo'lsa-da, ular bo'rilar, koyotlar (itsimon hayvonlar), shoqollar, burgutlar vaYevroosiyo burgut-boyqushlari[7] va katta o'lchamli mushuklar(felinlar)[8] tomonidan hujumga uchrashi mumkin.

Odamlarning bu tur bilan aloqadorligi uzoq tarixga ega. Afsonalarga ko'ra, odamlar qizil tulkilarni zararkunanda va mo'ynali hayvonlar sifatida keng ovlashgan. Qizil tulkilar soning ko'p bo'lishi ularni mo'yna savdosi uchun eng muhim hayvon qilgan[9] :229–230. Odamlar uchun xavf tug'dirishi mumkin bo'lgan bu tur, odamlarning yashash joyidan keng foyda ko'rdi va ko'plab shahar atrofi va shahar hududlarini muvaffaqiyatli egallab oldi. Rossiyada qizil tulkini xonakilashtirish ishlari olib borildi va buning natijasida, xonakilashtirilgan qizil tulki paydo bo'ldi.

Terminologiyasi

Voyaga yetmagan qizil tulkilar "kit" deb tanilgan

Erkaklari todlar, urg'ochilari viksenlar va yosh bolalar kitlar deb ataladi[10]. Arktika tulkisi shimoliy Skandinaviyada kichik to'daga ega bo'lishsada va korsak tulkining tarqalish doirasi Yevropa Rossiyasiga cho'zilgan bo'lsa-da, qizil tulki G'arbiy Yevropada tug'ilgan ya'ni mahalliy yagona tulkidir va shuning uchun ingliz tilida oddiygina "tulki" deb ataladi.

Evolyutsiyasi

Qizil tulki (chapda) va Rüppell tulkisi (o'ngda) bosh suyaklarining qiyosiy tasviri: birinchisining yuz sohasi yanada rivojlangan

Qizil tulki afg'on, korsak va bengal tulki turlariga qaraganda umumiy o'lchami va yirtqich hayvonlarga moslashishi jihatidan Vulpesning ixtisoslashgan shakli hisoblanadi; uning bosh suyagi boshqa tulki turlariga qaraganda neotenoz belgilarni ancha kam ko'rsatadi va uning yuz sohasi ancha rivojlangan[4]. Ammo, u Tibet tulkisidek go'shto'r emas[4].

Qizil tulkining Rüppell tulkisidir, lekin bu ikki tur mitoxondriyal DNK testi natijalariga ko'ra hayratlanarli darajada bir-biriga yaqin bo'ldi. Bir turning boshqa tur ichida bunday joylashishi parafiliya deb ataladi. Buni tushuntirish uchun bir qancha gipotezalar taklif qilingan, jumladan ( [11] ). Toshga aylanga hayvon qoldiqlari dalillariga asoslanib, oxirgi ehtimol, bu ikki tur o'rtasidagi aniq ekologik va morfologik farqlar mavjudligi qo'llab-quvvatlanadi. 

 

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Bat-eared fox

 

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1=[[Arctic fox]

 

Arctic fox

Kit fox

Corsac fox

Rüppell's fox

Red fox [12]: Fig. 10 

Cape fox

Blanford's fox

Fennec fox

Raccoon dog

Bat-eared fox

Kelib chiqishi

Bu tur Yevroosiyadan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, Pleistotsen davrining O'rta Villafranchian davrida yashagan Vulpes alopecoides yoki unga bog'liq bo'lgan xitoy Vulpesdan paydo boʻlgan boʻlishi mumkin[2].  Vengriyaning Baranya okrugida 3,4—1,8 million yilga tegishli Vulpesning eng qadimgi tana qoldiqlari topildi[13]. Qizil tulkining ajdodlari hozirgi tulkilarga qaraganda ancha kichikroq bo'lgan, chunki eng qadimgi qizil tulki qoldiqlari qayta tiklanganda, u tirik namunalarga qaraganda ancha kichikroq bo'lgan[2] :115–116. Zamonaviy turning eng qadimgi tana qoldiqlari pleystotsen davrining o'rtalariga to'g'ri keladi[14]. Bu qizil tulkini ibtidoiy odamlar tomonidan ham oziq-ovqat uchun ham yungi uchun ovlangan degan nazariyaga olib keldi[15].

Shimoliy Amerikada tarqalishi

Qizil tulkilar Shimoliy Amerika hududida ikki davrda tarqaldi: muzlik davridan oldin va undan keyin[16]. Gen xaritasi Shimoliy Amerikadagi qizil tulkilar 400 000 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida ular bir-biridan ajralganligini ko'rsatadi, bu esa turlanishning paydo bo'lishi ehtimolini oshiradi, bu esa Vulpes fulvaning oldingi binomial nomi haqiqiy bo'lishi mumkinligini anglatadi[17]. Uzoq shimolda qizil tulkining tana qoldiqlari Alyaskadagi Feyrbanks tumani va Albertadagi Medicine Hat yaqinidagi Sangamonian Stage konlaridan topilgan. Viskonsinandan olingan tana qoldiqlari Arkanzas, Kaliforniya, Kolorado, Aydaho, Missuri, Nyu-Meksiko, Tennessi, Texas, Virjiniya va Vayoming bo'ylab 25 ta joylarda mavjud. Ular Viskonsinan shtatida uzoq janubda joylashgan bo'lishlariga qaramasdan, iliq sharoitlar boshlanishi bilan shimolga qarab ketganlar[3]. Genetika testining natijasiga ko'ra, Shimoliy Amerikada ikki turdagi qizil tulki refugiumi aniqlandi. Shimoliy refugium Alyaskada va Kanadaning g'arbiy qismida uchraydi. Janubiy (yoki togʻli) refugium gʻarbning subalp dalalari va alp yaylovlarida, Rokki togʻlardan tortib to Kaskadlar va Syerra-Nevada tizmalarigacha Vespel qoldiqlari topildi. Eng kamida oxirgi muzlik davridan beri qizil tulkining boshqa barcha populyatsiyalaridan ajratilgan va noyob ekologik yoki fiziologik moslashuvlarga ega bo'lishi aniqlandi[16].

Yevropa tulkilari 1900-yillarda Qo'shma Shtatlarning ayrim qismlariga kiritilgan bo'lsa-da, yaqinda o'tkazilgan genetik tadqiqotlar Shimoliy Amerika populyatsiyalarida Yevropa tulki mitoxondrial haplotiplarining yo'qligini ko'rsatadi[18]. Shuningdek, Shimoliy Amerikaning sharqiy qizil tulkilari Janubiy Kaliforniyadan San-Xoakin vodiysi, Monterey va shimoliy qirg'oq bo'yidagi San-Fransisko ko'rfazi hududi (shu jumladan San-Fransisko shahri va qo'shni shaharlar)gacha bo'lgan ichki Kaliforniyaning ko'p qismida tarqaldi. Qizil tulki shahar hayotiga moslasha olishiga qaramasdan, ular Kaliforniyaning shimoliy qismlarida (ko'rfaz hududining shimolida) janubga qaraganda bir oz ko'proq uchraydi, chunki cho'lda ko'proq tog'li va ajratilgsn joylsr mavjud. Sharqdagi qizil tulkilar Sakramento vodiysi qizil tulkisi bilan chatishib ketgan bo'lishi mumki[19]. Shuningdek, Kaliforniyadagi Sharqiy Amerika qizil tulkilari tog'da, Sierra Nevada qizil tulkisi yoki Intertog'lar g'arbiy qismidagi boshqa populyatsiyalar mavjudligi aytildi [20]

Kichik turlar

Fayl:Redfoxskull.jpg
Shimoliy tulkining bosh suyagi
Janubiy kulrang cho'l tulkisining bosh suyagi

Dunyodagi sutemizuvchilar turlarining 3-nashri 45 ta kichik tur mavjudligini aytib o'tgan. 2010 yilda Sakramento vodiysi qizil tulkisining 46-chi kichik turi ( V. v. Patvin ), Sakramento vodiysidagi yaylovlarda yashovchi, mitoxondrial haplotip tadqiqotlari orqali aniqlangan[21]. Castello (2018) qadimgi dunyo qizil tulkisining 30 ta kichik turini va Shimoliy Amerika qizil tulkisining to'qqizta kichik turini mavjud deb qabul qildi[22].

Turli kichik turlar o'rtasida sezilarli genofond aralashuvi ma'lum. Masalan, Britaniya qizil tulkilari Germaniya, Fransiya, Belgiya, Sardiniya, Sibir va Skandinaviyadan olib kelingan qizil tulkilar bilan chatishtirgan[23] :140. Biroq, genetik tadqiqotlar, ular bilan Yevropada namuna olingan qizil tulkilar o'rtasida juda kam farq borligini ko'rsatadi[24] [25]. Genetik xilma-xillikning yo'qligi qizil tulkini juda epchil tur bo'lishiga olib keladi, bitta qizil tulki bir yildan kam vaqt ichida 320 km (200 mi)ni bosib o'tadi[26].

Yevroosiyo va Shimoliy Afrikadagi qizil tulki kichik turlari ikki toifaga bo'lingan[4]:

  • Shimoliy tulkilar katta va yorqin rangga ega.
  • Janubiy cho'l tulkilari Osiyoning V. v. griffithi, V. v. pusilla, and V. v.  kabi turlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Bu tulkilar shimoliy tulkilar va boshqa kichikroq tulki turlari o'rtasida ayrim xususiyatlarini ko'rsatadi; ularning bosh suyaklari shimoliy tulkilarga qaraganda ancha ibtidoiy/qadimiy, neotenoz xususiyatlarga ega va ular ancha kichikroq; janubiy kulrang cho'l tulkilari erishadigan maksimal o'lchamlar shimoliy tulkilarning o'rtacha o'lchamlaridan ham kichikroqdir. Ularning oyoq-qo'llari ham uzunroq va quloqlari kattaroqdir[4].

O'rta Osiyoda yashovchi qizil tulkilar Shimoliy tulkilar va Janubiy kulrang cho'l tulkilar o'rtasida ayrim jismoniy xususiyatlarni ko'rsatadi[4].

Yana qarang 

Manbalar

  1. ↑ „100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species“. Invasive Species Specialist Group.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Kurtén, Björn. Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968. 
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Kurtén, Björn. Pleistocene Mammals of North America (en). Columbia University Press, 15 October 1980 — 96, 174 bet. ISBN 9780231037334. 
  4. ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 Heptner, V. G.. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Leiden u.a.: Brill, 1998 — 115, 341–365, 453–502, 513–562 bet. ISBN 978-1886106819. 2016-yil 8-iyulda qaraldi. 
  5. ↑ Harris, Stephen. Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook, 4th, Southampton: Mammal Society, 2008 — 408–422 bet. ISBN 978-0906282656. 
  6. ↑ Feldhamer, George. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation: Biology, Management and Economics, second (en), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003 — 516–530 bet. ISBN 9780801874161. 
  7. ↑ „Red Fox Predators | Wildlife Online“ (en). www.wildlifeonline.me.uk. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 27-may.
  8. ↑ Fedriani, J. M.; Palomares, F.; Delibes, M. (1999). "Niche relations among three sympatric Mediterranean carnivores". Oecologia 121 (1): 138–148. doi:10.1007/s004420050915. PMID 28307883. 
  9. ↑ Bachrach, Max. Fur: A Practical Treatise, third, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1953. 
  10. ↑ „10 Fascinating Facts About Foxes (With Photos)“ (en-US). PETA UK (2012-yil 26-aprel). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 20-yanvar.
  11. ↑ Basuony, Ali E; Saleh, Mostafa; Sarhan, Moustafa; Younes, Mahmoud; Abdel-Hamid, Fouad; Rodriguez Fernandes, Carlos; Vercammen, Paul; Aboshaala, Faraj et al. (2023). "Paraphyly of the widespread generalist red fox (Vulpes vulpes): introgression rather than recent divergence of the arid-adapted Rüppell's fox (Vulpes rueppellii)?". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 138 (4): 453–469. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blad001. 
  12. ↑ Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C. M.; Mikkelsen, T. S.; et al. (2005).
  13. ↑ PaleoDatabase collection No. 35369, authorized by Alan Turner, Liverpool John Moores University.
  14. ↑ David M. Alba, Saverio Bartolini Lucenti, Joan Madurell Malapeira, 2021, Middle Pleistocene fox from the Vallparadís Section (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula) and the earliest records of the extant red fox, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.127, pp.179-187, DOI:10.13130/2039-4942/15229, Retrieved on 26 October 2021
  15. ↑ Spagnesi & De Marina Marinis 2002, s. 222
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Aubry, Keith B.; Statham, Mark J.; Sacks, Benjamin N.; Perrines, John D.; Wisely, Samantha M. (2009). "Phylogeography of the North American red fox: Vicariance in Pleistocene forest refugia". Molecular Ecology 18 (12): 2668–2686. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04222.x. PMID 19457180. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120616110238/http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/cdcg/documents/Aubryetal2009_000.pdf. Qaraldi: 13 April 2012. Qizil tulki]]
  17. ↑ Statham, Mark J.; Murdoch, James; Janecka, Jan; Aubry, Keith B.; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Soulsbury, Carl D.; Berry, Oliver; Wang, Zhenghuan et al. (2014). "Range-wide multilocus phylogeography of the red fox reveals ancient continental divergence, minimal genomic exchange and distinct demographic histories". Molecular Ecology 23 (19): 4813–4830. doi:10.1111/mec.12898. PMID 25212210. 
  18. ↑ Mark J. Statham; Benjamin N. Sacks; Keith B. Aubry; John D. Perrine; Samantha M. Wisely (2012). "The origin of recently established red fox populations in the United States: translocations or natural range expansions?". Journal of Mammalogy 93 (1): 58. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-033.1. 
  19. ↑ Sacks, B. N.; Moore, M.; Statham, M. J.; Wittmer, H. U. (2011). "A restricted hybrid zone between native and introduced red fox Vulpes vulpes populations suggests reproductive barriers and competitive exclusion". Molecular Ecology 20 (2): 326–341. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04943.x. PMID 21143330. 
  20. ↑ Volkmann, Logan A.; Statham, Mark J.; Mooers, Arne Ø.; Sacks, Benjamin N. (2015). "Genetic distinctiveness of red foxes in the Intermountain West as revealed through expanded mitochondrial sequencing". Journal of Mammalogy 96 (2): 297–307. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv007. 
  21. ↑ Sacks, Benjamin N.; Statham, Mark J.; Perrine, John D.; Wisely, Samantha M.; Aubry, Keith B. (2010). "North American montane red foxes: Expansion, fragmentation, and the origin of the Sacramento Valley red fox". Conservation Genetics 11 (4): 1523–1539. doi:10.1007/s10592-010-0053-4. https://escholarship.org/content/qt94r5n5s6/qt94r5n5s6.pdf?t=l7nx95. 
  22. ↑ Castello, Jose, 2018.
  23. ↑ Dale, Thomas Francis. The Fox. London, New York, Bombay: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1906. 2016-yil 8-iyulda qaraldi. 
  24. ↑ Teacher, Amber G. F.; Thomas, Jessica A.; Barnes, Ian (2011). "Modern and ancient red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Europe show an unusual lack of geographical and temporal structuring, and differing responses within the carnivores to historical climatic change". BMC Evolutionary Biology 11 (214): 214. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-214. PMID 21774815. PMC 3154186. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3154186. 
  25. ↑ Kutschera, Verena E.; Lecomte, Nicolas; Janke, Axel; Selva, Nuria; Sokolov, Alexander A.; Haun, Timm; Steyer, Katharina; Nowak, Carsten et al. (2013). "A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)". BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (114): 114. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-114. PMID 23738594. PMC 3689046. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3689046. 
  26. ↑ Allen, S. H.; Sargeant, A. B. (1993). "Dispersal Patterns of Red Foxes Relative to Population Density". Journal of Wildlife Management 57 (3): 526–533. doi:10.2307/3809277. https://zenodo.org/record/1235187. 

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