Hizbulloh

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya
Hizbulloh
arabcha: حزب الله
Bosh kotib Hasan Nasrulloh
Asoschilari Subhi at-Tufayliy
Sayid Abbos al-Musaviy
Shtab kvartiralari Bayrut, Livan
Harbiy qanoti Jihod kengashi
Siyosiy qanoti Livan qarshilik brigadalari
Aʼzolari soni 100,000 kishi (Hasan Nasrulloh maʼlumotlariga koʻra)
Ideologiyasi Islom millatchiligi[1][2]
Panislomizm[1]
Xumaynizm
Shia jihodchiligi[3]
Mazhabchilik[4][5]
Imperializmga qarshi[6][7]
Gʻarbga qarshi[8][9][10][11]
Antisemitizm[12][13][14][15]
Antisionizm[16]
Arab millatchiligi[17]
Dini Shialik
Milliy mansublik 8-mart ittifoqi
Xalqaro mansublik Qarshilik eksasi
Parlamentar guruh Qarshilik blokiga sodiqlik
Ranglar sariq va yashil
Shiori arabcha: فَإِنَّ حِزْبَ ٱللَّهِ هُمُ ٱلْغَالِبُونَ
„Kimki Allohni, Rasulni va imon keltirganlarni doʻst tutsa, albatta, Allohning (bu) hizbi chinakam gʻoliblardir.[Qurʼon 5:56]
Parlamentdagi oʻrinlari[18]
15 / 128 (12%)
Ittifoqchilari

Ittifoqchi mamlakatlar:

Ittifoqchi tashkilotlar:

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Hizbulloh (/ˌhɛzbəˈlɑː/,[28] /ˌxɛz-/; arabcha: حزب الله, soʻzma-soʻz 'Allohning partiyasi' or 'Xudoning partiyasi') Livandagi shia-islomiy siyosiy partiyasi va jangari guruhi boʻlib[29][30], 1992-yildan beri unga bosh kotibi Hasan Nasrulloh rahbarlik qiladi. Hizbullohning harbiylashtirilgan qanoti Jihod kengashi[31], siyosiy qanoti esa Livan parlamentidagi Qarshilik blokiga sodiqlik partiyasidir.

Hizbulloh 1982-yilgi Livan urushi ortidan Najafda tahsil olgan livanlik ulamolar tomonidan tashkil etilgan. 1979-yildagi Eron inqilobidan keyin partiya asoschilari Ruhulloh Xumayniy tomonidan belgilab berilgan modelni va u tanlagan „Hizbulloh“ nomini qabul qildilar[32]. Tashkilot Islom inqilobi gvardiyasi korpusining 1500 nafar instruktorlari koʻmagida tashkil etilgan boʻlib[33], Livanning janubidagi Isroil ishgʻoliga qarshi turish uchun turli Livan shia guruhlarini tashkilotga birlashtirgan[34][35][11][36]. Livandagi fuqarolar urushi paytida, Hizbullohning 1985-yildagi manifestida maqsadlari „amerikaliklar, fransuzlar va ularning ittifoqchilarini Livandan quvib chiqarish, oʻz yerlaridagi har qanday mustamlakachi tuzilmani yoʻq qilish“ sifatida koʻrsatilgan[37]. 1985-yildan 2000-yilgacha Hizbulloh 1985—2000-yillarda Janubiy Livan armiyasi va Isroil mudofaa kuchlariga qarshi Janubiy Livan mojarosida qatnashgan va 2006-yilgi Livan urushida Isroil mudofaa kuchlari bilan yana jang qilgan. 1990-yillarda Hizbulloh Bosniya urushi paytida Bosniya va Gersegovina Respublikasi armiyasi safida jang qilish uchun koʻngilli guruhlarni ham tashkil qilgan[38].

1990-yildan beri Hizbulloh Livan siyosatida, Hizbullohni livanlashtirish deb taʼriflangan jarayonda, keyinchalik Livan hukumatida ishtirok etgan va siyosiy ittifoqlarga qoʻshilgan. 2006—2008-yillardagi Livandagi norozilik namoyishlari[39] va toʻqnashuvlaridan soʻng[40], 2008-yilda milliy birlik hukumati tuzilgan, Hizbulloh va uning muxolif ittifoqchilari vazirlar mahkamasidagi 30 oʻrindan 11 tasini qoʻlga kiritgan, bu ularga veto huquqini berish uchun yetarli boʻlgan[30]. 2008-yil avgust oyida Livanning yangi vazirlar mahkamasi Hizbullohning qurolli tashkilot sifatida mavjudligini tan oladigan va uning „bosib olingan yerlarni ozod qilish yoki qaytarib olish“ huquqini kafolatlaydigan siyosat bayonoti loyihasini bir ovozdan maʼqullagan[41]. Hizbulloh Livandagi 8-mart ittifoqining bir qismi boʻlib, 14-mart ittifoqiga qarshidir. Partiya Livandagi shia musulmonlari orasida kuchli qoʻllab-quvvatlanadi[42], sunniylar esa uning tartibotidan norozi[43][44]. Hizbulloh Livanning ayrim nasroniylar yashaydigan hududlarida ham kuchlarga ega[45]. 2012-yildan beri Hizbullohning Suriya fuqarolar urushidagi ishtiroki tashkilotning Suriya hukumati tarafida ekanligini koʻrsatgan, buni Hizbulloh sionistik fitna va Isroilga qarshi Bashar al-Assad bilan tuzilgan ittifoqini yoʻq qilishga qaratilgan „Vahhobiy-sionistlar fitnasi“ deb taʼriflagan[46][47]. 2013—2015-yillarda tashkilot oʻz militsiyasini Suriya va Iroqda „Islomiy davlat“ga qarshi kurashish yoki mahalliy jangarilarni tayyorlash uchun joylashtirgan[48][49]. 2018-yilgi Livandagi umumiy saylovda Hizbulloh 12 oʻringa ega boʻlgan va uning ittifoqi Livan parlamentidagi 128 oʻrindan 70 tasini qoʻlga kiritib, saylovda gʻalaba qozongan[50][51].

2006-yildan boshlab guruhning harbiy kuchi sezilarli darajada oshadi[52][53], shu sababli uning yarim harbiylashtirilgan qanoti Livan armiyasiga nisbatan kuchliroq boʻlgan[54][55]. Hizbulloh „davlat ichidagi davlat“ sifatida taʼriflangan,[56] va Livan hukumatida oʻrinlari, radio va sunʼiy yoʻldosh telestansiyasi, ijtimoiy xizmatlar hamda Livan chegaralaridan tashqarida jangchilarni keng koʻlamli joylashtirish qudratiga ega tashkilotga aylangan[57][58][59]. Guruh hozirda Erondan harbiy tayyorgarlik, qurol-yarogʻ va moliyaviy koʻmak, garchi Suriya urushining mazhabviy tabiati guruh qonuniyligiga putur yetkazgan boʻlsa-da[57][60][61], Suriyadan siyosiy koʻmak oladi[62]. 2021-yilda Nasrulloh guruhda 100 ming jangchi borligini maʼlum qilgan[63]. Butun tashkilot yoki uning faqat harbiy qanoti bir qancha davlatlar, jumladan, Yevropa Ittifoqi va 2017-yildan beri Arab ligasiga aʼzo boʻlgan koʻpchilik davlatlar tomonidan terrorchi tashkilot deb tan olingan. Ikkita istisno davlat, Hizbulloh – mamlakatning eng nufuzli siyosiy partiyalaridan biri boʻlgan Livan va Iroq. Rossiya esa Hizbullohni „terrorchi tashkilot“ sifatida emas, balki „qonuniy ijtimoiy-siyosiy kuch“ deb biladi[64].

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Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 „Islamist Terrorism and National Liberation: Hamas and Hizbullah“,Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012 — 66–96 bet. DOI:10.1017/CBO9780511977367.004. ISBN 978-0-511-97736-7. 
  2. ↑ Stepanova, Ekaterina. Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects. Oxford University Press, 2008 — 113 bet.  (Wayback Machine saytida 2016-03-10 sanasida arxivlangan)
  3. ↑ Philip Smyth (February 2015). The Shiite Jihad in Syria and Its Regional Effects (Report). The Washington Institute for Near East Studies. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150705/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus138_Smyth-2.pdf. Qaraldi: 13 March 2015. 
  4. ↑ „Hezbollah, the Lebanese Sectarian State, and Sectarianism“. Middle East Institute. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 13-aprel.
  5. ↑ Bassel F, Salloukh „The Sectarian Image Reversed: The Role of Geopolitics in Hezbollah's Domestic Politics“. Middle East political science (2015).
  6. ↑ Elie Alagha, Joseph. Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto. Amsterdam University Press, 2011 — 15, 20 bet. ISBN 978-90-8555-037-2. 
    Shehata, Samer. Islamist Politics in the Middle East: Movements and Change. Routledge, 2012 — 176 bet. ISBN 978-0-415-78361-3. 
  7. ↑ Husseinia, Rola El (2010). "Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria". Third World Quarterly 31 (5): 803–15. doi:10.1080/01436597.2010.502695. https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2010_31_5/page/803. 
  8. ↑ Levitt, Matthew. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Hurst Publishers, 2013 — 356 bet. ISBN 978-1-84904-333-5. „"Hezbollah's anti-Western militancy began with attacks against Western targets in Lebanon, then expanded to attacks abroad intended to exact revenge for actions threatening its or Iran's interests, or to press foreign governments to release captured operatives."“ 
  9. ↑ Hanhimäki, Jussi M.; Blumenau, Bernhard. An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences. Routledge, 2013 — 267 bet. ISBN 978-0-415-63540-0. „Based upon these beliefs, Hezbollah became vehemently anti-West and anti-Israel.“ 
  10. ↑ Siegel, Larry J.. Criminology: Theories, Patterns & Typology. Cengage Learning, 3 February 2012 — 396 bet. ISBN 978-1-133-04964-7. „Hezbollah is anti-West and anti-Israel and has engaged in a series of terrorist actions including kidnappings, car bombings, and airline hijackings.“ 
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 „Who Are Hezbollah?“. BBC News (2008-yil 21-may). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 15-avgust.
  12. ↑ Julius, Anthony. Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England. OUP Oxford, 1 May 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-929705-4. 
  13. ↑ Michael, Robert; Rosen, Philip. Dictionary of Antisemitism from the Earliest Times to the Present. Scarecrow Press, 1 May 2015. ISBN 978-0-8108-5868-8. 
  14. ↑ Perry, Mark. Talking to Terrorists: Why America Must Engage with Its Enemies. Basic Books, 1 May 2015 — 158 bet. ISBN 978-0-465-01117-9. 
  15. ↑ „Analysis: Hezbollah's lethal anti-Semitism“. The Jerusalem Post (2012-yil 12-noyabr).
  16. ↑ ; Benedetta BertiHezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study. JHU Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4214-0671-8. 
  17. ↑ „JCPA Middle East Briefing: Hezbollah“ (Wayback Machine saytida 4 June 2008 sanasida arxivlangan). United Jewish Communities. 14 February 2008.
  18. ↑ „Interior Ministry releases numbers of votes for new MPs“ (2018-yil 9-may). 2021-yil 8-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 24-oktyabr.
  19. ↑ „Hezbollah is the Long Arm of Iran - Factsheet 5“ (2019-yil 20-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 8-fevral.
  20. ↑ „Why Assad's alliance with Iran and Hezbollah will endure“ (2019-yil 8-fevral). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 8-fevral.
  21. ↑ „Iraq admits Lebanese Hezbollah and Iranian RG fight alongside Iraqi security forces“ (2014-yil 9-noyabr). 2018-yil 15-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 28-iyul.
  22. ↑ „Hezbollah Fights Alongside LAF Demonstrating its Continuing Control over Lebanon“. The Tower (2017-yil 21-avgust). 2020-yil 2-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 28-iyul.
  23. ↑ „New Experience of Hezbollah with Russian Military“ (2016-yil 2-fevral). 2018-yil 28-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  24. ↑ Rosenfeld, Jesse. „Russia is Arming Hezbollah, Say Two of the Group's Field Commanders“ (2016-yil 11-yanvar).
  25. ↑ "Yemeni FM slams Hezbollah's Houthi support: report". The Daily Star. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Jul-11/456144-yemeni-fm-slams-hezbollahs-houthi-support-report.ashx. Qaraldi: 28 July 2018. Hizbulloh]]
  26. ↑ „Lebanon's Hezbollah denies sending weapons to Yemen“. Reuters (2017-yil 20-noyabr).
  27. ↑ https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1831422/wagner-group-hezbollah-weapons-syria-assad
  28. ↑ „Hezbollah“,The Collins English Dictionary. Glasgow: HarperCollins, 2013. 
    „Hezbollah“,Webster's New World College Dictionary. Cleveland: Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2012. 
  29. ↑ Jamail, Dahr „Hezbollah's transformation“. Asia Times (2006-yil 20-iyul). 2006-yil 20-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 23-oktyabr.
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 „Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)“. Council on Foreign Relations (2008-yil 13-sentyabr). 2008-yil 13-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 15-sentyabr.
  31. ↑ Levitt, Matthew. Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God. Hurst Publishers, 2013 — 15 bet. ISBN 978-1-84904-333-5. „... the Jihad Council coordinates 'resistance activity'.“ 
    Ghattas Saab, Antoine. „Hezbollah cutting costs as Iranian aid dries up“. The Daily Star (2014-yil 15-may). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 1-iyun. „... Hezbollah's military wing ... Known as the 'Jihad Council'“.
  32. ↑ Hirst, David (2010) Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23741-8 p.189
  33. ↑ Adam Shatz (29 April 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060. Qaraldi: 14 August 2006. Hizbulloh]]
  34. ↑ Dominique Avon, Anaïs-Trissa Khatchadourian, Hezbollah: A History of the „Party of God“, Harvard University Press, 2012 ISBN 978-0-674-07031-8 pp. 21ff.
  35. ↑ E. Azani, Hezbollah: The Story of the Party of God: From Revolution to Institutionalization, Springer, 2011 ISBN 978-0-230-11629-0 pp. 59–63
  36. ↑ Mariam Farida, Religion and Hezbollah: Political Ideology and Legitimacy, Routledge, 2019 ISBN 978-1-000-45857-2 pp. 1–3.
  37. ↑ Itamar Rabinovich. Israel in the Middle East. UPNE, 2008. ISBN 978-0-87451-962-4. 
  38. ↑ Fisk, Robert. „After the atrocities committed against Muslims in Bosnia, it is no wonder today's jihadis have set out on the path to war in Syria“. The Independent (2014-yil 7-sentyabr). 2018-yil 17-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 25-mart.
  39. ↑ Ghattas, Kim. „Political ferment in Lebanon“. BBC News (2006-yil 1-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 15-avgust.
  40. ↑ Stern, Yoav; Issacharoff, Avi „Hezbollah fighters retreat from Beirut after 37 die in clashes“. Haaretz (2008-yil 10-may). 2008-yil 12-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 20-oktyabr.
  41. ↑ Nafez Qawas.. „Berri summons Parliament to vote on policy statement“ (2008-yil 6-avgust). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 6-avgust.
  42. ↑ „Huge Beirut protest backs Syria“. BBC News (2005-yil 8-mart). Qaraldi: 2007-yil 7-fevral.
  43. ↑ „Hariri: Sunnis 'refuseʼ to join Hezbollah-Al Qaida war“. AFP, 25 January 2014.
  44. ↑ Blanford & Salim 2013.
  45. ↑ Zirulnick 2012.
  46. ↑ Barnard, Anne. „Mystery in Hezbollah Operatives Life and Death“. The New York Times (2014-yil 3-yanvar). 2022-yil 3-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  47. ↑ Barnard, Anne. „Car Bombing Injures Dozens in Hezbollah Section of Beirut“ (2013-yil 9-iyul). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 30-avgust. „Hezbollah has portrayed the Syrian uprising as an Israeli-backed plot to destroy its alliance with Mr. Assad against Israel.“.
  48. ↑ Liz Sly and Suzan Haidamous 'Lebanonʼs Hezbollah acknowledges battling the Islamic State in Iraq,' Washington Post 16 February 2015.
  49. ↑ Ali Hashem, arrives in Iraq (Wayback Machine saytida 7 March 2016 sanasida arxivlangan). Al Monitor 25 November 2014
  50. ↑ „Factbox: Hezbollah and allies gain sway in Lebanon parliament“. Reuters (2018-yil 22-may).
  51. ↑ Ajroudi, Asma. „Hezbollah and allies biggest winners in Lebanon polls“. Al Jazeera.
  52. ↑ „UN: Hezbollah has increased military strength since 2006 war“ (2007-yil 25-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 5-sentyabr.
  53. ↑ Frykberg, Mel. „Mideast Powers, Proxies and Paymasters Bluster and Rearm“. Middle East Times (2008-yil 29-avgust). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 31-may. „And if there is one thing that ideologically and diametrically opposed Hezbollah and Israel agree on, it is Hezbollah's growing military strength.“.
  54. ↑ Barnard, Anne. „Hezbollah's Role in Syria War Shakes the Lebanese“ (2013-yil 20-may). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 20-iyun. „Hezbollah, stronger than the Lebanese Army, has the power to drag the country into war without a government decision, as in 2006, when it set off the war by capturing two Israeli soldiers“.
  55. ↑ Morris, Loveday. „For Lebanon's Sunnis, growing rage at Hezbollah over role in Syria“ (2013-yil 12-iyun). 2013-yil 5-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 20-iyun. „... Hezbollah, which has a fighting force generally considered more powerful than the Lebanese army.“.
  56. ↑ „Iran-Syria vs. Israel, Round 1: Assessments & Lessons Learned“ (2013-yil 13-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 19-fevral.
  57. ↑ 57,0 57,1 Hubbard, Ben. „Syrian Fighting Gives Hezbollah New but Diffuse Purpose“. The New York Times (2014-yil 20-mart). 2022-yil 3-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 30-may. „... the fighting has also diluted the resources that used to go exclusively to facing Israel, exacerbated sectarian divisions in the region, and alienated large segments of the majority Sunni population who once embraced Hezbollah as a liberation force... Never before have Hezbollah guerrillas fought alongside a formal army, waged war outside Lebanon or initiated broad offensives aimed at seizing territory.“.
  58. ↑ Deeb, Lara „Hizballah: A Primer“. Middle East Report (2006-yil 31-iyul). 2011-yil 19-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 31-may.
  59. ↑ Goldman, Adam. „Hezbollah operative wanted by FBI dies in fighting in Syria“ (2014-yil 28-may). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 30-may. „"... Hasan Nasrallah has called the deployment of his fighters to Syria a 'new phase' for the movement, and it marks the first time the group has sent significant numbers of men outside Lebanon's borders."“.
  60. ↑ „Hezbollah's Syrian Quagmires“. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. — „"By siding with the Assad regime, the regime's Alawite supporters, and Iran, and taking up arms against Sunni rebels, Hezbollah has placed itself at the epicenter of a sectarian conflict that has nothing to do with the group's purported raison d'être: 'resistance' to Israeli occupation."“. 2014-yil 6-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 17-sentyabr.
  61. ↑ Kershner, Isabel. „Israel Watches Warily as Hezbollah Gains Battle Skills in Syria“ (2014-yil 10-mart). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 30-may. „"... the Lebanese group's image at home and in the broader Arab world has been severely damaged because it is fighting Sunni rebels in Syria while its legitimacy rested on its role in fighting Israel."“.
  62. ↑ Filkins, Dexter (30 September 2013). „The Shadow Commander“. The New Yorker. Qaraldi: 4 October 2013. „From 2000 to 2006, Iran contributed a hundred million dollars a year to Hezbollah. Its fighters are attractive proxies: unlike the Iranians, they speak Arabic, making them better equipped to operate in Syria and elsewhere in the Arab world.“
  63. ↑ El Deeb, Sarah. „Hezbollah leader declares his group has 100,000 fighters“. Associated Press (2021-yil 18-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 21-oktyabr.
  64. ↑ Maria Kiselyova.. „Russia says Hezbollah not a terrorist group: Ifax“. Reuters. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 19-fevral.

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