Hamas

Hamas
Hamas
	Fayl:Hamas logo.png

Hamas (arabcha: حماس ALA-LC romanizatsiyasi: Ḥamās) yagona islom davlati barpo etishni maqsad qilgan Falastindagi guruhdir. Bu guruh 1988-yilda Musulmon birodarlar tashkilotining harbiy qanoti sifatida aniqlangan. Hamas Isroil hukumati tomonidan 1989-yilda noqonuniy tashkilot sifatida eʼlon qilingan.

Vujudga kelishi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Eron Islom Respublikasining gʻoyaviy harakatlari taʼsirida Hamas 1987-yilda gʻarbiy sohil va gʻazo sektorining Isroil tomonidan bosib olinishiga qarshi Falastinliklar isyoni oqibatida tashkil etilgan. Gʻarbiy sohil va Gʻazo sektorida maktablarni, ijtimoiy himoya markazlarini, shifoxonalarni va boshqa xizmat koʻrsatish sohalarini rivojlantirgan Musulmon birodarlar tashkiloti Isroil okkupatsiyasiga qarshi kurashda toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri aloqador boʻlmaslikni tanladi. Shu sababli Hamas musulmon birodarlar tashkilotining harbiy qanoti sifatida Ahmad Yosin etakchiligi ostida tashkil etildi. U siyosiy qanot, razvedka yigʻish guruhi va harbiy qanot kabi 3 organdan tashkil topgan. Hamas Falastinliklarni sekulyarizatsiya va Falastin Ozodlik Tashkiloti (FOT) kabi dunyoviy milliy tashkilotlarga aʼzo boʻlishdan voz kechishga chaqirdi. Buning oʻrniga u Isroilga qarshi doimiy harakat tuzishga va FOTning dunyoviy xususiyatini oʻzgartirishga harakat qildi. Hamas birinchi navbatda Gʻarbiy sohil va Gʻazo sektoridagi falastinliklarni Isroilga qarshi kurashga daʼvat qildi va Isroilga qarshi ishchilar namoyishlarini boshqardi.

Faoliyati[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

1989-yilda Hamas aʼzolari Isroilga qilgan hujumlarida 2 isroillik askarni oʻldirdi. Bunga javoban Isroil Hamasni noqonuniy tashkilot deb eʼlon qildi va Yosinni hibsga olgan. Bir qancha hujmlardan soʻng, 1992-yilda Isroil 400 dan ziyod Hamas aʼzolarini quvgʻin qildi. 1993-yil sentabrda Isroil hukumati va FOT oʻrtasida Gʻazo sektoridagi va Gʻarbiy sohilning ayrim qismidagi falastinliklarga „cheklangan oʻz-oʻzini boshqarish“ huquqini berish toʻgʻrisida kelishuv imzolandi. Oʻz navbatida FOT Isroilning „mavjudlik“ huquqini tan oldi. Hamas esa bu kelishuvni rad etib, Gʻazo sektori va Gʻarbiy Sohildagi isroillik istiqomat qiluvchilarga, shuningdek, Isroilga qarshi kurashga boshchilik qilishda davom etdi.

Aʼzolik va moliyalashtirish[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Hamas tashkiloti aʼzolari 2000-yilgacha 10,000 tadan ortiqroq edi. Gʻazo sektori va Gʻarbiy sohilning taxminan 18 % aholisi bu guruhning siyosiy qarashlarini qoʻllab-quvvatlardi. 2000-yilning sentabr oyidagi Falastinliklarning yangi isyonidan soʻng esa Hamasni qoʻllab-quvvatlovchilar soni 25 % dan ziyodga oʻsdi. Bugungi kunda ularning daʼvatlari Gʻarbiy sohilga nisbatan Gʻazo sektoridagi aholi tomonidan koʻproq qoʻllab-quvvatlanmoqda. Hamas aʼzolari asosan diniy liderlar, shayxlar, intelektuallar, tadbirkorlar, yosh faollar, aktivistlar va jangchilardan tashkil topgan. Masjid va diniy tashkilotlar oʻz daʼvatlarini tarqatishda Hamasning eng muhim vositasi hisoblanadi va kambagʻallarga ijtimoiy xizmatlarni taʼminlash orqali mahalliy aholini safarbar qilishga erishadi. Guruhni moliyalashtirish qisman oʻz aʼzolari tomonidan amalga oshiriladi, ammo aksariyat moliyaviy yordamlar xorijdan keladi. Moliyalar Hamas va uning siyosiy faoliyati bilan bir qatorda, Gʻarbiy sohil va Gʻazo sektori infratuzilmasini tiklashga, Falastinda ish joylari va tadbirkorlikni barpo etishga sarflanadi.

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

↑ „National Counterterrorism Center | FTOs“. www.dni.gov.
↑ Abdelal 2016, s. 122.
↑ Dalloul 2017.
↑ Abu-Amr 1993, s. 10.
↑ Litvak 1998, s. 151.
↑ Barzak 2011.
↑ AFP 2019.
↑ ^8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 Dalacoura 2012, ss. 66–67.
↑ Gelvin 2014, s. 226.
↑ Dunning 2016, s. 270.
↑ Stepanova 2008, s. 113.
↑ Cheema 2008, s. 465.
↑ Litvak 2004, ss. 156–57.
↑ Mišʿal, Šāʾûl; Sela, Avraham; Selaʿ, Avrāhām. The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence ; [with a new introduction]. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2006. ISBN 9780231116756.
↑ Tibi, B. (2015). From Sayyid Qutb to Hamas: The Middle East conflict and the islamization of antisemitism. U: Small, Charles A.(ur) The Yale Papers: Antisemitism in Comparative Perspective, p. 459 "antisemitism is inherent to a form of Islamist ideology of which the Hamas Charter is not only an expression but also a powerful source."
↑ Bartal, S. (2023). Hamas, Antisemitism and Social Media Incitement. Portugese Journal of Asian Studies, (30), p. 183. "As we saw, antisemitism is a major pillar in the ideology of Hamas which perceives and articulates its conflict with Israel in absolutist religious terms."
↑ Fastenbauer, R. (2020). Islamic antisemitism: Jews in the Qur’an, Reflections of European antisemitism, Political anti-Zionism: Common codes and differences. Confronting Antisemitism from the Perspectives of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, diedit oleh Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, and Lawrence H. Schiffman, p. 284. "Direct calls for use of violence in the text of the Hamas charter also reveal its antisemitic character"
↑ Litvak 1998, pp. 151–52: "This strong anti-Jewish stance distinguishes Hamas from the PLO organization".
↑ Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named hoffman
↑ „Hamas in 2017: The document in full“ (en). Middle East Eye. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 22-noyabr.
↑ Honig-Parnass, Tikva; Haddad, Toufic „10: Expanding Regionally, Resisting Locally“,. Between the Lines. Haymarket Books, 2007 — 297 bet. ISBN 978-1931859-44-8.

Eslatmalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

↑ "As with Islamic political organizations elsewhere, Hamas offers its followers an ideology that appropriates the universal message of Islam for what is, in effect, a nationalist struggle."^[9]
↑ "Hamas considers Palestine the main front of jihad and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation. The organisation's leaders argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam. Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. [...] Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda."^[12]
↑ "Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist worldview is shaped by its religious ideology."^[13]
↑ officially denied^[20]

Havolalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Rasmiy sayti (arabcha)
Official website (English)
Hamas leaders CFR
Hamas Charter of 1988
Hamas 2017 Document of General Principles & Policies (English translation published by Hamas, via Internet Archive)
The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) (includes interpretation)
Hamas Shifts From Rockets to Public Relations The New York Times, July 23, 2009
22 years on the start of Hamas Al-Qassam Brigades' Information Office
Sherifa Zuhur, Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-Based Politics (PDF file) December 2008
Fatah and Hamas Human Rights Violations in the Palestinian Occupied Territories in 2007 by Elizabeth Freed of Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group
"Hamas threatens attacks on US: Terrorist warns 'Middle East is full of American targetsAndoza:'" Ynetnews. December 24, 2006. Accessed July 20, 2014.
З.Ҳусниддинов. «Ислом ва диний экстремизм» ғоялар кураши, Халқ сўзи - 1999 йил 22-сентябр
Халқаро Исломий Ташкилотлар

[1] „National Counterterrorism Center | FTOs“. www.dni.gov.

[FOOTNOTEAbdelal2016122-2] Abdelal 2016, s. 122.

[FOOTNOTEDalloul2017-3] Dalloul 2017.

[FOOTNOTEAbu-Amr199310-4] Abu-Amr 1993, s. 10.

[FOOTNOTELitvak1998151-5] Litvak 1998, s. 151.

[FOOTNOTEBarzak2011-6] Barzak 2011.

[FOOTNOTEAFP2019-7] AFP 2019.

[FOOTNOTEDalacoura201266–67-8] 8,0 ^8,1 ^8,2 Dalacoura 2012, ss. 66–67.

[FOOTNOTEGelvin2014226-9] Gelvin 2014, s. 226.

[FOOTNOTEDunning2016270-11] Dunning 2016, s. 270.

[FOOTNOTEStepanova2008113-12] Stepanova 2008, s. 113.

[FOOTNOTECheema2008465-13] Cheema 2008, s. 465.

[FOOTNOTELitvak2004156–57-15] Litvak 2004, ss. 156–57.

[17] Mišʿal, Šāʾûl; Sela, Avraham; Selaʿ, Avrāhām. The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence ; [with a new introduction]. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2006. ISBN 9780231116756.

[18] Tibi, B. (2015). From Sayyid Qutb to Hamas: The Middle East conflict and the islamization of antisemitism. U: Small, Charles A.(ur) The Yale Papers: Antisemitism in Comparative Perspective, p. 459 "antisemitism is inherent to a form of Islamist ideology of which the Hamas Charter is not only an expression but also a powerful source."

[19] Bartal, S. (2023). Hamas, Antisemitism and Social Media Incitement. Portugese Journal of Asian Studies, (30), p. 183. "As we saw, antisemitism is a major pillar in the ideology of Hamas which perceives and articulates its conflict with Israel in absolutist religious terms."

[20] Fastenbauer, R. (2020). Islamic antisemitism: Jews in the Qur’an, Reflections of European antisemitism, Political anti-Zionism: Common codes and differences. Confronting Antisemitism from the Perspectives of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, diedit oleh Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat, and Lawrence H. Schiffman, p. 284. "Direct calls for use of violence in the text of the Hamas charter also reveal its antisemitic character"

[FOOTNOTELitvak1998pp._151–52:_"This_strong_anti-Jewish_stance_distinguishes_Hamas_from_the_PLO_organization"-21] Litvak 1998, pp. 151–52: "This strong anti-Jewish stance distinguishes Hamas from the PLO organization".

[hoffman-22] Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named hoffman

[23] „Hamas in 2017: The document in full“ (en). Middle East Eye. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 22-noyabr.

[auto1-25] Honig-Parnass, Tikva; Haddad, Toufic „10: Expanding Regionally, Resisting Locally“,. Between the Lines. Haymarket Books, 2007 — 297 bet. ISBN 978-1931859-44-8.

[10] "As with Islamic political organizations elsewhere, Hamas offers its followers an ideology that appropriates the universal message of Islam for what is, in effect, a nationalist struggle."^[9]

[14] "Hamas considers Palestine the main front of jihad and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation. The organisation's leaders argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam. Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. [...] Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda."^[12]

[16] "Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist worldview is shaped by its religious ideology."^[13]

[24] y denied^[20]

[9]

[12]

[13]

[20]