Tiffany shishasi

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya
Gilos gullari bilan qiz Tiffany tomonidan qoʻllaniladigan koʻplab oyna turlarini tasvirlaydi, shu jumladan yuzning polixromli boʻyalishi, koʻylak uchun pardali oyna, gullar uchun opalescent shisha, chegaradagi chiziqli oyna, fonda singan oynalar.

Tiffany shishasi — 1878-yildan 1933-yilgacha New-Yorkdagi Tiffany studiyasida Louis Comfort Tiffany va boshqa dizaynerlar jamoasi, jumladan Klara Driskoll[1][2] Agnes F tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va xilma-xil shisha turlarini anglatadi. Northrop[3] va Frederik Wilson tomonidan yaratilgan.

Turlari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Opalescent shisha[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Opalescent shisha

„Opalescent shisha“ atamasi odatda ishlab chiqarish jarayonida bir nechta rang mavjud boʻlgan oynani tasvirlash uchun ishlatiladi, bu ikki rang laminatlangan boʻlishi mumkin boʻlgan miltillovchi oynaga yoki kumush nitrat eritmasi yuzaki boʻlgan kumush rangli oynaga nisbatan qoʻllaniladi, qizil oynani toʻq sariq rangga va koʻk oynani yashil rangga aylantiradi. Baʼzi opalescent shishalar 1860 va 1870-yillardan boshlab Angliyadagi bir nechta vitraj studiyalarida, xususan, Xiton, Butler va Bayn tomonidan ishlatilgan. Uning qoʻllanilishi tobora keng tarqalgan va ommalashgan. Opalescent shisha Tiffany tomonidan yaratilgan koʻzoynaklar assortimenti uchun asosdir.

Favrli stakan[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Favrli stakan

Tiffani 1892-yilda Favrile oynasini patentladi. Favril oynasi koʻpincha klassik antik davrdagi baʼzi stakanlarda uchraydigan oʻziga xos xususiyatga ega: u yuzaki nurlanishga ega. Bu iridescence sirtning porlashiga olib keladi, lekin ayni paytda maʼlum darajada shaffoflikni keltirib chiqaradi. Shishaning bu nurli effekti esa turli xil rangdagi shishalarni issiq holatda aralashtirish orqali olingan.

Streamer oynasi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Streamer oynasi

Streamer oynasi — bu uning yuzasiga yopishtirilgan shisha iplar naqshli shisha varagʻiga ishora qiladi. Tiffani bunday teksturali oynadan, masalan, novdalar, novdalar va oʻtlarni tasvirlash uchun foydalangan.

Shisha sinishi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Shisha sinishi

Singan shisha deganda — uning yuzasiga notekis shakldagi, yupqa shisha plastinalardan iborat naqshli shisha varaq tushuniladi. Tiffani, masalan, uzoqdan koʻrinadigan barglarni tasvirlash uchun bunday teksturali oynadan foydalangan.

Singan shisha[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Singan shisha

Singan-streamer oynasi shisha iplar naqshli shisha varagʻiga va uning yuzasiga yopishtirilgan notekis shaklli, yupqa shisha plastinalarga ishora qiladi. Tiffani novdalar, novdalar va oʻtlar va uzoq barglarni tasvirlash uchun bunday teksturali oynadan foydalangan.

Halqali rangli shisha[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Halqali rangli shisha

Halqali rangli shisha deganda mahalliylashtirilgan, issiqlik bilan ishlov berilgan xiralashish va kristall oʻsish dinamikasi natijasida hosil boʻlgan aniq rangga ega boʻlgan choyshab oynasi tushuniladi. Ring mottle shisha XX asr boshlarida Tiffany tomonidan ixtiro qilingan. Tiffanyning oʻziga xos uslubi turli xil naqshlarni oʻz ichiga olgan shishadan foydalangan, masalan, halqali rangli shishadan topilgan va u boʻyalgan detallarga minimal tayangan.

1928-yilda Tiffany Studio yopilganida, halqali rangli shisha yasashning maxfiy formulasi unutilib, yoʻqolgan. Ring mottle shisha 60-yillarning oxirida Uroboros Glass kompaniyasidan Erik Lovell tomonidan qayta kashf etilgan[4]. Barglar va boshqa tabiiy elementlarning organik tafsilotlari uchun anʼanaviy ravishda ishlatiladigan halqali dogʻlar, shuningdek, mavhum naqshlar kerak boʻlganda, zamonaviy ishlarda oʻz oʻrnini topadi.

Dalgalanuvchi shisha[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Baliq suyagi oynasi

Dalgalanma oynasi belgilangan sirt toʻlqinlari boʻlgan teksturali oynaga ishora qiladi. Tiffany, masalan, suv yoki barg tomirlarini tasvirlash uchun bunday teksturali oynadan foydalangan.

Draper shisha[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Abajurda pardali shisha boʻlaklari

Drapery shisha mato burmalarini taklif qiladigan qattiq buklangan shisha varagʻiga ishora qiladi. Tiffani oqib turgan liboslar va farishta qanotlariga 3 oʻlchovli effekt qoʻshish va magnoliya barglarining tabiiy qoʻpolligiga taqlid qilish uchun cherkov vitray oynalarida drapery oynadan koʻp foydalangan.

Joylar va toʻplamlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Tirilish farishtasi, Lui Komfort Tiffanining Indianapolisdagi Birinchi Presviterian cherkovidagi ishi (1905)
Toʻrt fasldan „Bahor“ paneli. Ushbu panel Tiffanining Long-Aylenddagi „Laurelton Hall“ mulkida namoyish etilgan va hozir Charlz Xosmer Morse Amerika sanʼati muzeyining doimiy kolleksiyasida.
Bella kvartirasining oynasi c. 1880, Metropolitan sanʼat muzeyi kollektsiyasida
Bahorda oʻrmonda quyosh chiqishi va kuzgi quyosh botishi bilan derazalar (1905), Bruklin muzeyi kollektsiyasida
1895 Tiffany Glass Decorating Company paneli Pitsburgdagi Goʻlgota Birlashgan Metodistlar cherkovida joylashgan.
  • Canada
    • Ontario
      • London – St Paul’s Cathedral, four windows, two signed by Tiffany
    • Quebec
      • Montreal – Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Bourgie Pavilion (formerly Erskine and American United Church), twenty windows signed by Tiffany
  • Mexico
  • United States
    • Alabama
    • Arizona
    • California
      • Mare Island, Vallejo – St. Peter’s Chapel[5]
    • Colorado
    • Connecticut
    • Florida
    • Georgia
      • Atlanta – All Saints' Episcopal Church[8]
      • Jekyll Island – Faith Chapel
      • Macon – St. Paul’s Episcopal Church
      • Savannah – Gryphon Tea Room
      • Thomasville, Georgia St. Thomas Episcopal Church
    • Illinois
      • Chicago
        • Macy’s on State Street, formerly Marshall Field’s
        • Second Presbyterian Church on South Michigan Avenue
    • Indiana
    • Iowa
      • Dubuque – St. Lukeʼs United Methodist Church[9]
    • Kansas
      • Topeka – First Presbyterian Church
    • Kentucky
    • Louisiana
    • Maine
      • Portland – Masonic Temple[12]
    • Maryland
      • Baltimore – Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church
    • Massachusetts
      • Boston –
        • Arlington Street Church
        • Church of the Covenant
      • Wellesley – Houghton Memorial Chapel at Wellesley College
      • Nantucket — St. Pauls Episcopal Church[13]
    • Michigan
      • Ann Arbor –
        • Unitarian Universalist Church (Hobbs & Black)
        • Newberry Hall (Kelsey Museum of Archeology)
      • Grand Rapids –
        • Ladies Literary Club
        • Temple Emanuel
    • Missouri
      • Kansas City – St. Mary’s Episcopal Church
      • Kirkwood – Grace Episcopal Church
    • New Hampshire
      • Bretton Woods – Mount Washington Hotel
    • New Jersey
    • New York
      • Albany – First Presbyterian Church of Albany[16]
      • Albion – Pullman Memorial Universalist Church
      • Auburn – Willard Chapel
      • Beacon – St. Andrew’s Church[17]
      • Briarcliff Manor – Congregational Church[18]
      • Buffalo – St. Paul’s Episcopal Cathedral[19]
      • Irvington –
        • Irvington Presbyterian Church
        • Reading Room, Irvington Town Hall
      • Lockport – First Presbyterian Church[20]
      • New York City –
        • Brooklyn –
          • Brown Memorial Baptist Church and church house[21]
          • Flatbush Reformed Church and church house
          • First Unitarian Congregational Society and Rev. Donald McKinney chapel
        • Manhattan –
          • Grand Central Terminal – 13-fut (4.0 m) clock face on south facade[22]
          • West End Collegiate Church, West End Avenue
          • St. Michael’s Church, New York City, Amsterdam Avenue at 99th Street
          • Holy Trinity Lutheran Church
      • Roslyn – Trinity Episcopal Church[23]
      • Roxbury – Jay Gould Memorial Reformed Church
      • Saugerties – St. Mary of the Snow, 36 Cedar Street
      • Troy — Troy Public Library
      • Tuxedo Park – St. Mary’s-in-Tuxedo Episcopal Church
      • Garden City – St Paul’s School, endangered glass[24][25]
      • Washingtonville – Moffat Library
    • Ohio
      • Cleveland – Wade Memorial Chapel in Lake View Cemetery
      • Dayton –
        • Westminster Presbyterian Church, 125 N. Wilkinson Street[26][27]
        • Historic Woodland Cemetery & Arboretum, 118 Woodland Avenue[28]
    • Pennsylvania
      • Altoona – St. Lukes Episcopal Church
      • Brownsville – Christ Episcopal Church
      • Erie –
        • Cathedral of St. Paul
        • First Presbyterian Church
      • Franklin – St. Johnʼs Episcopal Church
      • Kittanning – Grace Presbyterian Church
      • Lancaster — First Presbyterian Church
      • Lewistown –
        • St. Mark’s Episcopal Church[29]
        • First United Methodist Church[30]
      • Montgomery Township – Robert Kennedy Memorial Presbyterian Church
      • New Castle – St. Judeʼs Episcopal Church, formerly known as Trinity Episcopal Church
      • Philadelphia –
        • Calvary Center for Culture and Community
        • Church of the Holy Trinity
        • First Presbyterian Church
        • St. Stephenʼs Episcopal Church
      • Pittsburgh –
        • Calvary United Methodist Church
        • Emmanuel Episcopal Church
        • Shadyside Presbyterian Church
        • First Presbyterian Church
        • Third Presbyterian Church
        • St. Andrews Episcopal Church
      • Sewickley –
        • First Presbyterian Church
        • St. Stephenʼs Episcopal Church
      • Sharon – Buhl Mausoleum
      • Titusville — St. James Memorial Episcopal Church
      • Uniontown –
        • Trinity United Presbyterian Church
        • St. Peter’s Episcopal Church
      • Whitemarsh Township – St. Thomas' Church
      • Williamsport – Christ Community Worship Center, formerly the Presbyterian Church of the Covenant
    • Tennessee
    • Texas
    • Utah
    • Vermont
    • Virginia
      • Newport News, VA—St. Paul’s Episcopal Church
      • Norfolk, VA — St. Paul’s Episcopal Church
      • Richmond – Congregation Beth Ahabah
      • Petersburg – Blandford Church
      • Staunton – Trinity Episcopal Church[33]
    • Washington
    • Wisconsin

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  1. ↑ Taylor, Kate. „Tiffany's Secret Is Over“. New York Sun (13-fevral 2007-yil). Qaraldi: 16-noyabr 2009-yil.
  2. ↑ Kastner, Jeffrey. „Out of Tiffany's Shadow, a Woman of Light“. The New York Times (25-fevral 2007-yil). Qaraldi: 16-noyabr 2009-yil.
  3. ↑ McGreevy, Nora, Stunning Tiffany Stained Glass Debuts After 100 Years of Obscurity, Smithsonian Magazine, May 28, 2021
  4. ↑ „Ring Mottle Opalescent Sheet Glass“. Uroboros Glass. Uroboros Glass Studios, Inc.. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil.
  5. ↑ „Mare Island Historic Park Foundation“. www.mareislandhpf.org. — „St. Peter's Chapel (built 1901) - renowned for the beautiful Tiffany designed stained glass windows“. 2016-yil 11-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 5-oktabr 2015-yil.
  6. ↑ „Tiffany Stained Glass Window“. Center Church on the Green. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil.
  7. ↑ „Architecture & History“. Trinity Lutheran Church. Trinity Lutheran Church (2004). — „A lavish stained glass window by Louis Comfort Tiffany, which pictures Jesus and a young child, was installed in 1916.“. 2021-yil 29-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-noyabr.
  8. ↑ „Campus“. All Saints' Episcopal Church. All Saints' Episcopal Church. — „When entering the church nave, a visitor is struck by the vibrancy of the red apse and the stained glass windows. Six of the nave and chapel windows were crafted by Tiffany studios. Windows in the chapel depict the creation story over the altar and scenes from the lives of biblical and contemporary saints on the side walls.“. 2020-yil 21-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil.
  9. ↑ „Methodist History: Tiffany Church Windows“. The United Methodist Church (19-aprel 2017-yil). Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil.
  10. ↑ „History“. Trinity Episcopal Church, Covington, Kentucky. Trinity Episcopal Church of Covington Kentucky. — „Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, Trinity contains a number of important works of art, including stained glass windows designed by the John Riordan Studio of Cincinnati as well as the St. Michael Archangel window created by the Louis Tiffany studio of New York.“. 2018-yil 31-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil.
  11. ↑ Duplessis Jasmin, Alicia. „Tiffany windows are Tulane treasure“. Tulane University News. Tulane University (19-iyul 2016-yil).
  12. ↑ „Our History“ (inglizcha). The Portland Masonic. Qaraldi: 9-iyun 2022-yil.
  13. ↑ „Our Stained Glass Windows | St. Paul’s Church | Nantucket“. stpaulschurchnantucket.org. 2019-yil 18-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 18-oktabr 2019-yil.
  14. ↑ „Stained Glass Windows“. Rutgers — Kirkpatrick Chapel. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. 2013-yil 21-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2-sentabr 2013-yil.
  15. ↑ Di Ionno, Mark. „Di Ionno: At historic Rutgers chapel, stained glass is still shining“. The Star-Ledger (8-avgust 2012-yil). Qaraldi: 2-sentabr 2013-yil.
  16. ↑ O'Toole. „For a Closer Look“. Our Windows. First Presbyterian Church of Albany. 2016-yil 4-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil.
  17. ↑ Murphy. „Opalescent Stained Glass at St. Andrew's Church“. Beacon Historical Society (7-aprel 2018-yil). 2018-yil 18-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 17-may 2018-yil.
  18. ↑ Sharman, Karen M., muh. (1996), Glory in Glass: A Celebration of the Briarcliff Congregational Church, Briarcliff, New York: privately printed
  19. ↑ Clemens. „Taking an Inside Tour of St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral in Downtown Buffalo“. Exploring Upstate (25-iyun 2014-yil). Qaraldi: 25-iyul 2021-yil.
  20. ↑ „Tiffany Windows“. First Presbyterian Church. Qaraldi: 13-iyun 2016-yil.
  21. ↑ Rasheed, Tara. „Brown Memorial Baptist Church, Brooklyn“. Untapped Cities (18-may 2012-yil).
  22. ↑ Swidler, Kim Stuart. „Secrets of NYC's Grand Central Terminal: Outdoor Tiffany Clock Up Close“. The Times Union (29-avgust 2012-yil). 2022-yil 3-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 23-iyun 2017-yil.
  23. ↑ „Trinity Church History“. Trinity Episcopal Church. Trinity Episcopal Church. 2017-yil 22-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil.
  24. ↑ Rikki N. Massand. „Preservationists criticize St. Paul's concept“. Garden City News (7-sentabr 2018-yil). Qaraldi: 20-oktabr 2019-yil.
  25. ↑ Rob Alvey. „Tiffany Studio Window At St. Paul's Confirmed“. Garden City News (28-noyabr 2008-yil).
  26. ↑ „Te Deum Window“. Westminster Presbyterian Church. Westminster Presbyterian Church. 2020-yil 21-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 10-avgust 2015-yil.
  27. ↑ „Te Deum Window“. Westminster Presbyterian Church. 2015-yil 6-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 10-avgust 2015-yil.
  28. ↑ Campbell. „Woodland Cemetery & Arboretum“. Dayton Convention & Visitors Bureau. Dayton Convention & Visitors Bureau (30-may 2013-yil). Qaraldi: 10-avgust 2015-yil. [sayt ishlamaydi]
  29. ↑ „You're Welcome“. St. Mark's Episcopal Church.
  30. ↑ „Welcome“. Lewistown First United Methodist Church.
  31. ↑ „A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE BASILICA“. The Basilica of Sts. Peter & Paul. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil.
  32. ↑ „The Beginning“. Trinity Episcopal Church. — „The sanctuary of Trinity church boasts 20 stained glass windows, some priceless, including two made by Tiffany Studios of New York.... The great window over the altar depicting Christ as the protector of "the least of these, my brethren" was designed and made by Louis Comfort Tiffany of New York in 1904 in memory of George and Magnolia Sealy and is one of the rarest of its kind due its size, age and the fact that it remained intact and unbroken through many natural disasters.“. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil.
  33. ↑ „Visiting“. Trinity Episcopal Church, Staunton, Virginia. Trinity Episcopal Church (21-iyun 2013-yil). — „Tourists are particularly interested in the stained-glass, including 12 Tiffany windows which span Louis Comfort Tiffany's 40-year career.“. 2017-yil 14-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil.
  34. ↑ „Permanent Exhibitions: Tiffany Treasures“. Oshkosh Public Museum. Oshkosh Public Museum. 2022-yil 1-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2017-yil. 
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