Xitoyda qishloq xo'jaligi

Xitoyda birinchi navbatda guruch, bug'doy, kartoshka, pomidor, jo'xori, yeryong'oq, choy, tariq, arpa, paxta, moyli o'simliklar, makkajo'xori va soya yetishtiriladi.

Tarix[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Xitoy tarixi davomida dehqonchilikning rivojlanishi bugungi kunda dunyodagi eng katta aholi sonining o'sishini qo'llab-quvvatlashda muhim rol o'ynadi.

Arxeologiya[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Professor Liu Li va boshqalarning tosh qurollari tahlili shuni ko'rsatdiki, ovchilar 23, 000-19, 500 yil oldin yovvoyi o'simliklarni keyinchalik tariq va guruch uchun ishlatiladigan asboblar bilan maydalashgan. ^[1]

Mahalliy tariq navlari Panicum miliaceum va Setaria italica Shimoliy Xitoyda paydo bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin. ^[2] Xonakilashtirilgan tariq qoldiqlari Shimoliy Xitoyning Xinglonggou, Yuezhang, Dadivan, Cishan va bir nechta Peiligang joylarida topilgan. Bu joylar miloddan avvalgi 7250-6050 yillarni qamrab oladi. ^[3] Bu joylarda iste'mol qilinadigan xonaki tariq miqdori boshqa o'simliklarga nisbatan ancha kam edi. Miloddan avvalgi 7200-6400 yillarda Xinglonggouda tariq barcha o'simlik qoldiqlarining atigi 15 foizini tashkil qilgan; 2050-1550 yillarga kelib 99% gacha o'zgargan nisbat. ^[4] Tajribalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, tariq o'sishi uchun inson aralashuvi juda kam bo'ladi, ya'ni arxeologik ma'lumotlarda tariq yetishtirilganligini ko'rsatadigan aniq o'zgarishlar mavjud emas. ^[3]

Xitoyning sharqiy qismidagi eng qadimgi neolit davri bo'lgan Kuaxuqiaoda olib borilgan qazishmalar 7700 yil avval guruch yetishtirishni hujjatlashtirgan. ^[5] O'simlik qoldiqlarining qariyb yarmi xonaki yaponiya turlariga tegishli bo'lsa, qolgan yarmi guruchning yovvoyi turlari edi. Ehtimol, Kuaxuqiaodagi odamlar yovvoyi turni ham etishtirgan. ^[3] Xemud madaniyati ( tax. 5500-3300 yillar) Sian yaqinidagi Yuyao va Banpoda topilgan tosh va suyaklardan tariq va belkurak kabi asboblar mavjud. Tyanluoshanning Hemudu o'lkasida (miloddan avvalgi 5000-4500 yillar) o'troq guruch dehqonchiligining dalillari topilgan, guruch Xitoyning janubidagi Majiabang madaniyati tomonidan qishloq xo'jaligi iqtisodiyotining asosiga aylangan. ^[6] Buyuk tarixchining yozuvlariga ko'ra, tarixiy davrlarda ba'zi mahkum ayollarga "don upasi" jazosi berilgan ( xitoycha: 刑舂 tatuirovka yoki oyoqni kesish kabi jiddiyroq jismoniy jazoga muqobil sifatida. Ba'zi olimlarning fikricha, bu og'ir mehnat jazolarining to'rt yoki besh yillik chegaralari imperator Venning huquqiy islohotlari bilan boshlangan. ^[7]

Xitoy mifologiyasida qishloq xo'jaligi bilan bog'liq uzoq an'ana ham mavjud. Professor Franklin Xiram King o'zining "Doimiy qishloq xo'jaligi: qirq asr dehqonlari" (1911) kitobida Xitoyning an'anaviy dehqonchilik amaliyoti qadriyatlarini tasvirlab berdi va ulug'ladi. ^[8]

↑ Liu, Li; Bestel, Sheahan; Shi, Jinming; Song, Yanhua; Chen, Xingcan (2013). "Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China". PNAS 110 (14): 5380–5385. doi:10.1073/pnas.1217864110. PMID 23509257. PMC 3619325. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3619325.
↑ The Cambridge World History Volume 2: A World With Agriculture 12,000 BCE-500 CE — 317 bet.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 Liu, Li „Chapter 4: Domestication of Plants and Anfimals“,. The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7. Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). "Chapter 4: Domestication of Plants and Anfimals". The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "liuli" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Zhao Zhijun (赵志军). {{{title}}} (南京师范大学文博系): . Wenwu Chubanshe, 2004 — 188–199 bet.
↑ Zong, Y; When, Z; Innes, JB; Chen, C; Wang, Z; Wang, H (2007). "Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China". Nature 449 (7161): 459–62. doi:10.1038/nature06135. PMID 17898767.
↑ Liu, Li „Chapter 6: Emergence of Social Inequality - the Middle Neolithic (5000-3000 BC)“,. The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7.
↑ Ch'ien, Ssu-ma. The Grand Scribe's Records, Volume X: Volume X: The Memoirs of Han China, Part 3. Indiana University Press, 2016 — 171 bet. ISBN 978-0253020697. 2019-yil 6-avgustda qaraldi.
↑ Paull, John (2011) "The making of an agricultural classic: Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, 1911–2011" Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 175–180

[paleo-1] Liu, Li; Bestel, Sheahan; Shi, Jinming; Song, Yanhua; Chen, Xingcan (2013). "Paleolithic human exploitation of plant foods during the last glacial maximum in North China". PNAS 110 (14): 5380–5385. doi:10.1073/pnas.1217864110. PMID 23509257. PMC 3619325. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3619325.

[2] The Cambridge World History Volume 2: A World With Agriculture 12,000 BCE-500 CE — 317 bet.

[liuli-3] 3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 Liu, Li „Chapter 4: Domestication of Plants and Anfimals“,. The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7. Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). "Chapter 4: Domestication of Plants and Anfimals". The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "liuli" defined multiple times with different content

[zhao-4] Zhao Zhijun (赵志军). {{{title}}} (南京师范大学文博系): . Wenwu Chubanshe, 2004 — 188–199 bet.

[5] Zong, Y; When, Z; Innes, JB; Chen, C; Wang, Z; Wang, H (2007). "Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China". Nature 449 (7161): 459–62. doi:10.1038/nature06135. PMID 17898767.

[liuli2-6] Liu, Li „Chapter 6: Emergence of Social Inequality - the Middle Neolithic (5000-3000 BC)“,. The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7.

[7] Ch'ien, Ssu-ma. The Grand Scribe's Records, Volume X: Volume X: The Memoirs of Han China, Part 3. Indiana University Press, 2016 — 171 bet. ISBN 978-0253020697. 2019-yil 6-avgustda qaraldi.

[King40-8] Paull, John (2011) "The making of an agricultural classic: Farmers of Forty Centuries or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, 1911–2011" Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 175–180

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