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Island gigantism: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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„Island gigantism“ sahifasi tarjima qilib yaratildi
(Farq yoʻq)

4-Noyabr 2022, 15:30 dagi koʻrinishi

Yangi Zelandiyadan kelgan yirik Haast burguti va moa (ikkalasi ham yoʻq boʻlib ketgan)

Orol gigantizmi yoki insulyar gigantizm biologik hodisa bo'lib, unda orolda izolyatsiya qilingan hayvon turlarining hajmi uning materik qarindoshlariga nisbatan keskin oshadi. Orol gigantizmi umumiyroq "orol effekti" yoki "Foster qoidasi" ning bir jihati bo'lib, u materik hayvonlar orollarni mustamlaka qilganda, kichik turlar kattaroq jismlarga, katta turlar esa kichikroq jismlarga ( insulyar mitti ) aylanishga moyilligini ta'kidlaydi. Bu orol sindromining ko'proq umumiy hodisasining bir jihati bo'lib, u kontinental hamkasblariga nisbatan orol turlarining morfologiyasi, ekologiyasi, fiziologiyasi va xatti-harakatlaridagi farqlarni tavsiflaydi. Odamlar va ular bilan birga kiritilgan yirtqichlar (itlar, mushuklar, kalamushlar, cho'chqalar) va shunga o'xshash hayvonlar kelganidan so'ng, ko'plab gigantlar va boshqa orol endemiklari yo'q bo'lib ketdi. Shunga o'xshash o'lchamdagi o'sish, shuningdek, yog'ochlilikning ortishi, ba'zi izolyatsiya o'simliklarida kuzatilgan. Buning oldini olish uchun albatta biz befarq bo'lmasligimiz kerak bo'ladi.

Mumkin sabablari

Ikki ekotizimda wētā turlarining hajmi o'zgarishini ko'rsatadigan diagrammadan foydalaniladi. Wēta kattaligi va populyatsiyasiga yirtqichlik ta'sir qiladi. Materikda kiritilgan kalamushlar wētā ni ovlay boshladilar va ularning populyatsiyasini kamaytirdilar; wētā javoban qisqardi. Kichik to'siq oroli kabi yirtqichlardan ajratilgan orolda wētā zich aholiga ega va katta hajmgacha o'sgan. Gigant wētaning orol turlari yo'qolib ketish arafasida emas. Wētā vaqt o'tishi bilan qushlarning yirtqic[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">iqtibos kerak</span> ]hligi pasayadi. 

Yirik sutemizuvchilar yirtqich hayvonlar ko'pincha orollarda yo'q, chunki ular etarli masofa yoki suv ustida tarqalishda qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishadi. Ular yo'q bo'lganda, yirik yirtqichlar uchun ekologik bo'shliqlar qushlar, sudraluvchilar yoki kichikroq yirtqich hayvonlar tomonidan ishg'ol qilinishi mumkin, keyinchalik ular odatdagidan kattaroq hajmga o'sishi mumkin. Misol uchun, Miosen - Pliotsen davridagi O'rta er dengizidagi tarixdan oldingi Gargano orolida, Karib dengizidagi Kuba kabi orollarda, Madagaskar va Yangi Zelandiyada ba'zi yoki barcha cho'qqi yirtqichlari burgut, lochin va boyqush kabi qushlar bo'lgan, shu jumladan eng katta mashhur misollar. bu guruhlardan. Biroq, qushlar va sudralib yuruvchilar odatda rivojlangan yirtqich hayvonlarga qaraganda kamroq samarali yirik yirtqichlarni yaratadilar.

Misollar

Orol gigantizmiga misollar:

Sutemizuvchilar

Ko'pgina kemiruvchilar orollarda kattalashadi, yirtqich hayvonlar, proboscideans va artiodaktillar odatda kichikroq bo'ladi.

Evlipotiflanlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
Korsika giganti shrew Asoriculus corsicanus Korsika Yo'q bo'lib ketgan (miloddan avvalgi 500 yilgacha) </img>



</br> Qizil tishli shrews
Balear giganti shrew Asoriculus hidalgo Mayorka va Menorka Yo'qolgan
Sardiniyalik gigant shrew Asoriculus similis Sardiniya Yo'qolgan
</img>



</br> Deinogalerix 		Deinogalerix spp. Gargano oroli Yo'q bo'lib ketgan ( kech miosen ) </img>



</br> Oy kalamushlari

Kemiruvchilar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Minorkan giganti lagomorf 		Nuralagus reks Minorka Yo'qolgan ( O'rta Pliotsen ) Alilepus (? )



</br>



</br> Trischizolagus (? )
Prolagus imperialis Gargano oroli Yo'qolgan </img>



</br> Pikas
</img>



</br> Sardiniyalik pika 		Prolagus sardus Korsika, Sardiniya va Tavolara Yo'qolgan (mil. 1800 yil)
Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
Hispaniola maymun Antillothrix bernensis Hispaniola Yo'qolgan (milodiy 1600 yilgacha) </img>



</br> Cheracebus
Gaiti maymun Insulacebus toussaintiana Janubi-g'arbiy Gaiti Yo'qolgan
</img>



</br> Kuba maymunlari 		Paralouatta marianae [1]



</br>



</br> P. varonai [1] 		Kuba Yo'qolgan (pleystotsen)
Yamaykalik maymun Ksenotriks mcgregori Yamayka Yo'qolgan
</img>



</br> Gorilla lemur 		Archaeoindris fontoynontii Markaziy Madagaskar Yo‘q bo‘lib ketgan (miloddan avvalgi 350-yillar) </img>



</br> Lorisoidlar
</img>



</br> Babun lemurlari 		Archaeolemur spp.



</br>



</br> Hadropithecus spp. 		Madagaskar Yo'qolgan (milodiy 1280 yilgacha)
</img>



</br> Yalqov lemurlar 		Babakotia spp.



</br>



</br> Palaeopropithecus spp. 		G'arbiy va Markaziy Madagaskar Yo'qolgan (mil. 1500 yil)
</img>



</br> Koala lemurlari 		Megaladapis edwardsi



</br>



</br> M. grandidieri



</br>



</br> M. madagascariensis 		Madagaskar Yoʻq boʻlib ketgan (mil. 1280–1420)

Yirtqich hayvonlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Sardiniyalik gigant otter 		Megalenhidris barbaricina Sardiniya Yo'qolgan (kech pleystotsen) </img>



</br> Otters
</img>



</br> Fossa 		Kriptoprokta feroks Madagaskar Zaif </img>



</br> Monguslar
</img>



</br> Katta chuqurcha 		Cryptoprocta spelaea Madagaskar Yo'qolgan (milodiy 1400 yilgacha)

Qushlar

Poyali qushlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Balaur 		B. bondok Hateg oroli Yo'qolgan (kech bo'r) </img>



</br> Jeholornis [2]
</img>



</br> Gargantuavis 		G. philohinos Ibero - Armorikan oroli Yo'qolgan ( kech bo'r ) </img>



</br> Patagopteriks (? )

Baholar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Kivi 		Apteryx spp. Yangi Zelandiya O'zgaruvchan Proapteryx [lower-alpha 1]
</img>



</br> Kattaroq fil qushlari 		Aepyornis hildebrandti



</br>



</br> A. maximus



</br>



</br> Vorombe titan 		Madagaskar Yo'qolgan (mil. 1000)
</img>



</br> Kichikroq fil qushlari 		Mullerornis spp. Madagaskar Yo'qolgan (mil. Milodiy 1260)
</img>



</br> Moas 		Anomalopteryx didiformis



</br>



</br> Dinornis spp.



</br>



</br> Emeus crassus



</br>



</br> Euryapteryx spp.



</br>



</br> Megalapteryx didinus



</br>



</br> Pachyornis spp. 		Yangi Zelandiya Yo'qolgan (milodiy 1445 yilgacha) </img>



</br> Tinamos

Suv qushlari

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
Yangi Zelandiya mushki o'rdak Biziura delautouri Yangi Zelandiya Yo'q bo'lib ketgan (milodiy 1500 yildan keyin) </img>



</br> Avstraliyalik mushk o'rdak
</img>



</br> Yangi Zelandiya g'ozlari 		Cnemiornis calcitrans



</br>



</br> C. gracilis 		Yangi Zelandiya Yo'qolgan </img>



</br> Cape Barren g'ozi
</img>



</br> Garganornis 		G. ballmanni Gargano va Skontrone orollari Yo'q bo'lib ketgan ( kech miosen ) </img>



</br> G'ozlar [4]
</img>



</br> Toshbaqa jag'li moa-nalo 		Chelychelynechen kvassus Kauai Yo'qolgan (mil. 1000) </img>



</br> O'rdak o'rdaklari
</img>



</br> Kichik tumshug'li moa-nalo 		Ptaichen pau Maui Yo'qolgan (mil. 1000)
</img>



</br> Katta tumshug'li moa-nalo 		Thambetochen shafqatsiz Maui Nui Yo'qolgan (mil. 1000)
</img>



</br> O'ahu moa-nalo 		Thambetochen ksanioni O'ahu Yo'qolgan (mil. 1000)
</img>



</br> Gigant oqqush 		Cygnus falconeri Sitsiliya va Malta Yo'qolgan ( O'rta Pleystotsen ) </img>



</br> Ovozsiz oqqush
Scarlett o'rdak Malacorhynchus scarletti Yangi Zelandiya Yo'q bo'lib ketgan (milodiy 1500 yildan keyin) </img>



</br> Pushti quloqli o'rdak

Pangalliformes

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
Qoziq quruvchi megapod Megapodius molistruktor Yangi Kaledoniya va Tonga Yo‘q bo‘lib ketgan (miloddan avvalgi 1500-yillar) </img>



</br> Scrubfowl
Megavitiornis Megavitiornis altirostris Fiji Yo'qolgan </img>



</br> Galliformes
</img>



</br> Silviornis 		Sylviornis neocaledoniae Yangi Kaledoniya va Pins oroli Yo'qolgan

Gruiformes

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Qizil temir yo'l 		Aphanapteryx bonasia Mavrikiy Yo'qolgan (mil. 1700 yil) </img>



</br> Reylar
</img>



</br> Hawkins temir yo'li 		Diaphanapteryx hawkinsi Chatham orollari Yo'qolgan (mil. 1900 yil)
</img>



</br> Antil g'orining temir yo'li 		Nesotrochis debooyi Puerto-Riko va Virjiniya orollari Yo'qolgan
Kuba g'oridagi temir yo'l Nesotrochis picapicensis Kuba Yo'qolgan
Gaiti g'orining temir yo'li Nesotrochis steganinos Hispaniola Yo'qolgan
</img>



</br> Janubiy orol takahē 		Porfirio hochstetteri Janubiy orol, Yangi Zelandiya Xavf ostida
</img>



</br> Shimoliy orol takahē 		Porfirio mantelli Shimoliy orol, Yangi Zelandiya Yo'qolgan (milodiy 1900 yilgacha)
</img>



</br> Adzebills 		Aptornis defossor



</br>



</br> A. otidiformis 		Yangi Zelandiya Yo'qolgan </img>



</br> Madagaskar tukli [5]
</img>



</br> Chatham Kut 		Fulica chathamensis Chatham orollari Yo'q bo'lib ketgan (milodiy 1500 yildan keyin) </img>



</br> Qizil tutqichli ko'ylak



</br> va boshqa ko'chatlar
</img>



</br> Maskaren ko'kati 		Fulica Nyutoni Mavrikiy va Reunion Yo'qolgan (mil. 1700 yil)
Yangi Zelandiya palagi Fulica prisca Yangi Zelandiya Yo'q bo'lib ketgan (milodiy 1280 yildan keyin)
</img>



</br> Reunion botqog'i 		Porphyrio coerulescens Plaine des Cafres, Reunion Yo'qolgan (mil. Milodiy 1730) </img>



</br> Binafsha rangli botqoqlar

Kabutarlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Viti Levu gigant kaptar 		Natunaornis gigoura Viti Levu, Fiji Yo'qolgan </img>



</br> Toj kiygan kabutarlar
Kanaka kaptari Caloenas canacorum Yangi Kaledoniya Yo‘q bo‘lib ketgan (miloddan avvalgi 500-yillar) </img>



</br> Nikobar kaptar
</img>



</br> Rodrigues solitaire 		Pezophaps solitaria Rodriges Yo'qolgan (milodiy 1778 yilgacha)
</img>



</br> Dodo 		Raphus cucullatus Mavrikiy Yo'qolgan (mil. Milodiy 1662)
Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
Liko g'ori oltin burgut Aquila chrysaetos simurgh Krit Yo'qolgan (kech pleystotsen) </img>



</br> Oltin burgut
Gigant qisqichbaqa [6] Buteogallus borrasi Kuba Yo'qolgan </img>



</br> Buyuk qora kalxat



</br> va boshqa qirg'iylar
Gigant kalxat Gigantohierax sp. Kuba Yo'qolgan
Titan kalxat Titanohieraks gloveralleni Kuba, Hispaniola va Bagama orollari Yo'qolgan
Yamaykalik karakara Caracara tellustris Yamayka Yo'qolgan </img>



</br> Karakaras
Eylesning harrier Sirk eylesi Yangi Zelandiya Yo'qolgan (mil. 1000) </img>



</br> Botqoq botqog'i
Gargano oroli burgutlari Garganoaetus freudenthali



</br>



</br> G. murivorus 		Gargano oroli Yo'qolib ketgan (Miotsenning oxiri) Aquila delphinensis
</img>



</br> Haast burguti 		Hieraaetus moorei Yangi Zelandiya Yo'qolgan (mil. 1400 yil) </img>



</br> Kichik burgut
</img>



</br> Filippin burguti 		Pithecophaga jeffery Filippin Kritik xavf ostida </img>



</br> Bateleur [7]

To'tiqushlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Herkules to'tiqushi 		Heracles inexpectatus Yangi Zelandiya Yo'qolgan ( miotsen ) </img>



</br> Boshqa to'tiqushlar
</img>



</br> Kakapo 		Strigops habroptilus Yangi Zelandiya Kritik xavf ostida
</img>



</br> Keng tumshug'li to'tiqush 		Lophopsittacus mauritianus Mavrikiy Yo'qolgan (mil. Milodiy 1680) </img>



</br> Psittakulin to'tiqushlari

Boyqushlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Cretan boyo'g'li 		Afina kretensis Krit Yo'qolgan (pleystotsen) </img>



</br> Kichkina boyqush
</img>



</br> Kuba gigant boyqushlari 		Ornimegalonyx spp. Kuba Yo'qolgan (pleystotsen) </img>



</br> Yog'och boyqushlar
</img>



</br> Katta Gargano gigant boyo'g'li 		Tyto gigantea Gargano oroli Yo'q bo'lib ketgan ( kech miyosen ) </img>



</br> Boyqushlar
</img>



</br> Andros orolining boyqushi 		Tyto polenlari Andros oroli, Bagama orollari Yo'qolgan (milodiy 1600 yilgacha)
</img>



</br> Riveroning boyqushi 		Tyto Riveroi Kuba Yo'qolgan
</img>



</br> Kichik Gargano gigant boyo'g'li 		Tyto robusta Gargano oroli Yo'qolgan ( erta Pliotsen )

Kaprimulgiformes

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
Yangi Zelandiya boyo'g'li-nightjar Aegotheles novazelandiae Yangi Zelandiya Yo'qolgan (mil. 1200 yil) </img>



</br> Avstraliya boyo'g'li - tungi jar
</img>



</br> Yangi Kaledoniya boyo'g'li-tungi 		Aegotheles savesi Yangi Kaledoniya Kritik xavf ostida

Passeriformalar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Chatham qarg'a 		Korvus moriorum Chatham orollari Yo'qolgan Yangi Zelandiya qarg'asi
</img>



</br> Uzun oyoqli bunting 		Emberiza alcoveri Tenerife Yo'q bo'lib ketgan (mil. 1-dan keyin) </img>



</br> Kabanisning butalari
Gigant nukupu'u Hemignathus vorpalis Gavayi Yo'qolgan (milodiy 1000 yildan keyin) </img>



</br> Finches
Tasmaniyalik ajoyib ertaklar Malurus cyaneus cyaneus Tasmaniya Eng kam tashvish </img>



</br> Ajoyib ertaklar
Kenguru orolining ajoyib ertaklari Malurus cyaneus ashbyi Kenguru oroli Eng kam tashvish
Qattiq oyoqli qirrasi Pachyplichas yaldwyni Yangi Zelandiyaning janubiy oroli Yo'qolgan </img>



</br> Boshqa passeriformalar
</img>



</br> Avliyo Kilda qirrasi 		Troglodytes troglodytes hirtensis Sent Kilda, Shotlandiya Noma'lum </img>



</br> Evrosiyo qirrasi
</img>



</br> Uloq kumush ko'z 		Zosterops lateralis chlorocephalus Avstraliyaning Buyuk to'siq rifining Uloq va Bunker guruhi Noma'lum </img>



</br> Kumush ko'z

Pterozavrlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Hatzegopteryx 		H. thambema Hateg oroli Yo'qolgan (kech bo'r) </img>



</br> Quetzalcoatlus

Iguanidlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh Insular / materik



</br> uzunlik yoki massa nisbati
</img>



</br> Tonga yirik iguana [8] 		Brachylophus gibbonsi Tonga Yo‘q bo‘lib ketgan (miloddan avvalgi 800-yillar) </img>



</br> Janubiy Amerika



</br> iguanalar
</img>



</br> Fiji giganti iguana [9] 		Lapitiguana impensa Fiji Yo‘q bo‘lib ketgan (miloddan avvalgi 1000-yillar)
</img>



</br> Anxel oroli Chuckwalla 		Sauromalus hispidus Anxel de la Guarda oroli, Quyi Kaliforniya Tahdidga yaqin Yarim orol chuckwalla MR ≈ 5 [10]
</img>



</br> San-Esteban chuckwalla 		Sauromalus varius San-Esteban oroli, Quyi Kaliforniya Xavf ostida MR ≈ 5 [10]

Gekkonlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh Insular / materik



</br> uzunlik yoki massa nisbati
</img>



</br> Delcourtning ulkan gekkosi 		Hoplodactylus delcourti Yangi Zelandiya Yo'qolgan (mil. 1870 yil) </img>



</br> Diplodactylid gekkonlari 		LR ≈ 6,75 [lower-alpha 2]
</img>



</br> Yangi Kaledoniyalik gigant gekko 		Rhacodactylus leachianus Yangi Kaledoniya Eng kam tashvish LR ≈ 4,4



MR ≈ 60 [lower-alpha 3]
Fayl:Phelsuma gigas - Giant Rodrigues Gecko - extinct 2.jpg</img>



</br> Rodriges gigant kun gekkosi 		Phelsuma gigas Rodriges Yo'qolgan (mil. 1850 yil) </img>



</br> Kunduzgi gekkonlar

Skinks

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Vaillantning mabuyasi 		Chioninia vaillant Kabo-Verde Xavf ostida </img>



</br> Mabuyine materik terilari
</img>



</br> Kabo-Verde gigant terisi 		Macroscincus coctei Kabo-Verde Yo'q bo'lib ketgan (milodiy 1900 yildan keyin)
Fayl:Leiolopisma mauritiana - memorial model - Ile aux Aigrettes.jpg</img>



</br> Mavrikiy gigant terisi 		Leiolopisma Mauritiana Mavrikiy Yo'q bo'lib ketgan (milodiy 1600 yildan keyin) Materik evgongilin terilari
Terror terisi Phoboscincus bocourti Yangi Kaledoniya yaqinidagi Île des Pins Xavf ostida </img>



</br> Materik evgongilin terilari
Kishinouening ulkan terisi Plestiodon kishinouyei Miyako orollari va Yaeyama orollari, Yaponiya Zaif </img>



</br> Osiyo Plestiodon spp.

Devor kaltakesaklari

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
La Palma gigant kaltakesak Gallotia auaritae La Palma Kritik xavf ostida </img>



</br> O'rta er dengizi qumli kaltakesaklari
</img>



</br> La Gomera gigant kaltakesak 		Gallotia bravoana Gomera Kritik xavf ostida
</img>



</br> Tenerife gigant kaltakesak [14] 		Gallotia goliath Tenerife Yo'qolgan (mil. 1500 yil)
</img>



</br> El Ierro gigant kaltakesak 		Gallotia simoni El Ierro Kritik xavf ostida
</img>



</br> Gran Canaria gigant kaltakesak 		Gallotia stehlini Gran Canaria Eng kam tashvish

Kaltakesaklarni kuzatib boring

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinensial qarindosh
</img> Komodo ajdaho Varanus komodoensis Sharqiy Kichik Sunda orollari Xavf ostida </img> Dantelli monitor

Ilonlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
Anxel de la Guarda orolidagi xol-xashakli ilon Crotalus michellii angelensis Kichik Kaliforniya yaqinidagi Anxel de la Guarda oroli Eng kam tashvish </img>



</br> Xolli ilon
Tadanae-jima chiziqli ilon populyatsiyasi Elaphe quadrivirgata Tokio yaqinidagi Tadanae-jima oroli Noma'lum </img>



</br> Yapon chiziqli ilon
</img>



</br> Orol yo'lbars ilonlarining populyatsiyasi 		Notechis scutatus Chappell tog'i orollari ( Tasmaniya ); Uilyams, Xopkins va Nuyts arxipelagi (barchasi Janubiy Avstraliya ) [15] Eng kam tashvish </img>



</br> Yo'lbars ilon
Isla Cerralvo uzun burunli ilon Rhinocheilus lecontei etheridgei Jak Kusto oroli, Quyi Kaliforniya Suri yaqinida Noma'lum </img>



</br> Uzun burunli ilon

Shubhali misollar

Komodo ajdahosi ( Kichik Sundas )
Galapagos gigant toshbaqasi
  • Flores va yaqin orollardagi Komodo ajdahosi, hozirgacha saqlanib qolgan eng katta kaltakesak va shunga o'xshash (yo'q bo'lib ketgan) Timordan kelgan bahaybat monitor kaltakesaki ulkan orol yirtqich hayvonlariga misol sifatida qabul qilingan. Orollar cheklangan oziq-ovqat va hududni taklif qilishlari sababli, ularning sutemizuvchi yirtqichlari (agar mavjud bo'lsa) odatda kontinentallarga qaraganda kichikroqdir. Bu holatlar sutemizuvchilar raqobatini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun juda kichik orollarda ektotermik yirtqich hayvonlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Biroq, bu kaltakesaklar ularning yo'q bo'lib ketgan avstraliyalik nisbiy megalaniyalari kabi katta emas va qazilma dalillarga asoslanib, bu varanidlarning ajdodlari birinchi navbatda Avstraliyada katta o'lchamlarini ishlab chiqqan va keyin Indoneziyaga tarqalib ketgan. [16] Agar bu to'g'ri bo'lsa, ular orol gigantlari bo'lishdan ko'ra, filetik gigantizmning misollari sifatida qaraladilar. Ushbu talqinni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi Pliotsendagi Hindistondagi kaltakesakning dalilidir, Varanus sivalensis, hajmi bo'yicha V. komodoensis bilan solishtirish mumkin. [16] Shunga qaramay, Avstraliya ko'pincha dunyodagi eng katta orol sifatida ta'riflanishi va qazilma qoldiqlarida ma'lum bo'lgan eng katta er usti kaltakesaklari Avstraliya bilan cheklanganligini hisobga olsak, eng katta avstraliya/indoneziya kaltakesaklarini orol gigantlari sifatida qabul qilish hali ham bir oz bo'lishi mumkin. haqiqiyligi.
  • Galapagos orollari va Seyshel orollaridagi gigant toshbaqalar, eng yirik toshbaqalar, shuningdek, Maskaren va Kanar orollarining yo'q bo'lib ketgan toshbaqalari ko'pincha orol gigantizmining namunalari hisoblanadi. Biroq, pleystosen davrida Avstraliya ( Meiolania ), janubiy Osiyo ( Megalochelys ), Evropa [17] ( Titanochelon ), Madagaskar ( Aldabrachelys ), Shimoliy Amerika [18] ( Hesperotestudo ) va Janubiy Amerikada [19] 3] yoki undan kattaroq toshbaqalar mavjud edi. [19] ( Chelonoidis, xuddi shu jins hozir Galapagosda [20] topilgan) va Okeaniya va Karib dengizining boshqa bir qator, qulayroq orollarida. [18] Kechki Pliotsenda ular Afrikada ham bo'lgan (" Geochelone " laetoliensis [21] ). Katta toshbaqalarning faqat uzoq orollarda topilishining hozirgi holati, bu orollar yaqinda odamlar tomonidan kashf etilganligini va aholi unchalik ko'p bo'lmaganini aks ettiradi, bu ularning toshbaqalarini haddan tashqari ekspluatatsiyaga kamroq duchor qiladi.

Amfibiyalar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh Insular / materik



</br> uzunlik yoki massa nisbati
San-Tome gigant daraxt qurbaqasi Hyperolius thomensis [22] San-Tome oroli Xavf ostida </img>



</br> Afrika qamish qurbaqalari
Palma o'rmoni qurbaqasi Leptopelis palmatus [22] Prinsipi oroli Zaif </img>



</br> Qizil daraxt qurbaqasi 		LR ≈ 1,2 [lower-alpha 4]
Fidji yirik qurbaqasi Platymantis megabotoniviti [25] Viti Levu, Fiji Yo'qolgan </img>



</br> Osiyo platymantinlari
San-Tome gigant o't qurbaqasi Ptychadena newtoni [22] San-Tome oroli Xavf ostida </img>



</br> Maskaren o't qurbaqasi

Artropodlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Hindiston yong'og'i qisqichbaqasi 		Birgus latro Hind okeanidagi orollar



</br> va Polineziya [26] 		Zaif </img>



</br> Coenobita zohid qisqichbaqasi
</img>



</br> Gigant wetā 		Deinacrida spp. Yangi Zelandiya O'zgaruvchan Fayl:ParktownPrawn.jpg</img>



</br> Janubiy Afrika qirol kriketlari
Gigant soxta chayon [27] Garypus titanium Botswain Qushlar oroli Kritik xavf ostida </img>



</br> Garipoidlar
</img>



</br> Madagaskar xirillagan tarakanlar 		Gromphadorhina spp. Madagaskar Eng kam tashvish </img>



</br> Blaberidlar
</img>



</br> Muqaddas Yelena quloq pardasi 		Labidura herculeana Muqaddas Yelena Yo'qolgan (mil. 1967 yil) </img>



</br> Sohil quloqchin
</img>



</br> Uollesning ulkan ari 		Megachile pluton Shimoliy Moluccas Zaif </img>



</br> Kallomegachile
</img>



</br> Megalara 		Megalara garuda Mekongga tog'lari ,



</br> Sulavesi 		Noma'lum </img>



</br> Krabronin ari
</img>



</br> Madagaskan



</br> gigant hap-millipedes 		Microsphaerotherium spp.



</br>



</br> Sphaeromimus spp.



</br>



</br> Zoosphaerium spp. 		Madagaskar Noma'lum </img>



</br> Hind gigant tabletkalari-millipedes



</br> ( Arthrosphaera )
</img>



</br> Orsonwelles 		Orsonwelles spp. Gavayi Noma'lum </img>



</br> Pul o'rgimchaklari
Fayl:Conants Giant.jpg</img>



</br> Konantning ulkan Nihoa daraxti kriketi 		Thaumatogryllus conanti Nihoa Noma'lum </img>



</br> Daraxt kriketlari
</img>



</br> Gigant Fiji uzun shoxli qo'ng'iz [28] 		Xixthrus qahramonlari Viti Levu, Fiji Zaif </img>



</br> Avstraliyalik Xixthrus
Taveuni qo'ng'izi Xixustrus terribilis Taveuni, Fiji Noma'lum

Gastropodlar

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Kauri quruqlik salyangozlari 		Paryphanta spp.



</br>



</br> Powelliphanta spp. 		Yangi Zelandiya Tahdidga yaqin </img>



</br> Boshqa ritidlar

Flora

Hajmi kattalashishiga qo'shimcha ravishda, orol o'simliklari "insulyar yog'ochlilik" ni ham ko'rsatishi mumkin[29]. Eng ko'zga ko'ringan misollar - Yangi Zelandiyaning subantarktika orollarining megaherblari. O'sish shaklidan qat'i nazar (otsimon, buta yoki daraxt ) ba'zi orol turlarida barg va urug'larning kattalashgani ham qayd etilgan[30].

Misol Binom nomi Mahalliy diapazon Joriy holat Kontinental qarindosh
</img>



</br> Kempbell orolining sabzi 		Anizotom latifolia Kempbell va Oklend orollari Noma'lum </img>



</br> Apiaceae
</img>



</br> Ross nilufar 		Bulbinella rossii Kempbell va Oklend orollari Tabiiyki, kamdan-kam </img>



</br> Yangi Zelandiya maori zambaklar
</img>



</br> Chatham orollari korokio [30] [31] 		Korokiya makrokarpa Chatham orollari Noma'lum </img>



</br> Yangi Zelandiya korokio [32]
</img>



</br> Qora ko'zli romashka 		Damnamenia vernicosa Oklend va Kempbell orollari Tabiiyki, kamdan-kam </img>



</br> Astereae
</img>



</br> Bodring daraxti [33] 		Dendrosicyos socotranus Sokotra Zaif </img>



</br> Qovoqlar
</img>



</br> Coco de mer [34] [33] 		Lodoicea maldivica Seyshel orollari Xavf ostida </img>



</br> Borassoid palmalar
</img> Pleurophyllum criniferum Antipodlar, Oklend va Kempbell orollari Noma'lum </img>



</br> Cineraria
</img>



</br> Kumush bargli romashka 		Pleurophyllum hookeri Makquari oroli, Oklend va Kempbell orollari Noma'lum
</img>



</br> Kempbell orolida romashka 		Pleurophyllum speciosum Kempbell va Oklend orollari Tabiiyki, kamdan-kam
</img>



</br> Chatham orollari nikau [30] 		Rhopalostylis aff. sapida Chatham orollari Noma'lum </img>



</br> Nikau
</img>



</br> Macquarie oroli karam 		Stilbocarpa polaris Makquari oroli va Yangi Zelandiya subantarktika orollari Zaif </img>



</br> Araliaceae

Shuningdek qarang

  • Chuqur dengiz gigantligi
  • Orolning muloyimligi
  • Insulyar mittilik
  • Megafauna
  • Pleistotsen yo'qolishi

Eslatmalar

  1. ↑ The earliest known New Zealand kiwi ancestor, a presumed recent arrival from Australia.[3]
  2. ↑ Based on the estimated total length of H. delcourti, ~23.6 in,[11] and the average length of a member of Diplodactylus, the most species-rich genus of Australian diplodactylid geckos, ~3.5 in.[12]
  3. ↑ Based on the average mass of the larger subspecies, R. l. leachianus, ~240 g,[13] with the average weight of a member of Diplodactylus, the most species-rich genus of Australian diplodactylid geckos, ~4 g.[12]
  4. ↑ Based on the average female snout to vent length (SVL) of L. palmatus, ~96 mm,[23] with the average female SVL of L. rufus, ~80 mm.[24]

Manbalar

Tashqi havolalar

Andoza:Biological rules

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 MacPhee, R.D.E., Iturralde-Vinent, M.A., and Gaffney, E.S. (February 2003). "Domo de Zaza, an Early Miocene Vertebrate Locality in South-Central Cuba, with Notes on the Tectonic Evolution of Puerto Rico and the Mona Passage". American Museum Novitates (3394): 1–42. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)394<0001:DDZAEM>2.0.CO;2. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/178184. 
  2. ↑ „Late Cretaceous Animals of Romania's Haţeg Island--a More Complex View“.
  3. ↑ Worthy, Trevor H.. Miocene fossils show that kiwi (Apteryx, Apterygidae) are probably not phyletic dwarves. Paleornithological Research 2013, Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, 2013. 
  4. ↑ Pavia, M.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Rossi, M. A.; Göhlich, U. B. (2017-01-11). "The extreme insular adaptation of Garganornis ballmanni Meijer, 2014: a giant Anseriformes of the Neogene of the Mediterranean Basin". Royal Society Open Science 4 (1): 160722. doi:10.1098/rsos.160722. PMID 28280574. PMC 5319340. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5319340. 
  5. ↑ „African Origins for the Enigmatic Adzebill“.
  6. ↑ Naish. „Titan-hawks and other super-raptors“. Tetrapod Zoology blog. ScienceBlogs LLC (2008-yil 28-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 2-mart.
  7. ↑ Lerner, Heather R.L.; Mindell, David P. (2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (2): 327–346. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. PMID 15925523. 
  8. ↑ Pregill, G. K.; Steadman, D. W. (March 2004). "South Pacific Iguanas: Human Impacts and a New Species". Journal of Herpetology 38 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1670/73-03A. 
  9. ↑ Pregill, G. K.; Worthy, T. H. (March 2003). "A New Iguanid Lizard (Squamata, Iguanidae) from the Lare Quaternary of Fiji, Southwest Pacific". Herpetologica 59 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1655/0018-0831(2003)059[0057:ANILSI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0018-0831. 
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Petren, K.; Case, T.J. (1997). "A Phylogenetic Analysis of Body Size Evolution and Biogeography in Chuckwallas (Sauromalus) and Other Iguanines". Evolution 51 (1): 206–219. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02402.x. PMID 28568786. 
  11. ↑ Wilson, K.-J.. Flight of the Huia: Ecology and Conservation of New Zealand's Frogs, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. Canterbury University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-908812-52-3. OCLC 937349394. 
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Stewart, C. „Diplodactylus Geckos of Australia“. reptilesmagazine.com/ (2014-yil 9-may). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 29-fevral.
  13. ↑ Bergman, J.; Hamper, R. „New Caledonian Giant Gecko Care Sheet“. reptilesmagazine.com/ (2016). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 29-fevral.
  14. ↑ Maca-Meyer, N.; Carranza, S.; Rando, J. C.; Arnold, E. N.; Cabrera, V. M. (2003-12-01). "Status and relationships of the extinct giant Canary Island lizard Gallotia goliath (Reptilia: Lacertidae), assessed using ancient mtDNA from its mummified remains". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 80 (4): 659–670. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00265.x. http://molevol.cmima.csic.es/carranza/pdf/GallotiaGoliath.pdf. Qaraldi: 2010-04-03. Island gigantism]]
  15. ↑ Keogh, J. S.; Scott, I. A. W.; Hayes, C. (January 2005). "Rapid and repeated origin of insular gigantism and dwarfism in Australian tiger snakes". Evolution 59 (1): 226–233. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00909.x. PMID 15792242. 
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Hocknull, S.A.; Piper, P.J.; van den Bergh, G.D.; Due, R.A.; Morwood, M.J.; Kurniawan, I. (2009). "Dragon's Paradise Lost: Palaeobiogeography, Evolution and Extinction of the Largest-Ever Terrestrial Lizards (Varanidae)". PLOS ONE 4 (9): e7241. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007241. PMID 19789642. PMC 2748693. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2748693. 
  17. ↑ Pérez-García, A., Vlachos, E., & Arribas, A. (2017). The last giant continental tortoise of Europe: A survivor in the Spanish Pleistocene site of Fonelas P-1. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 470, 30-39.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Hansen, D. M.; Donlan, C. J.; Griffiths, C. J.; Campbell, K. J. (April 2010). "Ecological history and latent conservation potential: large and giant tortoises as a model for taxon substitutions". Ecography 33 (2): 272–284. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06305.x. http://www.torreyaguardians.org/hansen-2010.pdf. Qaraldi: 2012-03-02. Island gigantism]]
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Cione, A. L.; Tonni, E. P.; Soibelzon, L. (2003). "The Broken Zig-Zag: Late Cenozoic large mammal and tortoise extinction in South America". Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat.. N.S. 5 (1): 1–19. doi:10.22179/REVMACN.5.26. ISSN 1514-5158.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Cione" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ Fariña, R.A., Vizcaíno, S.F. & De Iuliis, G. (2013) Megafauna: Giant Beasts of South America. Indiana University Press, 448 pages.
  21. ↑ Harrison, T. „Tortoises (Chelonii, Testudinidae)“,. Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context, Vol. 2: Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer Science+Business Media, 2011 — 479–503 bet. DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-9962-4_17. ISBN 978-90-481-9961-7. 
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 Measey, G.J.; Vences, M.; Drewes, R.C.; Chiari, Y.; Melo, M.; Bourles, B. (2006). "Freshwater paths across the ocean: molecular phylogeny of the frog Ptychadena newtoni gives insights into amphibian colonization of oceanic islands". Journal of Biogeography 34 (1): 7–20. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01589.x. 
  23. ↑ „Leptopelis palmatus“. amphibiaweb.org. University of California, Berkeley (2008). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 29-fevral.
  24. ↑ „Leptopelis rufus“. amphibiaweb.org. University of California, Berkeley (2008). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 29-fevral.
  25. ↑ Worthy, T.H. (2001). "A New Species of Platymantis (Anura: Ranidae) from Quaternary Deposits On Viti Levu, Fiji". Palaeontology 44 (4): 665–680. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00197. 
  26. ↑ Neither coconut crabs nor their relatives can swim beyond the larva stage, making the adults land animals in practice. Coconut crabs can weigh over 4 kg (9 pounds); the largest hermit crabs of the related genus Coenobita, C. brevimanus of coastal Africa and Asia, only reaches 230 grams (0.5 pounds).
  27. ↑ „Ascension Island Biodiversity Action Plan: Garypus titanius species action plan“. Ascension Island Government Conservation Department (2015-yil 26-fevral). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 11-sentyabr.
  28. ↑ Keppel, Gunnar; Lowe, Andrew J.; Possingham, Hugh P. (2009). "Changing perspectives on the biogeography of the tropical South Pacific: influences of dispersal, vicariance and extinction". Journal of Biogeography 36 (6): 1035–1054. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02095.x. ISSN 0305-0270. 
  29. ↑ Bowen, Lizabeth; Vuren, Dirk Van (1997). "Insular Endemic Plants Lack Defenses Against Herbivores". Conservation Biology 11 (5): 1249–1254. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96368.x. ISSN 0888-8892. 
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 „Small islands breed big seeds“. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "sciencelearn.org" defined multiple times with different content
  31. ↑ „Website Not Available“.
  32. ↑ „T.E.R:R.A.I.N - Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network - Corokia cotoneaster (Korokio)“.
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Burns, K.C.. Evolution in Isolation: The Search for an Island Syndrome in Plants. Cambridge University Press, May 2019. DOI:10.1017/9781108379953. ISBN 978-1108379953. OCLC 1105218367. 
  34. ↑ Proctor, J. „Vegetation of the granitic islands of the Seychelles“,. Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands Stoddart: . W. Junk, 1984. ISBN 978-90-6193-881-1. OCLC 906429733.  
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