Charles E. Lindblom

Charles E. Lindblom
Tavalludi	21-mart 1917;
Vafoti	30-yanvar 2018
Fuqaroligi	AQSh

Charlz Edvard Lindblom (1917-yil 21-mart – 2018-yil 30-yanvar) amerikalik akademik boʻlib, Chikago universitetida iqtisod ^[2] fakultetida tahsil olgan hamda Yel universitetida siyosatshunoslik va iqtisod boʻyicha faxriy professor boʻlgan. U Amerika siyosatshunoslik assotsiatsiyasi va qiyosiy iqtisodiy tadqiqotlar assotsiatsiyasi prezidenti, shuningdek, Yel ijtimoiy va siyosatshunoslik instituti direktori lavozimlarida ishlagan.

Akademik ishi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Lindblom siyosat va qarorlar qabul qilishda inkrementalizm nazariyasining dastlabki ishlab chiquvchilari va himoyachilaridan biri edi. ^[3]^[4]^[5] Ushbu qarash (shuningdek, bosqichma -bosqich deb ataladi) qaror qabul qilish jarayonlariga "chaqaloq qadamlar", "muddling Through" yoki "Echternax nazariyasi" yondashuvini oladi. Unda siyosat o'zgarishi, aksariyat hollarda, inqilobiy emas, evolyutsion xususiyatga ega. U bu fikrga butun sanoatlashgan dunyoda farovonlik siyosati va kasaba uyushmalari haqidagi keng qamrovli tadqiqotlari natijasida kelgan. Bu qarashlar 20 yilga ajratilgan ikkita maqolada bayon etilgan: “The Science Of “Muddling Through”” (1959-yil) va “Still Muddling, Hali tugamagan” (1979-yil), ikkalasi ham Public Administration Review jurnalida chop etilgan.

Lindblom o'zining do'sti, hamkasbi va hamkasbi Yel professori Robert A. Dahl bilan birgalikda 1950-yillarning oxiri va 1960-yillarning boshlarida siyosiy elita va boshqaruvga nisbatan poliarxiya (yoki plyuralistik ) nuqtai nazarining chempioni edi. Bu fikrga ko‘ra, hech bir yakka, monolit elita hukumat va jamiyatni nazorat qilmaydi, aksincha, bir qator ixtisoslashgan elita nazorat qilish uchun bir-biri bilan raqobatlashadi va savdolashadi. Aynan shu tinch raqobat va siyosat va bozordagi elitalar o'rtasidagi murosa erkin bozor demokratiyasini boshqaradi va uning rivojlanishiga imkon beradi.

Biroq, Lindblom tez orada demokratik boshqaruvga nisbatan Poliarxiyaning kamchiliklarini ko'ra boshladi. Ba'zi elita guruhlari muhim afzalliklarga ega bo'lganda, juda muvaffaqiyatli bo'lib, raqobat o'rniga bir-biri bilan til biriktira boshlasa, poliarxiya osongina korporatizmga aylanishi mumkin.

Lindblom 2018-yil 30-yanvarda 100 yoshida vafot etdi

Siyosat va bozorlar (1977-yil)[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Lindblom o'zining eng mashhur " Siyosat va bozorlar " (1977-yil) asarida "Poliarxiyada biznesning imtiyozli mavqei" ni qayd etadi. U, shuningdek, "aylanalilik" yoki "nazorat qilinadigan ixtiyorlar" tushunchasini kiritadi, bunda "hatto demokratik mamlakatlarda ham ommani elitadan faqat elita ularga nima berishni xohlayotganini so'rashga ko'ndiradi". Shunday qilib, har qanday haqiqiy tanlov va raqobat cheklangan. Eng yomoni, muqobil tanlovlarning har qanday rivojlanishi yoki hatto ularni jiddiy muhokama qilish va ko'rib chiqish samarali ravishda to'xtatiladi. Bunga misol qilib, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi siyosiy partiyalar tizimi deyarli to'liq ikkita kuchli partiya tomonidan hukmronlik qiladi, ular ko'pincha murakkab masalalar va qarorlarni ikkita oddiy tanlovga qisqartiradi. AQSh ommaviy axborot vositalarining milliy muloqotda kim ishtirok etishi va sukunat tsenzurasidan aziyat chekayotganini samarali nazorat qiluvchi Oligopoliyaga bir vaqtda kontsentratsiyasi shu bilan bog'liqdir.

Siyosat va bozorlar ilmiy doiralardan tashqarida keng ko'lamli tanqidiy reaktsiyalarni keltirib chiqardi. Mobil korporatsiyasi uni qoralash uchun The New York Times gazetasining to'liq sahifasida e'lon chiqargan. Bu kitobning mashhur bo'lishiga yordam berdi, bu esa o'z navbatida uning The New York Times Best Seller ro'yxatiga kirishiga yordam berdi (ilmiy ish uchun kamdan-kam uchraydigan narsa). Demokratik kapitalizm va poliarxiyani tanqid qilgani, shuningdek, Titoning Yugoslaviya siyosiy-iqtisodini maqtab ko'rgani uchun Lindblom (ehtimol, bashorat qilish mumkin) g'arbdagi konservativ tanqidchilar tomonidan "Kommunist" va "O'rmalovchi sotsialist" deb nomlangan. Marksist va kommunistik tanqidchilar uni uzoqqa bormagani uchun qoralashdi. Dastlab, Dal ham Lindblomning ko'plab kuzatishlari va xulosalariga qo'shilmagan; ammo yaqinda chop etilgan asarida Amerika Konstitutsiyasi qanchalik demokratik? u, shuningdek, umumiy poliarxiyani va xususan uning AQSh shaklini tanqid qilgan.

Lindblom 1982-yilda Journal of Politics maqolasida o'z ishi haqida batafsil ma'lumot bergan. ^[6] Lindblomning fikricha, agar bu o'zgarishlar kapitalni nazorat qiluvchilarga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatsa, siyosatchilar uchun o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirish qiyin, chunki kapitalni nazorat qiluvchilar jamiyat muvaffaqiyatini belgilovchi shart-sharoitlarni yaratadilar. Siyosatni faol ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlashi va unga qarshi kurashishi kerak bo'lgan boshqa sub'ektlardan farqli o'laroq, kapital egalari jamiyat uchun muhimligi tufayli davlat siyosati qarorlarini shakllantirishlari mumkin. ^[7]

"Bozor tizimi: bu nima, u qanday ishlaydi va undan nima qilish kerak" (2001-yil) asarida Lindblom " Siyosat va bozorlar "da ko'tarilgan ko'plab tashvishlarini aks ettirdi va kengaytirdi. Ulardan eng muhimi shundaki, Bozor tizimi boylik va innovatsiyalarni yaratish va qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun hali ishlab chiqilgan eng yaxshi mexanizm bo'lsa-da, u iqtisodiy bo'lmagan qadriyatlarni belgilash va ijtimoiy yoki iqtisodiy adolatni taqsimlashda unchalik samarali emas.

Bibliografiyani tanlang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Lindblom, Charles E. (1959), „The handling of norms in policy analysis“, in Abramovitz (muh.), The allocation of economic resources: essays in honor of Bernard Francis Haley, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, OCLC 490147128.
Lindblom, Charles E. (1959), The science of 'muddling through'. Public Administration Review, 19, pp. 79–88.
Lindblom, Charles E.; Braybrooke, David (1963), A strategy of decision: policy evaluation as a social process. Free Press.
Lindblom, Charles E. (1965), The intelligence of democracy, Free Press.
Lindblom, Charles E.; Dahl, Robert A. (1976), Politics, economics, and welfare: planning and politico-economic systems resolved into basic social processes, with a new pref. by the authors. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lindblom, Charles E. (1977), Politics and markets: the world's political-economic systems, New York: Basic.
Lindblom, Charles E. (1979), Still muddling, not yet through "Public Administration Review", 39, pp. 517–526.
Lindblom, Charles E.; Cohen, David K. (1979), Usable knowledge: social science and social problem solving Yale University Press
Lindblom, Charles E. (1984), The policy-making process, 2nd edition, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Lindblom, Charles E. (1990), "Inquiry and change: the troubled attempt to understand and shape society", Yale University Press
Lindblom, Charles E.; Woodhouse, Edward J. (1993), The policy-making process, 3rd. ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Lindblom, Charles E. (2001), The market system: what it is, how it works, and what to make of it, Yale University Press.
Blockland, Hans; Rune Premfors, and Ross Zucker (2018), "In Memoriam: Charles Edward Lindblom, APSA President (1980–1981)" PS: Political Science & Politics (Vol. 51, No.2, April 2018).

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

↑ (unspecified title)
↑ Premfors, Rune (1981). "Charles Lindblom and Aaron Wildavsky". British Journal of Political Science 11 (2): 201–225. doi:10.1017/S000712340000257X. ISSN 0007-1234. https://www.jstor.org/stable/193583.
↑ Migone, Andrea. Charles E. Lindblom, "The Science of Muddling Through" (en) Lodge: . Oxford University Press, 2016-07-07. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.33. ISBN 978-0-19-964613-5.
↑ Bendor, Jonathan (1995). "A Model of Muddling Through" (en). American Political Science Review 89 (4): 819–840. doi:10.2307/2082511. ISSN 1537-5943. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/model-of-muddling-through/7A5F5EE0409247B7546502BE6C1D0FF5.
↑ Allison, Christine Rothmayr; Saint-Martin, Denis (2011). "Half a century of "muddling": Are we there yet?". Policy and Society 30 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.001. ISSN 1449-4035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.001.
↑ Lindblom, Charles E. (1982-05-01). "The Market as Prison". The Journal of Politics 44 (2): 324–336. doi:10.2307/2130588. ISSN 0022-3816. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-politics_1982-05_44_2/page/324.
↑ Fung, Archon (2008-01-01). The Principle of Affected Interests: An Interpretation and Defense. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266297530.

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Havolalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

[[https://news.yale.edu/2018/02/20/memoriam-charles-edward-lindblom-helped-found-isps-yale_&#039;&#039;(unspecified_title)&#039;&#039;]-1] (unspecified title)

[2] Premfors, Rune (1981). "Charles Lindblom and Aaron Wildavsky". British Journal of Political Science 11 (2): 201–225. doi:10.1017/S000712340000257X. ISSN 0007-1234. https://www.jstor.org/stable/193583.

[3] Migone, Andrea. Charles E. Lindblom, "The Science of Muddling Through" (en) Lodge: . Oxford University Press, 2016-07-07. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.33. ISBN 978-0-19-964613-5.

[4] Bendor, Jonathan (1995). "A Model of Muddling Through" (en). American Political Science Review 89 (4): 819–840. doi:10.2307/2082511. ISSN 1537-5943. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/model-of-muddling-through/7A5F5EE0409247B7546502BE6C1D0FF5.

[5] Allison, Christine Rothmayr; Saint-Martin, Denis (2011). "Half a century of "muddling": Are we there yet?". Policy and Society 30 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.001. ISSN 1449-4035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.001.

[6] Lindblom, Charles E. (1982-05-01). "The Market as Prison". The Journal of Politics 44 (2): 324–336. doi:10.2307/2130588. ISSN 0022-3816. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-politics_1982-05_44_2/page/324.

[7] Fung, Archon (2008-01-01). The Principle of Affected Interests: An Interpretation and Defense. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266297530.

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2000–hozirgacha	Robert Jervis (2000–2001) en Robert D. Putnam (2001–2002) en Theda Skocpol (2002–2003) en Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (2003–2004) en Margaret Levi (2004–2005) en Ira Katznelson (2005–2006) en Robert Axelrod (2006–2007) en Dianne Pinderhughes (2007–2008) en Peter J. Katzenstein (2008–2009) en Henry E. Brady (2009–2010) en Carole Pateman (2010–2011) en G. Bingham Powell (2011–2012) Jane Mansbridge (2012–2013) en John Aldrich (2013–2014) en Rodney E. Hero (2014–2015) Jennifer Hochschild (2015–2016) en David A. Lake (2016–2017) en Kathleen Thelen (2017–2018) en Rogers Smith (2018–2019) en Paula D. McClain (2019–) en