Al-Shawkani

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya

Muhammad al-Shawkani (1759-1834[1]) — yamanlik sunniy mashabi boʻyicha taniqli islom olimi, huquqshunos, ilohiyotchi va islohotchi[2][3][4][5]. Shawkani athariy ilohiyotining eng nufuzli tarafdorlaridan biri boʻlgan va salafiy musulmonlar tomonidan ularning kanonik olimlaridan biri sifatida hurmat qilinadi. Uning taʼlimoti salafiylar oqimining paydo bo‘lishida katta rol o‘ynadi[6][7][8]. O‘rta asrlar hanbaliy musavviri Ibn Taymiyya taʼlimoti taʼsirida Al- Shavkaniy taqlid amaliyotiga (huquq maktablariga taqlid qilish), Muqaddas Bitiklarni to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri talqin qilishga chaqiriqlari, Kalomga (spekulyativ ilohiyot) qarshi turishi, shuningdek, shirk (butparastlik) deb qoralagan turli xalq odatlariga qattiq qarshilik qilgani uchun o‘zining qatʼiy pozitsiyasi bilan eʼtiborga sazovor bo‘ldi[9][10][11][12].

Ismi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Uning toʻliq ismi Muhammad Ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abdulloh ash-Shawkani edi[13]. „Ash-Shawkani“ familiyasi Sanodan tashqarida joylashgan hijrat ash- Shavkanidan olingan[14].

Biografiyasi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Zaydi musulmonlarning shia masxabiga mansub oilasida tug‘ilgan ash-Shawkani keyinchalik islomning sunniylik masxabini qabul qilgan[15][16][17]. U Qur’on va hadislarning matn manbalarini oʻqishga chaqirdi. Natijada, Shawkani Zaydi taʼlimotlarining aksariyatiga qarshi chiqdi va bosh Qodiy boʻlgan davrida Yaman boʻylab kuchli sunniylik kampaniyalarini olib bordi[18][19]. Soʻfiylik tariqatlarin tavhidga (tavhidga), tasavvufga haqorat deb hisoblagani sabab, tasavvufiy amaliyotlariga qarshi chiqdi[20][21]. Shavkoniy mujtahid yoki musulmon jamiyatidagi boshqalar diniy qonun tafsilotlarini kechiktirishi kerak boʻlgan hokimiyat hisoblanadi. Ash-Shawkani fatvo (sud hukmlari) chiqarishdagi faoliyati haqida: „Men ilmni bepul oʻrgandim va uni shunday tarzda bermoqchi edim“, deb aytgan[22]. Koʻpgina taniqli ulamolarning fatvo berishi qilayotgan ishlarining bir qismidir odatda, shaxsiy savol beruvchilarga oddiy fikr bildirishga bagʻishlangan. Ash-Shawkani kitob sifatida toʻplangan va saqlangan asosiy fatvolariga ham, „hisoblab boʻlmaydi“ degan va yozib olinmagan „qisqaroq“ fatvolariga ham ishora qiladi[23].

Merosi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Muhammad ash-Shawkani oʻz davrining eng sermahsul muhaddislaridan biri sifatida eʼtirof etilgan, gʻoyalari keyingi salafiylik harakatlariga taʼsir qilgan. U oʻrta asr ilohiyotchisi Ibn Taymiyya asarlarini qayta tiklashda katta rol oʻynagan[24]. U Yamanda Muhammad ibn Ibrohim al-Vazir (milodiy 1436-yilda vafot etgan) bilan birga paydo boʻlgan hadisga yoʻnaltirilgan sunniy olimlarning keyingi avlodining eng koʻzga koʻringan namoyandalaridan biri boʻlgan edi[25]. Saʼdadagi salafiylar keyinchalik ash-Shawkanyni aqliy salaf sifatida daʼvo qiladilar. Boʻlajak Yaman rejimlari uning sunniylik siyosatini mamlakatni birlashtiruvchi[26]sifatida qoʻllab-quvvatlab, uning taʼlimotlarini „islom islohoti“ degan keng yorliq ostida Zaydiy shialikni buzish uchun ishlatadi[27][28]. Shawkani xalq orasida vahhobiy va turli salafiy oqim tarafdorlari tomonidan o‘z davrining mujaddidi sifatida eʼtirof etilgan[29].

Ishlari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

U „150 dan ortiq kitoblar (ularning aksariyati koʻp jildli asarlar) yaratgan bilimdon, sermahsul va original yozuvchi sifatida taʼriflangan“[30]baʼzi nashrlari, shu jumladan:

  • Nayl al-avtar;
  • Fathul-Qodir, mashhur tafsir (tafsir);
  • al-Badr at-taliy[31];
  • Tuhfatu az-Zakirin — Sharh Uddatu Hisno al-Hasin: Ibn Al-Jazariyning (vafoti 833-yil) „Uddatu Hisno al-Hasin“ toʻplamiga, Adhkar hadislariga oid ajoyib bir jildli sharh;
  • Al-Favoid al-Majmua Fil Ahadis ul Mauzu’a toʻqima hadislar toʻplami;
  • "Irshod ul fuhul" — „Usulul -fiqh“ kitobi;
  • Ad-Durur ul-bahiyya fil-Masoil il-Fiqhiyya — ixcham fiqhiy qoʻllanma;
  • Ad-Darai al-Mudhiyya Sharh ud-Durur il-bahiyya — uning fiqh qoʻllanmasi Ad-Dururning batafsil izohi;
  • Adab ut-talab va muntaha al-arab — islomiy ilm izlayotgan kishining odob va odoblari haqida maslahat;
  • Al-Qavl ul-Mufid haqi Hukm it-taqlid — Fiqh mazhablari (Mazhohib) fikrlariga koʻr-koʻrona ergashish (taqlid) hukmi va uning zararlari haqida tushuntirish;
  • Al-Sayl al-jarrar — Zaydiy Imom Al-Mahdiy Ahmad bin Yahyo tomonidan yozilgan matnni qoralashni oʻz ichiga oladi[32].

Yana qarang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Islom ulamolari roʻyxati
  • Islomda tiklanish va islohot: Muhammad ash-Shavkaniy merosi, Bernard Haykel

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  1. ↑ Fatwa / What does „family“ mean?
  2. ↑ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought Bowering: . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013 — 606 bet. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0. „"a number of influential thinkers abandoned Zaydism for Sunnism. The best known of these are Muhammad b. Isma‘il al-San‘ani (d. 1769), Muhammad b. ‘Ali al-Shawkani (d. 1834), and more recently Muqbil al-Wadi‘i (d. 2001)"“ 
  3. ↑ Moreau, Schaar, Odile, Stuart. Subversives and Mavericks in the Muslim Mediterranean: A Subaltern History. United States of America: University of Texas Press, 2016 — 139 bet. ISBN 978-1477319956. 
  4. ↑ Saint-Prot, Charles. Happy Arabia : from antiquity to Ali Abdullah Salih, the Yemeni unifier. USA: University of Michigan, 1999 — 31 bet. ISBN 9781107136335. 
  5. ↑ Ala Hamoudi, Cammack, Haider, Mark. Islamic Law in Modern Courts. USA: Aspen Publishing, 2018 — 576 bet. ISBN 9781454830399. 
  6. ↑ Thurston, Alexander. Salafism in Nigeria Islam, Preaching, and Politics. University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2016 — 47-48 bet. ISBN 978-1-107-15743-9. 
  7. ↑ Azoulay, Rivki. Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State. London, UK: I.B. Tauris, 2020 — 224 bet. ISBN 9781838605070. 
  8. ↑ Pall, Zoltan. Lebanese Salafis between the Gulf and Europe. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2013 — 18 bet. ISBN 978-90-8964-451-0. 
  9. ↑ Moussa, Mohammed „3: Renewal in the formation of the Islamic tradition“,. Politics of the Islamic Tradition: The thought of Muhammad al-Ghazali. New York, USA: Routledge, 2016 — 56-59 bet. ISBN 978-1-138-84121-5. 
  10. ↑ Leaman, Oliver. Routledge Handbook of Islamic Ritual and Practice. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158: Routledge, 2022 — 128 bet. ISBN 978-0-367-49123-9. 
  11. ↑ Vassiliev, Alexei. The History of Saudi Arabia. London, UK: Saqi Books, 1998 — 146 bet. ISBN 0-86356-399-6. 
  12. ↑ Carr, Mahalingam, Brian, Indira. Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy. London, UK: Routledge, 1997 — 931 bet. ISBN 0-203-01350-6. 
  13. ↑ „Dogs in the Islamic Tradition and Nature“ (Article Included)
  14. ↑ al-Badr at-Taali' bi Mahaasin man Baʼd al-Qarn as-Sabi' , vol. 2 pg.214
  15. ↑ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought Bowering: . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013 — 606 bet. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0. „"a number of influential thinkers abandoned Zaydism for Sunnism. The best known of these are Muhammad b. Isma‘il al-San‘ani (d. 1769), Muhammad b. ‘Ali al-Shawkani (d. 1834), and more recently Muqbil al-Wadi‘i (d. 2001)"“ 
  16. ↑ Moreau, Schaar, Odile, Stuart. Subversives and Mavericks in the Muslim Mediterranean: A Subaltern History. United States of America: University of Texas Press, 2016 — 139 bet. ISBN 978-1477319956. „"Al-Shawkani... converted to Sunni Islam"“ 
  17. ↑ Ala Hamoudi, Cammack, Haider, Mark. Islamic Law in Modern Courts. USA: Aspen Publishing, 2018 — 576 bet. ISBN 9781454830399. 
  18. ↑ Farhad Daftary. A History of Shi'i Islam, revised, I.B.Tauris, 2 Dec 2013. ISBN 9780857735249. „In his view, Zaydi theological and legal teachings had no basis in revelation but reflected the unsubstantiated opinions of the Zaydi imams and therefore had to be rejected.“ 
  19. ↑ Hanssen, Weiss, Jens, Max. Arabic Thought Beyond the Liberal Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Nahda. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2016 — 95 bet. ISBN 9781107136335. 
  20. ↑ Farhad Daftary. A History of Shi'i Islam, revised, I.B.Tauris, 2 Dec 2013. ISBN 9780857735249. „Al-Shawkani also manifested the general Zaydi, as well as traditionist Sunni, aversion towards Sufism.“ 
  21. ↑ Knysh, Alexander. Islam in Historical Perspective, Second, 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017: Routledge, 2017 — 238 bet. ISBN 978-1-138-19369-7. 
  22. ↑ cited in Messick, Brinkly The Calligraphic State:Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society, Berkeley 1993, p.145
  23. ↑ cited in Messick, Brinkly The Calligraphic State:Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society, Berkeley 1993, p.150
  24. ↑ Beránek, Ťupek, Ondřej, Pavel. The Temptation of Graves in Salafi Islam: Iconoclasm, Destruction and Idolatry. The Tun -Holyrood Road, 12 (2f) Jackson's Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ: Edinburgh University Press, 2018 — 12, 77, 223 bet. ISBN 978-1-4744-1757-0. „"Al-Shawkani was an outstanding scholar of hadith of his time, who made a lasting impression on later Salafi thought in Yemen, India, Iraq and Syria" .. "Among the most influential of these scholars who shaped later Salafism was the Yemeni scholar Muhammad al-Shawkani."“ 
  25. ↑ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought Bowering: . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013 — 507 bet. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0. 
  26. ↑ Barak A. Salmoni. Regime and Periphery in Northern Yemen: The Huthi Phenomenon. Rand Corporation, 28 Apr 2010 — 72 bet. ISBN 9780833049742. 
  27. ↑ Farhad Daftary. A History of Shi'i Islam, revised, I.B.Tauris, 2 Dec 2013. ISBN 9780857735249. „Since 1962, republicans in Yaman have continuously used al-Shawkani's teachings and works to undermine the past doctrines of the Zaydi imamate and Zaydi Shi'ism itself. The modern Yamani state has indeed pursued an anti-Zaydi policy in the guise of Islamic reform, drawing extensively on al-Shawkani's teachings.“ 
  28. ↑ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought Bowering: . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013 — 507 bet. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0. „"The modern Yemeni state has indeed pursued an anti-Zaydi policy and justifies this under the broad label of Islamic reform and by invoking Shawkani's teachings."“ 
  29. ↑ L. Esposito, John. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003 — 290 bet. ISBN 0-19-512558-4. „"Shawkani, Muhammad al- (d. 1834) .. he is regarded as a great revivalist ofsunni Islam in his time by various Salafi and Wahhabi movements.."“ 
  30. ↑ Ahmad S. Dallal, Islam without Europe: Traditions of Reform in Eighteenth-Century Islamic Thought, UNC Press Books (2018), p. 11
  31. ↑ Fatawa of the rightly guided Imams on Mawlid
  32. ↑ Farhad Daftary. A History of Shi'i Islam, revised, I.B.Tauris, 2 Dec 2013. ISBN 9780857735249. „In his book entitled al-Sayl al-jarrar, al-Shawkani denounced the Kitab al-azhar fi fiqh al-a'immat al-athar of Imam al-Mahdi Ahmad b. Yahya al-Murtada (d. 830/1437), the legal corpus of opinions recognised by the Hadawi Zaydi school, which, according to him, represented opinions not rooted in the revelation.“ 

Havolalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

"https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Shawkani&oldid=3424499" dan olindi