Nasriddin (Yunnan)

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya
Nasriddin
Shaxsiy maʼlumotlari
Tavalludi Buxoro, Xorazmshohlar davlati
Vafoti 1292-yil
Yunnan, Yuan Xitoy
Millati Xorazmshohlar, Yuan
Bolalari umumiy hisobda 12 ta oʻgʻil
Janglari Moʻgʻullarning Birmaga bostirib kirishi,
Moʻgʻullarning Vyetnamga bostirib kirishi

Nasriddin (forscha: نصرالدین; xitoycha: 納速剌丁; pinyin: Nàsùládīng) (1292-yilda vafot etgan) Yuan sulolasi davrida Yunnan provinsiyasi gubernatori boʻlgan va Ajal Shamsiddin Umarning oʻgʻli.

Hayoti[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Nasriddin Oʻrta Osiyolik boʻlib, buxorolik musulmonlardan. Uning otasi taniqli rahbar, Ajal Shamsiddin Umar edi[1]. Xorazmshohlar va moʻgʻullar oʻrtasidagi urushda Chingizxon shaharga hujum qiladi, Sayyid Ajal Shamsiddin Umarning oilasi unga taslim boʻladi. Shu sababli Sayyid Ajal Moʻgʻullar saltanati saroyida xizmat qilgan. Keyinchalik, Sayyid Ajal 1259-yilda imperator moliyasi uchun masʼul ishchi boʻlib ishlaydi[2], 1274-yilda Dali qirolligini zabt etgandan keyin Xubilayxon tomonidan Yunnanga yuborilgan.

XIII asrda alohida musulmonlarning taʼsiri, ayniqsa, Sayyid Ajal Shamsiddin Umarning taʼsiri juda kuchayib, milodiy 1279-yilda Yunnan shahrida vafotigacha moʻgʻul xonlariga xizmat qilgan. Oilasi Yunnan shahrida istiqomat qilib kelmoqda, Xitoydagi musulmonlarning asosiy qismini tashkil etadi[3]

Nasriddin Yunnanning Panthay Hui aholisi, shuningdek, Ninshia va Fudzian provinsiyalarida yashaydigan koʻplab xitoyliklarning ajdodi ekanligi aniqlangan.

Marko Poloning taʼkidlashicha, Nasriddin 1277-yilda moʻgʻullarning Birmaga bosqinida qoʻmondon boʻlgan va urushda birmalarni magʻlub etgan[4]. Marko Polo uning ismini „Nescradin“ deb yozib ketgan[5][6]. Lekin Marko Poloning bu daʼvosi xato edi[manba kerak].

Yunnanda islomning keng tarqalishi Nasr al-Din va uning otasi Sayyid Ajall tufaylidir[7].

Nasriddin Yunnanning birinchi hokimi boʻlmish otasi vafot etgandan soʻng Yunnan hokimi boʻlgan[8]. Nasriddin 1279-yildan 1284-yilgacha hokimlik qilgan[9]. U 1284-yil moʻgʻullarning Birmaga bosqinida qatnashish uchun yuborilgan, bu uning gubernatorlikdagi soʻnggi jangi boʻlgan[10].

Nasriddin, shuningdek, Yunnandagi mahalliy „Oltin tishlar“ xalqi va Annamga moʻgʻullar bosqini paytida vyetnamliklar bilan jang qilgan. Marko Polo Nasriddin 1277-yilda Birmaga qilingan hujumda qatnashgan deb notoʻgʻri maʼlumot bergan. Aslida, Nasriddin 1284-yilgi bosqinda jang qilgan[11]. Nasrning oʻgʻli Umar yán (Vu-ma-r) Annam (Vyetnam)ga bostirib kirishda u bilan birga qatnashgan.

Gubernator sifatidagi xizmati davomida 1292-yilda korrupsiyada ayblanib, qatl etilgan[12]. Husayn, uning ukasi, undan keyingi Yunnan hokimi boʻlgan[13].

Oilasi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Nasriddinning otasi Yunnan gubernatori Sayid Ajal Shamsiddin Umar, uning xitoycha ismi Sai-dien-chi boʻlgan. Nasriddinning xitoycha nomi „Na-su-la-ding“ edi.

Say-dien-chining beshta oʻgʻli esga olinadi: 納速剌丁 Na-su-la-ding (Nasriddin), 哈散 Hasan (Hasan), 忽辛 Hu-sin (Husayn), 剌丁 兀默里 Shan-su-ding vu-mo-li va 馬速忽 Ma-su-hu. Bularning barchasi yuqori lavozimlarni egallagan.

Xuddi shu bobda Na-su-la-dingning alohida tarjimai holi bor. U Yunnanda gubernator boʻlgan va janubiy 交趾 Kiao-chi (Kochin-xitoy) va 緬 Mien (Birma) qabilalari bilan urushda ajralib turgan. 1292-yilda vafot etgan, oʻn ikki oʻgʻilning otasi ulardan besh nafarining ismlari tarjimai holida keltirilgan, 伯顏察兒 Bo-yen ch’a-r, yuqori lavozimga ega boʻlgan, 烏馬兒 Vu-ma-r (Umar), 答法兒 Dje-fa-r (Jafar), 忽先 Hu-sien (Husayn) va 沙的 Sha-di (Saʼdiy).

Xitoy mualliflarining Sai-dien-chi, shubhasiz, Rashiduddin Sayyid Ajal nomi bilan tilga olgan shaxsdir. Fors tarixchisining yozishicha, u asli buxorolik boʻlib, Xubilay hukmronligi davrida mamlakatga kirganida Qorajon hokimi boʻlgan. Keyinchalik vazir etib tayinlangan va Xubilay hukmronligining boshida moliya ishlarini boshqargan. Uning oʻgʻli Nasriddin Qorajonga hokim etib tayinlangan va oʻlimigacha Yunnanda oʻz lavozimida qolgan. Nasriddinning Bayan Fenchan familiyasiga ega boʻlgan oʻgʻli Abubakir Rashiduddin yozgan vaqtda Zaytun viloyatida hokim boʻlgan. U shuningdek, bobosi Sayyid Ajalning unvonini olgan va Xubilay vorisi davrida moliya vaziri boʻlgan. Nasriddinni Marko Polo tilga oladi va uni Naskradin tarzida tasvirlaydi[14][15][16].

Ninshiadagi Hui afsonasi mintaqada keng tarqalgan toʻrtta familiyani — Na, Su, La va Dingni Nasriddin bilan bogʻlaydi, ular oʻz ajdodlarining ismini (xitoychada Nasuladin) qismlarga boʻlishgan[17][18]. Chendai Din oilasi, Fudzian undan kelib chiqqan deb daʼvo qiladi[19]. Din oilasining Tayvan, Filippin va Malayziyada boʻlimlari bor, u yerdagi diasporali xitoy jamoalari orasida islom diniga amal qilinmaydi, lekin baribir hui oʻziga xosligini saqlab qolgan. Nasriddinning avlodi Na Chjun 1931-yilda Chjan Ziren, Ma Dzian va Lin Chjunmin bilan birga Al-Azharga yuborilgan talabalardan biri boʻlgan[20].

Koʻpchilik xanlardan tashqari, musulmon Huida ham avlod nomlarini keng qoʻllagan, ular lunzi paybie deb atalgan; masalan, Na oilasida soʻnggi beshta avlod Van, Yu, Chjan, Dian va Hon belgilaridan foydalanilgan. Hukumat nasl-nasabni ommaviy qayd qilishni boshlaganidan beri bu amaliyot asta-sekin yoʻqolib bormoqda[21].

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  1. ↑ Morris Rossabi. From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL, 28 November 2014 — 271–272 bet. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3. 
  2. ↑ Thomas Walker Arnold. The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith. WESTMINSTER: A. Constable and co., 1896 — 248 bet. 2011-yil 29-mayda qaraldi. „several Muhammadans also occupying high posts under the Mongol Khaqaans : such were 'Abdu-r Rahman, wh9o in 1244 was appointed head of the Imperial finances and allowed to farm the taxes imposed upon China 1 ; and Sayyid Ajal, a native of Bukhara, to whom Khubilay Khan, on his accession in 1259, entrusted the management of the Imperial finances ; he died in 1270, leaving a high reputation for honesty, and was succeeded by another Muhammadan named Ahmad, who on the other hand left behind him a reputation the very reverse of that of his predecessor.“ (Original from the University of California)
  3. ↑ Arthur Evans Moule. The Chinese people: a handbook on China .... LONDON : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Northumberland Avenue W.C. : 43 Queen Victoria Street. E.C.: Society for promoting Christian knowledge, 1914 — 317 bet. 2011-yil 17-iyulda qaraldi. „their Mosques at Ganfu (Canton) during the T'ang dynasty (618–907 AD) is certain, and later they spread to Ch'iian-chou and to Kan-p'u, Hangchow, and perhaps to Ningpo and Shanghai. These were not preaching or proselytising inroads, but commercial enterprises, and in the latter half of the eighth century there were Moslem troops in Shensi, 3,000 men, under Abu Giafar, coming to support the dethroned Emperor in AD 756. In the thirteenth century the influence of individual Moslems was immense, especially that of the Seyyid Edjell Shams ed-Din Omar, who served the Mongol Khans till his death in Yunnan AD 1279. His family still exists in Yunnan, and has taken a prominent part in Moslem affairs in China. The present Moslem element in China is most numerous in Yunnan and Kansu; and the most learned Moslems reside chiefly in Ssuch'uan, the majority of their books being printed in the capital city, Ch'eng-tu. Kansu is perhaps the most dominantly Mohammedan province in China, and here many different sects are found, and mosques with minarets used by the orthodox muezzin calling to prayer, and in one place veiled women are met with. These, however, are not Turks or Saracens, but for the most part pure Chinese. The total Moslem population is probably under 4,000,000, though other statistical estimates, always uncertain in China, vary from thirty to ten millions; but the figures given here are the most reliable at present obtainable, and when it is remembered that Islam in China has not been to any great extent a preaching or propagandist power by“ (Original from Harvard University)
  4. ↑ ; Stuart C. Munro-HayIslam: an illustrated history, illustrated, revised, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006 — 226 bet. ISBN 0-8264-1837-6. 2011-yil 17-iyulda qaraldi. „Yunnan - centuries later destined to achieve a brief autonomy as a rebellious Muslim state ~is said, after the Mongol conquest, to have been given to Sayyid Ajall Shams al-Din 'Umar as governor, who introduced Islam there. His son Nasr al-Din's victory over the king of Mien (Burma, now Myanmar) was recorded by Marco Polo (1277)“ 
  5. ↑ M. Th Houtsma. First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936. BRILL, 1993 — 847 bet. ISBN 90-04-09796-1. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „Cingiz Khan took as one of his officers a man who was said to come from Bukhara and claimed to be a descendant of the Prophet, namely Shams al-Din 'Omar, known as Saiyid-i Adjall. . . with notices of his sons Nasir al-Din, the Nescradin of Marco Polo, and Husain. . . According to Fa-Hsiang, Saiyid-i Adjall was the fifth descendant of a certain Su Fei-erh (Sufair?) and 26th in line from the Prophet. . . appointed him governor of Yunnan to restore order there. He was afterwards also given the honorary title "Prince of Hsien Yang". He left five sons and nineteen grandsons. Lepage rightly doubts the authenticity of the genealogical table in Fa-Hsiang. . . According to the usual statements Saiyid-i Adjall came originally from Bukhara and governed Yunnan from 1273 till his death in 1279; he was buried in Wo-erh-to near his capital. His tomb here with its inscriptions was first discovered by the d'Ollone expedition and aroused great interest particularly as there was a second tomb, also with inscription, in Singan-fu. It has now been ascertained that the second grave in Shensi is a cenotaph which only contained the court-dress of the dead governor. . . Among the further descendants may be mentioned Ma Chu (c. 1630–1710) (in the fourteenth generation) who was a learned scholar and published his famous work "The Magnetic Needle of Islam" in 1685; he supervised the renovation of the tomb and temple of his ancestor Saiyid-i Adjall; one of the inscriptions on the tomb is by him. The present head of the family is Na Wa-Ch'ing, Imam of a mosque in the province (d'Ollone, p. 182)“ 
  6. ↑ ()E. J. van Donzel. Islamic desk reference, illustrated E. J. van Donzel: , BRILL, 1994 — 67 bet. ISBN 90-04-09738-4. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „Genghis Khan took as one of his officers Shams al-Din 'Umar, known as Sayyid-i Ajall, who was said to come from Bukhara and claimed to be a descendant of the Prophet. According to the usual statements, Sayyid-i Ajall governed Yunnan from 1273 till his death in 1279. The main credit for the dissemination of Islam in Yunnan is ascribed to Sayyid-i Ajall's son, Nasir al-Din (the Nescradin of Marco Polo; d. 1292). A further descendant was Ma Chu (c. 1630–1710) who published a famous work, called "The Magnetic Needle of Islam".“ 
  7. ↑ M. Th Houtsma. First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936. BRILL, 1993 — 847 bet. ISBN 90-04-09796-1. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „Although Saiyid-i Adjall certainly did much for the propagation of Islam in Yunnan, it is his son Nasir al-Din to whom is ascribed the main credit for its dissemination. He was a minister and at first governed the province of Shansi : he later became governor of Yunnan where he died in 1292 and was succeeded by his brother Husain. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the direction of this movement was from the interior, from the north. The Muhammadan colonies on the coast were hardly affected by it. On the other hand it may safely be assumed that the Muslims of Yunnan remained in constant communication with those of the northern provinces of Shensi and Kansu.“ 
  8. ↑ (Original from the University of Virginia)Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmiʻat al-Malik ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz. Maʻhad Shuʻūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah. Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7-8. The Institute, 1986 — 385 bet. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „On his death he was succeeded by his eldest son, Nasir al-Din (Ch. Na-su-la-ting, the "Nescradin" of Marco Polo), who governed Yunnan between 1279 and I284. Whilst Arab and South Asian Muslims, pioneers of the maritime expansion of Islam in the Bay of Bengal, must have visited the“ 
  9. ↑ (Original from Indiana University)Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal, Volume 7. King Abdulaziz University, 1986. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „Nasir al-Din (Ch. Na-su-la-ting, the "Nescradin" of Marco Polo), who governed Yunnan between 1279 and 12844. Whilst Arab and South Asian Muslims, pioneers of the maritime expansion of Islam in the Bay of Bengal, must have visited the“ 
  10. ↑ ()Thant Myint-U. Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia. Macmillan, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4668-0127-1. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „In this way, Yunnan became known to the Islamic world. When Sayyid Ajall died in 1279 he was succeeded by his son Nasir al-Din who governed for five years and led the invasion of Burma. His younger brother became the Transport Commissioner and the entire family entrenched their influence.“ 
  11. ↑ ()Stephen G. Haw. Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan, illustrated, Psychology Press, 2006 — 164 bet. ISBN 0-415-34850-1. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „Nasir al-Din (Nasulading) was the eldest son of Sa'id Ajall Shams al-Din (see Chapter 7) and followed his father in holding high office in the government of Yunnan. He led campaigns to subjugate various peoples of the province, including the Gold Teeth, and also commanded the invasion of Mien and took part in fighting in Annam. He was rewarded with titles and gifts of money for his prowess. In 1291, he was moved to the government of Shaanxi province, but died of illness the following year (YS: liezhuan 12, 1936). He did not, in fact, command the Mongol army that defeated the invasion by the King of Mien in 1277, as Marco state (MP/Lathan: 185; MP/Hambis: 310). He did, however, lead the attack on Mien immediately afterwards that followed up the defeat of the King's army (see Chapter 7).“ 
  12. ↑ Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David. Traders of the Golden Triangle. Cognoscenti Books — 284 bet. ISBN 1300701463. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. 
  13. ↑ ()Raphael Israeli. Islam in China: religion, ethnicity, culture, and politics. Lexington Books, 2002 — 284 bet. ISBN 0-7391-0375-X. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „Sayyid Adjall probably did much for the spread of Islam in Yunnan, but it is his son Nasir al-Din who is given the main credit for its spread there. The latter had been governor of Shenxi, and when he died in Yunnan as governor there in 1292, he was succeeded by his brother Husayn. Other sons of Sayyid Adjall and their sons in turn hold high office under the Yuan emperors, and the family remained famous in Chinese life. Thus the famous scholar Ma Zhu (Mazhu) (c. 1630–1710) supervised the renovation“ 
  14. ↑ (Original from Harvard University)Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch. Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10, NEW SERIES No. X.. SHANGHAI: Printed At The "CELESTIAL EMPIBE" Office 10-HANKOW BOAD—10.: The Branch, 1876 — 122 bet. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „from which we learn that he submitted to Chinhiz when the latter waged war in western Asia, and entered his life-guard. Under Ogotai and Mangu khans he was governor, and held other offices. Kubilai khan appointed him minister (see also the list of the ministers, in the Yuan shi, chap. cxii). He died in Yunnan, where he had been governor. Five sons of Sai-dien-ch'i are mentioned, viz. Na-su-la-ding (Nasr-uddin), Ha-san (Hassan), Hu-sin (Hussein), Shan-su-ding su-mo-li and Ma-su-hu. All these held high offices. Nasu-la-ding has a separate biography in the same chapter. He was governor in Yunnan, and distinguished himself in the war with the southern tribes of Kiao-chi (Cochin-china) and Mien (Burma). He died in 1292, the father of twelve sons, the names of five of which are given in the biography, viz. Bo-yen ch'a-r, who had a high office, Wu-ma-r, Dje-fa-r (Djafar), Hu-sien (Hussein) and Sha-di (Saadi). The Sai-dien-ch'i of the Chinese authors is without doubt the same personage spoken of by liashid (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, p. 467) under the name of Sayid Edjell. According to the Persian historian, he was a native of Bokhara, and governor of Karadjang (Yunnan) when Kubilai entered the country, under the reign of Mangu. Subsequently he was appointed vizier, and in the beginning of Kubilai's reign ho had charge of the finances. His son Nasruddin was appointed governor in Karadjang, and retained his position in Yunnan till his death, which Rashid, writing about A. D. 1300, says occurred five or six years before (according to the Yuan shi, Na-su-la ding died in 1292). Nasr-uddin's son Ahubeker, who had the surname Bayan Fenchan (evidently the Boyen ch'a-r of the Yuan shi), was governor in Zaitun at the time Bashid wrote. He bore also his grandfather's title of Sayid Edjell, and was minister of Finance under Kubilai's successor (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, pp. 476, 507, 508). Nasr-uddin is mentioned by M. Polo, who styles him Nescradin (vol. ii, p. 66). 44. In chap, exxiii of the Yuan shi, we find the biography of A-la-icu-r-sze, who is stated there to have been a Hui-ho and a native of Ba-wa-r (probably Baurd a city of Khorassan of which I shall speak further on, in Part VI). He was commander of a thousand in his own country. When Chinghiz arrived at Ba-wa-r, he surrendered and entered his army. His son A-la-wu-ding (Alai-eddin) was a valiant warrior in Kubilai's army. He died in 1292, at the age of a hundred and two.“ 
  15. ↑ (Original from Harvard University )E. Bretschneider. Notices of the mediaeval geography and history of central and western Asia. London: Trübner & co., 1876 — 48 bet. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „There is a long biography of Sai-dien-ch'i, from which we learn that he submitted to Chinhiz when the latter waged war in western Asia, and entered his life-guard. Under Ogotai and Mangu khans he was governor, and held other offices. Kubilai khan appointed him minister (see also the list of the ministers, in the Yuan shi, chap. cxii). He died in Yunnan, where he had been governor. Five sons of Sai-dien-ch'i are mentioned, viz. Na-su-to-ding (Nasr-uddin), Ha-san (Hassan), Hu-sin (Hussein), Shan-su-ding wu-moli and Ma-su-hu. All these held high offices. Na-su-la-ding has a separate biography in the same chapter. Ha was governor in Yunnan, and distinguished himself in the war with the southern tribes of 3jg g£ Kiad-chi (Cochin-china) and jgg Mien (Burma). He died in 1292, the father of twelve sons, the names of five of which are given in the biography, viz. Bo-yen ch'a-r, who had a high office, Wu-ma-r, Dje-fa-r (Djafar), Hu-sien (Hussein) and Sha-di (Saadi). The Sai-dien-ch'i of the Chinese authors is without doubt the same personage spoken of by Hashid (D'Ohsson, tom, ii, p. 467) under the name of Sayid EdjelI. According to the Persian historian, he was a native of Bokhara, and governor of Karadjang (Yunnan) when Kubilai entered the country, under the reign of Mangu. Subsequently he was appointed vizier, and in the beginning of Kubilai's reign he had charge of the finances. His son Nasruddin was appointed governor in Karadjang, and retained his position in Yunnan till his death, which Rashid, writing about A. D. 1300, says occurred five or six years before (according to the Yuan shi, Na-su-la ding died in 1292). Nasr-uddin's son Abubeker, who had the surname Bayan Fenchan (evidently the Boyen ch'a-r of the Yuan shi), was governor in Zaitun at the time Rashid wrote. He bore also his grandfather's title of Sayid Edjell, and was minister of Finance under Kubilai's successor (D'Ohsson, tom, ii, pp. 476, 507, 508). Nasr-uddin is mentioned by M. Polo, who styles him Nescradin (vol. ii, p. 66).“ 
  16. ↑ (Original from the University of Michigan )Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch, Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society. Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10, NEW SERIES No. X.. SHANGHAI: Printed At The "CELESTIAL EMPIBE" Office 10-HANKOW BOAD—10.: Kelly & Walsh, 1876 — 122 bet. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. 
  17. ↑ Dillon, Michael. China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Routledge, 1999 — 22 bet. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. 
  18. ↑ ( ); Brett De Bary"Race" panic and the memory of migration. Hong Kong University Press, 2001 — 297 bet. ISBN 962-209-561-5. 2011-yil 20-dekabrda qaraldi. „In addition to the Muslim soldiers and officials who had arrived with the Mongol forces in Yunnan in 1253, many other Muslims settled here as well, and within 50 years the Muslim population of the region was sufficiently large to be noted by both Rashid al-Din (the Persian historian) and Marco Polo in their writings. . . Among Sayyid 'Ajall's twelve sons and numerous grandsons, many served throughout China and there are Muslim communities scattered across the country who can trace their genealogies back to him. The largest number, however, remained in Yunnan. His eldest son, Nasir al-Din (Ch. Na-su-la-ding), also held a high office in Yunnan, and is commonly credited with providing the source for traditional Han Chinese surnames that all Muslims were required by the state to adopt during the Ming period (1368–1644). In Yunnan, after Ma (the surname which derives from the transliteration of the name of Muhammad) the most common surnames for Muslims are Na, Su, La, and Ding.“ 
  19. ↑ Angela Schottenhammer. The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration Angela Schottenhammer: . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008 — 123 bet. ISBN 978-3-447-05809-4. 2010-yil 28-iyunda qaraldi. 
  20. ↑ 编导：韩玲 (Director: Han Ling) 摄像：李斌 (Photography: Li Bin) (央视国际 (CCTV international)). 2005年02月24日 16:22.
  21. ↑ China off center: mapping the margins of the middle kingdom, illustrated, University of Hawaii Press, 2002 — 121 bet. ISBN 0-8248-2577-2. 2011-yil 9-aprelda qaraldi. „ma surname hui.“  
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