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Shengen hududi

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Shengen hududi (inglizcha: /ˈʃɛŋən/ SHENG-ən, lyuk. [ˈʃæŋən]) - oʻzaro chegaralarida barcha pasport va boshqa barcha turdagi chegara nazoratini rasman bekor qilgan 29 ta Yevropa davlatini oʻz ichiga olgan hudud. Yevropa Ittifoqining erkinlik, xavfsizlik va adolat siyosatining kengroq sohasi boʻlib, u asosan xalqaro sayohatlar uchun umumiy viza siyosati ostida yagona yurisdiktsiya sifatida ishlaydi. Hudud 1985-yilgi Shengen shartnomasi va 1990-yilgi Shengen konvensiyasi sharafiga nomlangan, ikkalasi ham Shengen, Lyuksemburgda imzolangan.

Yevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo 27 davlatdan 25 tasi Shengen hududida joylashgan. Kipr kelajakda hududga qoʻshilishga qonuniy ravishda majbur; Irlandiya rad etishni davom ettiradi va buning oʻrniga oʻz viza siyosatini yuritadi. Yevropa erkin savdo assotsiatsiyasiga (EFTA) aʼzo boʻlgan toʻrtta davlat – Islandiya, Lixtenshteyn, Norvegiya va Shveysariya - Yevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo emas, lekin Shengen kelishuvi bilan hamkorlikda shartnomalar imzolagan. Shuningdek,Yevropaning uchta mikrodavlati – Monako, San-Marino va Vatikan oʻz qoʻshnilari bilan yoʻlovchi tashish uchun ochiq chegaralarni saqlab turadi va ularga tranzitsiz yoki tranzitsiz sayohat qilishning amaliy imkoni yoʻqligi sababli Shengen hududining de-fakto aʼzolari hisoblanadi[1].

Shengen hududida deyarli 420 million kishi istiqomat qiladi va maydoni 4,312,099 km kv[2]. Har kuni 1,7 millionga yaqin odam Yevropaning ichki chegarasi orqali ishlash uchun oʻtadi va baʼzi mintaqalarda bu odamlar ishchi kuchining uchdan bir qismini tashkil qiladi. Har yili Shengen chegaralarini jami 1,3 milliard inson kesib oʻtadi. Har yili 2,8 trillion Yevro qiymatiga ega boʻlgan 57 millionta oʻtish avtomobil transportida yuk tashish hisobiga amalga oshiriladi[3][4][5]. Shengen tufayli savdo narxining pasayishi geografiya, savdo sheriklari va boshqa omillarga qarab 0,42% dan 1,59% gacha oʻzgarib turadi. Shengen hududidan tashqaridagi davlatlar ham foyda koʻradi[6]. Shengen hududi davlatlari Shengenga kirmagan davlatlar bilan chegara nazoratini kuchaytirishgan[7].

Tarixi

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Shengen shartnomasi 1985-yil 14-iyunda Yevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo oʻnta davlatdan beshtasi[8] tomonidan Shengen (Lyuksemburg) shahrida imzolangan. Shengen hududi Yevropa hamjamiyatlaridan alohida tashkil etilgan, bunda Yevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo barcha davlatlar oʻrtasida chegara nazoratini bekor qilish boʻyicha konsensusga erishilmagan.

Shartnoma 1990-yilda ichki chegara nazoratini bekor qilishni va umumiy viza siyosatini taklif qilgan Shengen konventsiyasi bilan toʻldirildi[9]. Shartnomalar va ular boʻyicha qabul qilingan qoidalar EK tuzilmalaridan butunlay alohida edi va 1995-yil 26-martda Shengen hududining yaratilishiga olib keldi[10].

Yevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo davlatlar koʻproq Shengen bitimini imzolaganligi sababli, uni Yevropa Ittifoqi tartiblariga kiritish boʻyicha konsensusga erishildi. Bitim va unga tegishli konvensiyalar 1999-yilda kuchga kirgan Amsterdam shartnomasi bilan Yevropa Ittifoqi qonunchiligining asosiy oqimiga kiritilgan. Shartnomaning Yevropa huquqining bir qismi boʻlishining natijasi shundaki, har qanday tuzatish yoki tartibga solish uning jarayonlari doirasida amalga oshiriladi, bundaYevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo boʻlmaganlar ishtirok etmaydi.

Buyuk Britaniya, Crown Dependencies va Irlandiya 1923-yildan beri umumiy sayohat hududini (CTA) boshqaradi (pasportsiz sayohat va bir-birlari bilan harakatlanish erkinligi bilan), ammo Buyuk Britaniya boshqa mamlakatlar bilan chegara nazoratini bekor qilmadi va shuning uchun undan voz kechdi. Shengen shartnomasini imzolamagan boʻlsa-da, Irlandiya har doim qoʻshilishni koʻproq maʼqul koʻrgan, ammo CTA va uning Shimoliy Irlandiya bilan ochiq chegarasini saqlab qolish uchun buni qilmagan.

Aʼzolik

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Hozirgi aʼzolar

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Shengen hududi 26 ta davlatdan iborat boʻlib, ulardan toʻrttasi Yevropa Ittifoqiga (EI) aʼzo emas. Yevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo boʻlmaganlardan ikkitasi – Islandiya va Norvegiya – Shimoliy Pasport Ittifoqining bir qismidir va rasmiy ravishdaYevropa Ittifoqining Shengen faoliyati bilan bogʻliq davlatlar sifatida tasniflanadi. 2008-yilda Shveysariyaga ham xuddi shunday tarzda ishtirok etishga ruxsat berilgan. Lixtenshteyn Shengen hududiga 2011-yil 19-dekabrda qoʻshilgan[11]. De-fakto, Shengen hududiga uchta Yevropa mikrodavlati ham kiradi – Monako, San-Marino va Vatikan – Shengenga aʼzo boshqa davlatlar bilan ochiq yoki yarim ochiq chegaralarni saqlaydilar[1].

Bir Yevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo davlat – Irlandiya – Shengendan voz kechish boʻyicha muzokaralar olib bordi. Yevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo davlatlar bilan chegara nazoratini amalga oshirishda davom etmoqda, shu bilan birga Buyuk Britaniya (sobiq YeI aʼzosi) va Crown Dependencies bilan ochiq chegaradagi umumiy sayohat hududining bir qismidir. Qolgan toʻrtta Yevropa Ittifoqiga aʼzo davlatlar – Bolgariya, Xorvatiya, Kipr va Ruminiya – Qoʻshilish toʻgʻrisidagi shartnomalari boʻyicha Shengen hududiga qoʻshilish majburiyatini oladilar. Biroq, Shengen qoidalarini toʻliq amalga oshirishdan oldin, har bir davlat oʻz tayyorgarligini toʻrtta yoʻnalishda baholashi kerak: havo chegaralari, vizalar, politsiya bilan hamkorlik va shaxsiy maʼlumotlarni himoya qilish. Ushbu baholash jarayoni soʻrovnoma va Yevropa Ittifoqi ekspertlarining baholanayotgan mamlakatdagi tanlangan muassasalar va ish joylariga tashriflarini oʻz ichiga oladi[12].

2020-yil oxirida Yevropa Ittifoqi / EEA aʼzolari oʻrtasida chegara nazorati boʻlgan yagona quruqlik chegaralari (vaqtinchaliklarni hisobga olmaganda) Bolgariya, Xorvatiya va Ruminiyani bir-biridan va Yevropa Ittifoqining qolgan qismidan ajratadigan chegaralardir[13].

Jadval

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Shengen hududi a'zolari
Davlat Maydon

(km2) 		Aholi A'zo bo'lgan sanasi Birinchi amalga oshirish sanasi
Avstriya bayrogʻi Avstriya 83 871 8 979 894 28 Aprel 1995[14] 1 Dekabr 1997[15][16]
Belgiya bayrogʻi Belgiya 30 528 11 825 551 14 Iyun 1985[17] 26 Mart 1995[18]
Chexiya bayrogʻi Chexiya 78 866 10 909 500 16 Aprel 2003 21 Dekabr 2007[19]
Daniya bayrogʻi Daniya

       (Grenlandiya bayrogʻi Grenlandiya va Farer orollari bayrogʻi Farer orollari bundan mustasno) 		43 094 5 822 863 19 Dekabr 1996[20] 25 Mart 2001[21]
Estoniya bayrogʻi Estoniya 45 338 1 369 995 16 Aprel 2003 21 Dekabr 2007[19]
Finlandiya bayrogʻi Finlandiya 338 145 5 608 218 19 Dekabr 1996[22] 25 Mart 2001[21]
Fransiya bayrogʻi Fransiya

       (chet eldagi bo'limlar va jamoalar bundan mustasno) 		551 695 68 605 616 14 Iyun 1985[17] 26 Mart 1995[18]
Olmoniya bayrogʻi Germaniya

(ilgari Busingen am Hochrhein bundan mustasno)[23] 		357 022 83 577 140 14 Iyun 1985[17] 26 Mart 1995[18]
Yunoniston bayrogʻi Gretsiya 131 990 10 482 487 6 Noyabr 1992[24] 1 Yanvar 2000[25]
Vengriya bayrogʻi Vengriya 93 030 9 603 634 16 Aprel 2003 21 Dekabr 2007[19]
Islandiya bayrogʻi Islandiya 103 000 364 260 19 Dekabr 1996[26]

18 May 1999[27] 		25 Mart 2001[21]
Italiya bayrogʻi Italiya 301 318 58 850 717 27 Noyabr 1990[28] 26 Oktyabr 1997[16][29][Note 1]
Latviya bayrogʻi Latviya 64 589 1 856 932 16 Aprel 2003 21 Dekabr 2007[19][Note 2]
 Lixtenshteyn[Note 3] 160 10 609 460 28 Fevral 2008[30] 19 Dekabr 2011[31]
Litva bayrogʻi Litva 65 300 2 860 002 16 Aprel 2003 21 Dekabr 2007[19][Note 2]
Lyuksemburg bayrogʻi Lyuksemburg 2 586 681 973 14 Iyun 1985[17] 26 Mart 1995[18]
Malta bayrogʻi Malta 316 553 214 16 Aprel 2003 21 Dekabr 2007[19][Note 2]
Niderlandlar bayrogʻi Niderlandiya

       ( Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten va Caribbean Netherlands bundan mustasno) 		41 526 17 942 942 14 Iyun 1985[17] 26 Mart 1995[18]
Norvegiya bayrogʻi Norvegiya [Note 3]

       (Svalbard bundan mustasno)[32] 		385 155 5 627 400 19 Dekabr 1996[26]

18 May 1999[27][Note 4] 		25 Mart 2001[21]
Polsha bayrogʻi Polsha 312 683 37 563 071 16 Aprel 2003 21 Dekabr 2007[19][Note 2]
Portugaliya bayrogʻi Portugaliya 92 391 10 347 892 25 Iyun 1991[33] 26 Mart 1995[18]
Slovakiya bayrogʻi Slovakiya 49 037 5 409 407 16 Aprel 2003 21 Dekabr 2007[19][Note 2]
Sloveniya bayrogʻi Sloveniya 20 273 2 066 880 16 Aprel 2003 21 Dekabr 2007[19][Note 2]
Ispaniya bayrogʻi Ispaniya

       (Seuta va Melilla uchun maxsus qoidalar bilan)[Note 5] 		505 990 48 592 909 25 Iyun 1991[35][36] 26 Mart 1995[18]
Shvetsiya bayrogʻi Shvetsiya 449 964 10 609 460 19 Dekabr 1996[37] 25 Mart 2001[21]
Shveytsariya bayrogʻi Shveysariya [Note 3]

       (Büsingen am Hochrhein bilan) 		41 285 9 104 063 26 Oktyabr 2004[38] 12 Dekabr 2008[39][Note 6]
Yevropa Ittifoqi Yevropa Ittifoqi Yevropa Ittifoqi 4 189 111 417 597 460 14 Iyun 1985[17] 26 Mart 1995[18]

Manbalar

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 „Tourist, Student and Work visa to Europe“. Swift Tourism (2010). 5-sentabr 2017-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 14-sentabr 2011-yil.
  2. ↑ European Commission. The Schengen Area. European Commission, 12-dekabr 2008-yil. DOI:10.2758/45874. ISBN 978-92-79-15835-3. Qaraldi: 13-aprel 2013-yil. 
  3. ↑ European Parliamentary Research Service. „The economic impact of suspending Schengen“ (2016-yil mart). Qaraldi: 15-iyun 2017-yil.
  4. ↑ European Council on Foreign Relations. „The Future of Schengen“ (2016). Qaraldi: 15-iyun 2017-yil.
  5. ↑ „Schengen's economic impact: Putting up barriers“. The Economist (6-fevral 2016-yil). Qaraldi: 15-iyun 2017-yil.
  6. ↑ „Trade costs of border controls in the Schengen area“. Centre for Economic Policy Research (27-aprel 2016-yil). Qaraldi: 15-iyun 2017-yil.
  7. ↑ „The refugee crisis: Fixing Schengen is not enough“. Qaraldi: 14-dekabr 2018-yil.
  8. ↑ Fortress Europe, BBC World Service
  9. ↑ „The Schengen Area“. European Commission. Qaraldi: 15-sentabr 2011-yil.
  10. ↑ „Liechtenstein to join Schengen“. Council of the European Union (2011). 16-aprel 2012-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 16-dekabr 2011-yil.
  11. ↑ „The Schengen Area and cooperation“. europa.eu (3-avgust 2009-yil).
  12. ↑ „Update of the list of border crossing points as referred to in Article 2 (8) of Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code)“. europa.eu. European Union (25-iyul 2018-yil).
  13. ↑ „Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Republic of Austria to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985, as amended by the Protocols of 27 November 1990, 25 June 1991 and 6 November 1992 on the accession of the Governments of the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic and the Hellenic Republic, respectively“. Government of the Netherlands. Qaraldi: 31-oktabr 2014-yil.
  14. ↑ „Beschluß des Exekutivausschusses zur Inkraftsetzung des Schengener Durchführungsübereinkommens in Österreich“ (7-oktabr 1997-yil). Qaraldi: 1-noyabr 2014-yil.
  15. ↑ 16,0 16,1 „Council Decision of 20 May 1999 concerning the definition of the Schengen acquis for the purpose of determining, in conformity with the relevant provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Treaty on European Union, the legal basis for each of the provisions or decisions which constitute the acquis“. Official Journal of the European Union. L-jild, № 176/1. 10-iyul 1999-yil. Qaraldi: 1-noyabr 2014-yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
  16. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 17,5 „Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the Gradual Abolition of Checks at their Common Borders“. Government of the Netherlands. Qaraldi: 31-oktabr 2014-yil.
  17. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 18,4 18,5 18,6 18,7 „Decision of the Executive Committee of 22 December 1994 on bringing into force the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 19 June 1990“. Official Journal of the European Union. L-jild, № 239/130. 22-dekabr 1994-yil. Qaraldi: 31-oktabr 2014-yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
  18. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 19,4 19,5 19,6 19,7 19,8 „COUNCIL DECISION of 6 December 2007 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic“. Official Journal of the European Union. L-jild, № 323/34. 8-dekabr 2007-yil. Qaraldi: 27-oktabr 2014-yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
  19. ↑ „Protocol on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark to the Agreement on the gradual abolition of controls at the contracting parties' common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985“. Government of the Netherlands. Qaraldi: 31-oktabr 2014-yil.
  20. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 „COUNCIL DECISION of 1 December 2000 on the application of the Schengen acquis in Denmark, Finland and Sweden, and in Iceland and Norway“. Official Journal of the European Union. L-jild, № 309/24. 9-dekabr 2000-yil. Qaraldi: 27-oktabr 2014-yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
  21. ↑ „Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Republic of Finland to the Agreement on the gradual abolition of controls at the contracting parties' common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985“. Government of the Netherlands. Qaraldi: 31-oktabr 2014-yil.
  22. ↑ „Vertrag zwischen der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland über die Einbeziehung der Gemeinde Büsingen am Hochrhein in das schweizerische Zollgebiet“ (olmoncha). Fedlex (3-sentabr 1998-yil). — „Art. 16 Im Verkehr zwischen Büsingen va Shveysariya ist für Deutsche und Schweizerbürger ein Grenzübertrittspapier nicht erforderlich. Eine Grenzabfertigung findet nicht statt. (Translation:In traffic between Büsingen and Switzerland a document valid for border crossing is not required for German and Swiss citizens. There is no border control.)“. Qaraldi: 9-fevral 2021-yil.
  23. ↑ „Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Hellenic Republic to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985, as amended by the Protocol signed at Paris on 27 November 1990 on the accession of the Government of the Italian Republic and by the Protocols signed at Bonn on 25 June 1991 on the accession of the Governments of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic“. Government of the Netherlands. Qaraldi: 31-oktabr 2014-yil.
  24. ↑ „COUNCIL DECISION of 13 December 1999 on the full application of the Schengen acquis in Greece“. Official Journal of the European Union. L-jild, № 327/58. 9-dekabr 2000-yil. Qaraldi: 27-oktabr 2014-yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
  25. ↑ 26,0 26,1 „Cooperation agreement between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the Portuguese Republic, the Hellenic Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, i.e. the Contracting Parties to the Schengen Agreement and to the Schengen Convention, and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway, on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders“. Government of the Netherlands. Qaraldi: 1-noyabr 2014-yil.
  26. ↑ 27,0 27,1 „Agreement with the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis“. Council of the European Union. Qaraldi: 1-noyabr 2014-yil.
  27. ↑ „Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Italian Republic to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985“. Government of the Netherlands. Qaraldi: 31-oktabr 2014-yil.
  28. ↑ 29,0 29,1 „Resolución de 26 de mayo de 1998, de la Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores“ (10-iyul 1997-yil). 20-oktabr 2017-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 3-noyabr 2022-yil.
  29. ↑ „Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis“. Council of the European Union. Qaraldi: 1-noyabr 2014-yil.
  30. ↑ „COUNCIL DECISION of 13 December 2011 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Principality of Liechtenstein“. Official Journal of the European Union. L-jild, № 334/27. 5-dekabr 2011-yil. Qaraldi: 27-oktabr 2014-yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
  31. ↑ „Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis - Final Act“.
  32. ↑ „Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Portuguese Republic to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985, as amended by the Protocol on the accession of the Italian Republic signed at Paris on 27 November 1990“. Government of the Netherlands. Qaraldi: 31-oktabr 2014-yil.
  33. ↑ Declaration No. 1. on Ceuta and Melilla attached to the Final Act of the Accession Treaty of the Kingdom of Spain to the Schengen Agreement (OJ L 239, 22 September 2000, p. 69)
  34. ↑ „Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Kingdom of Spain to the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, as amended by the Protocol on the accession of the Italian Republic signed at Paris on 27 November 1990“. Government of the Netherlands. Qaraldi: 31-oktabr 2014-yil.
  35. ↑ „The Schengen acquis - Agreement on the Accession of the Kingdom of Spain to the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders signed at Schengen on 19 June 1990, to which the Italian Republic acceded by the Agreement signed at Paris on 27 November 1990“. eur-lex.europa.eu.
  36. ↑ „Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden to the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 on the gradual abolition of controls at the contracting parties' common borders“. Government of the Netherlands. Qaraldi: 31-oktabr 2014-yil.
  37. ↑ „Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis“. Council of the European Union. Qaraldi: 1-noyabr 2014-yil.
  38. ↑ 39,0 39,1 „COUNCIL DECISION of 27 November 2008 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Swiss Confederation“. Official Journal of the European Union. L-jild, № 327/15. 5-dekabr 2008-yil. Qaraldi: 27-oktabr 2014-yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()


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