Harrat al-Sham

Ḥarrat al-Shām (arabcha: حَرَّة ٱلشَّام)^[1]^{[nb 1]}, shuningdek, Qora cho'l^[2] nomi bilan ham tanilgan. U Suriya janubi va Arabiston yarim orolining shimolida joylashgan qoyali, basalt cho'llari hududidir. Hozirgi Suriya Arab Respublikasi, Lordaniya, Isroil va Saudiya Arabistonida taxminan 40 000 km2 (15 000 sq mi) maydonini egallaydi. Oʻsimliklardan balandroq joylarda archalar, qolgan qismlari asosan ochiq butazorlardan iborat^[3].

Harrat odamlar tomonidan oxirgi marta so'nggi epipaeolit davrida (miloddan avvalgi 12,500–9500 yillar) o'zlashtirilgan^[4]. Ma'lum bo'lgan eng qadimgi joylaridan biri Shubayqa 1 (miloddan avvalgi 12600-10000 yillar davomida o`zlashtirilgan) bo'lib, u yerda arxeologlar eng qadimgi non qoldiqlarini topishgan.

Geologiyasi

Harrat oligotsendan to toʻrtlamchi davrgacha boʻlgan tektonik harakatlar natijasida hosil boʻlgan vulqon maydonlarini oʻz ichiga oladi. Bu Arab plitasidagi bir nechta vulqon maydonlarining eng kattasi bo'lib, unda 800 dan ortiq vulqon konuslaridan 140ga yaqini qo'zg'algan holdagilari hisoblanadi. Faoliyati Miotsen davrida boshlangan vulqon maydonining SE uchida ertaroq otilish bosqichi kech pleytotsen va golotsen davrida sodir bo'lgan. U tarixiy davrlarda otilib chiqqani bizga ma'lum^[5]^[6].

Jabal al-Druze, al-Safo va Dirat at-Tulul vulqon konlari va boshqalar harratning shimoliy va Suriya qismini tashkil qiladi. Harrat Ash Shamah vulqon maydonining Saudiya Arabistonidagi qismi Sirxon vodiysining shimoliy qirg'og'ida uzunligi 210 km (130 mil), kengligi taxminan 75 km (47 mil) bo'lgan shimoldan janubga tomon yo'nalish bo'ylab cho'zilgan va 1100 ga etadi. metr (3600 fut) balandligi Jabal Al-Amudda. Saudiya Arabistonining shimoli-g'arbiy qismidagi Tabuk mintaqasida joylashgan. va Qizil dengiz sohiliga parallel boʻlgan toʻrtlamchi davr vulqon maydonlari qatoridan biridir.

Arxeologik joylari

Desert kites

Jordan

Jawa, Early Bronze Age proto-urban settlement
Qasr Azraq and Qasr 'Ain es-Sil, ancient fortified sites in the Azraq Oasis
Qasr Burqu', ancient "desert castle"
Qasr Usaykhim, ancient fort northeast of Azraq
Shubayqa 1, Stone Age (Natufian) hunter-gatherer site with oldest bread-making find in the world

Boshqa havolalar

Badia region
Hauran, historical region partially overlapping with Harrat al-Sham
List of volcanoes in Saudi Arabia
Sarat Mountains
- Midian Mountains

Variously transcribed as the harra, Ḥarrat ash-Shāmah (حَرَّة ٱلشَّامَة) or Ḥarrate-Shāmah (حَرَّةِ شَامَة).^{[citation needed]}

↑ Variously transcribed as the harra, Ḥarrat ash-Shāmah (حَرَّة ٱلشَّامَة) or Ḥarrate-Shāmah (حَرَّةِ شَامَة).^{[manba kerak]}

Manbalar

↑ Ibrahim, K. (1993), The geological framework for the Harrat Ash-Shaam Basaltic Super-Group and its volcanotectonic evolution, Jordan: Bulletin 24, Geological Mapping Division, Natural Resources Authority
↑ Betts, Alison (1982). "A Natufian site in the Black Desert, Eastern Jordan". Paléorient 8 (2): 79–82. doi:10.3406/paleo.1982.4322. ISSN 0153-9345.
↑ S.A. Ghazanfar, Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula (Springer Science & Business Media, 1998) p 272.
↑ Richter, Tobias „Natufian and early Neolithic in the Black Desert“,. Quaternary of the Levant: Environments, Climate Change, and Humans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017 — 715–722 bet. ISBN 978-1-107-09046-0.
↑ Geological Survey Professional Paper. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989 — 153 bet.
↑ Peter Vincent, Saudi Arabia: An Environmental Overview (CRC Press, 2008) p22.

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar

Ilani, S., Harlavan, Y., Tarawneh, K., Rabba, I., Weinberger, R., Khalil, I., va Peltz, S. (2001), "Yordaniyadagi Harrat Ash Shaam volkan maydonidan bazalatlarning yangi K-Ar davrlari: G'arbiy Arab tekisining pastidagi yuqori mantalining ko'tarilishi va davomiyligi uchun ta'sirlar" Geologiya 29 (2):171-174
Kempe, S. va Al-Malabeh, A. (2005), "Al-Shaam platolarining yangi kashf etilgan lav tunellari", Geofizik tadqiqot abstraktlari 7, Yevropa geofilmlar ittifoqi
Salf, S.I. (1988), "Kenozoik bazaltli toshlarning maydon va petrografik xususiyatlari, Shimoliy-g'arbiy Saudiya Arabistoni" Afrika Yer fanlari jurnali, 7 (5):805-809
Vaynstein, Y., Navon, O., Altherr, R. va Stein, M., (2006) "N.W. Harrat Ash Shaam (Isroil) dan Plio-Pleistocen alkali bazalt suitlari ishlab chiqarishda litosferik mantel heterogenligining roli", Journal of Petrology 47 (5):1017-1050
Al Kwatli, MA, Gillot, P.Y., Zeyen, H., Hildenbrand, A. va Al Gharib, I., 2012. Arab tekisining shimoliy qismining volkan-tektonik evolyutsiyasi yangi K-Ar davrlari va masofa-tashkilot natijasida: Harrat Ash Shaam volkanik viloyat (Suriya). Tektonofizik, 580, 192-207.

Tashqi havolalar

VolcanoWorld ma'lumot va havo fotosuratlari

Andoza:Mountains in the Arabian Peninsula

[2] Variously transcribed as the harra, Ḥarrat ash-Shāmah (حَرَّة ٱلشَّامَة) or Ḥarrate-Shāmah (حَرَّةِ شَامَة).^{[manba kerak]}

[1] Ibrahim, K. (1993), The geological framework for the Harrat Ash-Shaam Basaltic Super-Group and its volcanotectonic evolution, Jordan: Bulletin 24, Geological Mapping Division, Natural Resources Authority

[3] Betts, Alison (1982). "A Natufian site in the Black Desert, Eastern Jordan". Paléorient 8 (2): 79–82. doi:10.3406/paleo.1982.4322. ISSN 0153-9345.

[4] S.A. Ghazanfar, Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula (Springer Science & Business Media, 1998) p 272.

[Richter20172-5] Richter, Tobias „Natufian and early Neolithic in the Black Desert“,. Quaternary of the Levant: Environments, Climate Change, and Humans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017 — 715–722 bet. ISBN 978-1-107-09046-0.

[6] Geological Survey Professional Paper. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989 — 153 bet.

[7] Peter Vincent, Saudi Arabia: An Environmental Overview (CRC Press, 2008) p22.

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