Fotimaning ismlari va unvonlari
Fotima (milodiy 605/606–632) – islom paygʻambari Muhammadning qizi va uning amakivachchasi Roshidun xalifaligining toʻrtinchi xalifasi va shialikning birinchi imomi Alining rafiqasi[1]. Fotima shialik mazhabida Iso Masihning onasi Maryamga qiyos qilinadi[1][2]. Manbalarda Muhammad uni ayollarning eng yaxshisi[3][4] va oʻzi uchun eng aziz inson deb bilganligi aytilgan[5]. Fotimaga musulmon ayollarga oʻrnak tariqasida rahm-shafqat, saxiylik va azob-uqubatlarga sabrli va chidamli boʻlish namunasi sifatida qaraladi[1]. Muhammadning nasl-nasabi Fotima orqali saqlanib qolgan[5][4]. Musulmon qizlari uchun Fotima ismi va epitetlari eng koʻp tanlanadigan ism hisoblanadi[6][7].
Ismlar va unvonlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Fotimaning eng keng tarqalgan epiteti az-Zahra (soʻzma-soʻz 'nur taratadigan, nurli')[3] boʻlib, bu uning taqvodorligi va muntazam ravishda namozni kanda qilmay oʻqiganligini koʻrsatadi[8][3]. Shia olimi Ibn Bobovahiyning (vafoti: 991) yozishicha, Fotima namoz oʻqiganda xuddi yulduzlar nuri yer ahli uchun porlaganidek, uning nuri jannat ahli uchun porlagan[9]. Fotima shialik mazhabida al-Siddiqa (soʻzma-soʻz 'solihlar')[7], at-Tohira (soʻzma-soʻz 'poklar')[10], al-Muboraka (soʻzma-soʻz 'muborak')[10] va al-Mansura (soʻzma-soʻz 'Alloh tomonidan yordam berilgan') kabi nomlar bilan atalgan[3]. Bir qancha muhaddislar farishtalarning Fotima bilan bir necha marotaba gaplashganliklari haqidagi rivoyatlarga asoslanib[11][12][13], uni Isoning onasi Maryamga qiyoslashadi[12].
Shia va sunniy hadislar toʻplamlarida, jumladan, „Sahihi Buxoriy“ va „Sahihi Muslim“da Fotima Sayyidat Nisaʼ al-Janna (soʻzma-soʻz 'jannat ayollaririning bekasi') va Sayyidat Nisaʼ al-Alamina (soʻzma-soʻz 'dunyo ayollarining bekasi') nomlari bilan atalgan[4].
Fotima[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Fotima ismi shialarning Fotima, uning avlodlari va uning tarafdorlari (shiʼa) doʻzax oʻtidan omon qolganiga ishonishini bildiradi[3][12][14]. Shu bilan bir qatorda, shia manbalarida Fotima soʻzi ilohiy yaratuvchi kuchning yerdagi ramzi sifatida Fotir (soʻzma-soʻz 'yaratuvchi', Xudoning ismi) nomi bilan bogʻlangan[12].
Kunyalari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Fotimaga Ummu Abiha (soʻzma-soʻz 'otasining onasi') kunyasining berilgani uning otasiga juda gʻamxoʻr boʻlganini koʻrsatadi[8][15][5]. Umm al-Aima (soʻzma-soʻz 'Imomlar onasi') kunyasi oʻn ikki imomda berilgan boʻlib[1], imomlardan oʻn bir nafari Fotimaning avlodi hisoblanadi[16].
Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Fedele 2018.
- ↑ Ernst 2003.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Buehler 2014.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Qutbuddin 2006.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Abbas 2021.
- ↑ Amir-Moezzi & Calmard 1999.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Rogerson 2006.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Ruffle 2011.
- ↑ Soufi 1997.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Campo 2009.
- ↑ Aslan 2011.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 Ayoub 2011.
- ↑ Pierce 2016.
- ↑ Thurlkill 2008.
- ↑ Nashat 1983.
- ↑ Glassé 2001a.
Adabiyotlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
- Fadele, Valentina (2018) de-Gaia, Susan, ed. (2018) "FATIMA (605/15-632 CE)" Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions ABC-CLIO p. 56 ISBN 9781440848506 https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA56.
- Ernst, Carl. Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003. ISBN 9780807875803.
- Meri, Josef W., ed (2006). "FATIMA (AL-ZAHRA’) BINT MUHAMMAD (CA. 12 BEFORE HIJRA-1 1/CA. 610-632)". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 248-50 b. ISBN 978-0415966900. https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603.
- Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani, eds (2014). "FATIMA (d. 632)". Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. 182-7 b. ISBN 9781610691772. https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up.
- Abbas, Hassan. The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press, 2021. ISBN 9780300252057.
- Aslan, Reza. No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam. Random House, 2011. ISBN 9780812982442.
- Ayoub, Mahmoud M.. Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism. Walter de Gruyter, 2011. ISBN 9783110803310.
- Ruffle, Karen (2011). "May You Learn From Their Model: The Exemplary Father-Daughter Relationship of Mohammad and Fatima in South Asian Shiʿism". Journal of Persianate Studies 4: 12–29. doi:10.1163/187471611X568267. https://www.academia.edu/34132285/May_You_Learn_from_Their_Model_The_Exemplary_Father_Daughter_Relationship_of_Mohammad_and_Fatima_in_South_Asian_Shiism.
- Rogerson, Barnaby. The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism. Abacus, 2006. ISBN 9780349117577.
- Pierce, Matthew. Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism. Harvard University Press, 2016. ISBN 9780674737075.
- Nashat, Guity. Women and Revolution in Iran. Westview Press, 1983. ISBN 9780865319318.
- Glassé, Cyril (2001). "Fāṭima". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. ISBN 9780759101890. https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up.
- Campo, Juan Eduardo, ed (2009). "Fatima (ca. 605-633)". Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. 230-1 b. ISBN 9781438126968. https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/mode/2up.
- Thurlkill, Mary F.. Chosen Among Women: Mary and Fatima in Medieval Christianity and Shi`ite Islam. University of Notre Dame Pess, 2008. ISBN 9780268093822.
- Glassé, Cyril (2001a). "Fāṭima". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780759101890. https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up.
- "FĀṬEMA". Encyclopædia Iranica. IX/4. 1999. 400-4 b. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fatema.