Januarius MacGahan
| Januarius MacGahan | |
|---|---|
| inglizcha: Januarius Aloysius MacGahan | |
| Tavalludi |
1844-yil 12-iyun |
| Vafoti |
1878-yil 9-iyun Istanbul, Usmonlilar imperiyasi |
| Fuqaroligi |
 AQSh |
| Kasbi | jurnalist |
Januarius Aloysius MaCGahan talaffuzi: Yanuariy Aloiziy MakGaxan (inglizcha: Januarius Aloysius MacGahan /məˈɡæn/ mə-GAN;[1]; 1844-yil 12-iyun, New Lexington, Ohio, AQSh – 1878-yil 9-iyun, Istanbul, Usmonlilar imperiyasi) amerikalik harbiy muxbir, New York Herald va London Daily News[en] gazetalarida ishlagan. 1876-yilda Bolgariyadagi Boshibuzuqlarning vahshiyliklari haqidagi maqolalari bilan tanilgan, bu Yevropada keng jamoatchilik eʼtiborini qozongan va Britaniya hukumatini 1877—1878-yillardagi rus-turk urushida Usmonlilar imperiyasini qoʻllab-quvvatlashdan voz kechishga majbur qilgan[2].
Biografiyasi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Januarius Aloysius MacGahan 1844-yil 12-iyunda Ohio shtati New Lexington shahrida irlandiyalik James MacGahan va Genriette Dampsinelar oilasida tugʻilgan[3]. Amerikaga koʻchib ketishdan oldin James MacGahan 1815-yilda Napoleonni Avliyo Yelena oroliga olib kelgan „Nortumberland“ kemasida xizmat qilgan.
Januarius 7 yoshida otasidan ayrilgan. Oilasiga yordam berish uchun yaqin atrofdagi fermalarda ishlay boshlagan. 17 yoshida Indiana shtatining Huntington shahriga koʻchib oʻtgan va shu yerda sotuvchi va oʻqituvchi boʻlib ishlagan.
1864-yil boshida Januarius Saint Louisga koʻchib oʻtgan va bu yerda bir muddat Union Pacific temir yoʻl kompaniyasida hisobchi boʻlib ishlagan. Saint Louisda u Fuqarolar urushi qahramoni, asli irlandiyalik general Philiph Sheridan bilan uchrashadi. Yigitning keyingi rivojlanishiga foydali taʼsir koʻrsatgan general Sheridan uni Yevropaga huquq fakultetiga borishga koʻndirgan.
1868-yil dekabrda Januarius Brusselga borgan. MacGahan advokat boʻla olmagan, lekin qisqa vaqt ichida nemis va fransuz tillarini puxta egallab, oʻzining chet tillarini oʻrganish qobiliyatini kashf etgan. 1870-yilda Fransiya-Prussiya urushi boshlanib, general Sheridan MacGahanga „New York Herald“ gazetasining Londondagi ofisida urush muxbiri sifatida ishga kirishga yordam bergan.
Jurnalistik faoliyati[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
MacGahanning fransuz armiyasining magʻlubiyatini tasvirlagan yorqin maqolalari yosh jurnalistga shuhrat keltirgan. „New York Herald“ gazetasidagi maqolalari koʻplab Yevropa gazetalari tomonidan qayta nashr etilgan. Urush oxirida fransuz rahbari Léon Mishel Gambetta va Victor Hugodan intervyu olgan. 1871-yil mart oyida Parij kommunasi qoʻzgʻoloni haqida birinchilardan boʻlib xabar bergan. Oʻsha yili MacGahan fransuz harbiylari tomonidan hibsga olingan, ammo AQShning Fransiyadagi elchisining aralashuvi tufayli ozod qilingan.
1871-yilda Januarius MacGahan Sankt-Peterburgdagi „New York Herald“ gazetasida muxbir boʻlib ishboshlangan. Rus tilini tezda oʻzlashtirib olgan va rus zodagonlari bilan aloqa oʻrnatgan. 1873-yilda eski zodagonlar oilasidan chiqqan boʻlajak rafiqasi Varvara Nikolayevna Yelagina bilan uchrashgan[4].
Januarius MacGahan amerikalik general Willam Shermanning Sankt-Peterburgga tashrifini yoritib bergan.
Rus qoʻshinlarining Xiva xonligiga bostirib kirishi rejalashtirilganidan xabar topgan MacGaxan taqiqqa zid ravishda Qizilqumni otda kesib oʻtadi va 1873-yilda Xiva shahrining taslim boʻlganiga guvoh boʻladi. Bu yerda polkovnik Mixail Skobelev bilan uchrashgan, ularning doʻstligi umrining oxirigacha davom etgan. Kampaniya natijalariga koʻra, MacGahan 1874-yilda Londonda va 1875-yilda Moskvada nashr etilgan „Campaigning on the Oxus and the fall of Khiva“ asarini nashr etgan[5].
1874-yilda toʻqqiz oy Ispaniyada boʻlib, Uchinchi Karlist urushini kuzatgan va tasvirlab bergan.
1875-yilda ingliz tadqiqotchisi ser Allan William Young bilan „HMS Pandora“ bug yaxtasida Atlantikadan Tinch okeaniga shimoli-gʻarbiy oʻtish yoʻlini izlash uchun ekspeditsiyaga chiqqan. Ekspeditsiya Kanada Arktikasidagi Peel Sound oroliga yetib borishga muvaffaq boʻlgan, biroq muz toʻplami tufayli qaytishga majbur boʻlgan[6].
Rus-turk urushi va MacGahanning oʻlimi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
1877-yil 24-aprel Rossiya imperiyasi Turkiyaga urush eʼlon qilgan. Turk sultoni Abdulhamid II Rossiyaga qarshi urushda anʼanaviy ittifoqchisi boʻlgan Britaniyadan yordam soʻragan, ammo Britaniya hukumati „jamoatchilik kayfiyati tufayli“ aralasha olmasligini aytgan.
MacGahan Rossiya armiyasidagi Daily News[en] urush muxbiri etib tayinlangan. General Skobelev bilan doʻstligi tufayli doimo birinchi saflarda boʻlgan. Uning hisobotlarida rus-turk urushining barcha asosiy janglari yoritilgan. Turk armiyasining yakuniy magʻlubiyati haqida xabar bergan va San-Stefanoda tinchlik shartnomasini tuzishda ishtirok etgan[7][8].
Istanbulda, Berlin Kongressiga borishga tayyorgarlik koʻrayotganda, MacGahan tif isitmasi bilan kasallangan va 1878-yil 9-iyunda 33 yoshida vafot etgan. Diplomatlar, urush muxbirlari va general Skobelev ishtirokida yunon qabristoniga dafn qilingan[9][10].
Besh yil oʻtgach, oʻsha paytda AQSh armiyasining bosh qoʻmondoni lavozimini egallagan general Sheridanning buyrugʻi bilan Januarius MacGahanning jasadi Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlarga olib kelingan[11][12] va New Lexingtonda qayta dafn etilgan.
Adabiyotlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
- MacGahan, J. A.. Under the Northern Lights; with illustrations by G. R. De Wilde. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876.
- MacGahan, Januarius A.. Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News," J.A. MacGahan, Esq., with An Introduction & Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co., 1876.
- MacGahan, Januarius A.. Campaigning on the Oxus, and the fall of Khiva. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876.
- The War Correspondence of the "Daily News" 1877 with a Connecting Narrative Forming a Continuous History of the War Between Russia and Turkey to the Fall of Kars Including the Letters of Mr. Archibald Forbes, Mr. J. A. MacGahan and Many Other Special Correspondents in Europe and Asia. Macmillan and Co., 1878.
- The War Correspondence of the "Daily News" 1877-1878 continued from the Fall of Kars to the Signature of the Preliminaries of Peace. Macmillan and Co., 1878.
- Adams, W. H. Davenport „Mr. J. A. MacGahan, and Campaigning on the Oxus“,. Some Heroes of Travel, or Chapters from the History of Geographical Discovery and Enterprise. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1880 — 260–292 bet.
- Greene, F. V. „War Correspondents“,. Sketches of Army Life in Russia. W.H. Allen & Co., 1881 — 126–127, 152–163 bet.
- Forbes, Archibald „MacGahan“,. Souvenirs of Some Continents. Macmillan, 1885 — 120–140 bet.
- Forbes, Archibald. Memories and Studies of War and Peace, 2nd, Cassell and Company Limited, 1895 — 16–17, 234, 269 bet.
- Howe, Henry. Historical Collections of Ohio in Two Volumes; An Encyclopedia of the State: History Both General and Local, Geography with Descriptions of Its Counties and Villages, Its Agricultural Manufacturing, Mining and Business Development, Sketches of Eminent and Interesting Characters, Etc., With Notes of a Tour Over It in 1886; The Ohio Centennial Edition. The State of Ohio, 1907 — 394–398 bet.
- Bullard, F. Lauriston „JANUARIUS ALOYSIUS MacGAHAN“,. Famous War Correspondents. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1914 — 115–154 bet.
- Monroe, Will S.. Bulgaria and Her People: with an account of the Balkan wars, Macedonia, and the Macedonia Bulgars. Boston: Colonial Press, 1914 — 41–42 bet.
- Villiers, Frederic. Villiers: His Five Decades of Adventure. Harper & Brothers, 1920 — 126–133 bet.
- Bullard, F. Lauriston „MacGahan, Januarius Aloysius“,. Dictionary of American Biography Malone, Dumas: . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933 — 45–46 bet.
- Pundeff, Marin V. Schuyler and MacGahan Before 1876. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Bulgarian Studies, Varna, June 1978.
- Furneaux, Rupert. The Breakfast War: The Siege of Plevna. Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1958.
- MacDermott, Mercia. A History of Bulgaria 1395–1885. Frederick A. Praeger, 1962 — 277-280 bet. 2021-yil 22-iyunda qaraldi.
- Walker, Dale L.. Januarius MacGahan: The Life and Campaigns of an American War Correspondent. Ohio University Press, 1988.
- Страшимиров, Димитър Т.. История на априлското въстание, 1, Издание и собственост на Пловдивската Окръжна Постоянна Комисия, 1907 — 360–362 bet.
- „Макгахан, Дженерариъс Алойзиус (MacGahan)“,Кратка българска енциклопедия, 1, Българска академия на науките, 1966 — 323 bet.
- Chary, Frederick B.. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations: THE HISTORY OF BULGARIA. Greenwood, An Imprint of ABC-Clio, LLC, 2011 — 33 bet.
Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
- ↑ "MacGahan, Januarius Aloysius", in Webster's Biographical Dictionary (1943/1960), Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
- ↑ MacGahan, Januarius A.. Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News," J.A. MacGahan, Esq., with An Introduction & Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co., 1876. The introduction (p. vii) cites the importance of MacGahan's reports on British policy: 'the letters...have been acknowledged by the Government not only to have made it aware of the important facts of which, until their publication, it was ignorant, but to have changed the conditions under which diplomacy must henceforth be exercised." (p. iii).
- ↑ The 2005 MacGahan Festival (Wayback Machine saytida 2008-02-10 sanasida arxivlangan), MacGahan American-Bulgarian Foundation, New Lexington, Ohio. Accessed 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Todorova, Marii︠a︡ Nikolaeva. Imagining the Balkans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 — 106 bet.
- ↑ MacGahan, Januarius A.. Campaigning on the Oxus, and the fall of Khiva. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1874.
- ↑ MacGahan, Januarius A.. Under the Northern Lights. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876.
- ↑ The War Correspondence of the "Daily News" 1877 with a Connecting Narrative Forming a Continuous History of the War Between Russia and Turkey to the Fall of Kars Including the Letters of Mr. Archibald Forbes, Mr. J. A. MacGahan and Many Other Special Correspondents in Europe and Asia. Macmillan and Co., 1878.
- ↑ The War Correspondence of the "Daily News" 1877-1878 continued from the Fall of Kars to the Signature of the Preliminaries of Peace. Macmillan and Co., 1878.
- ↑ „Death of Mr. MacGahan“, The New York Herald: 7, June 11, 1878, qaraldi: August 3, 2018 — The Library of Congress
- ↑ See Pears, Edwin. Forty Years in Constantinople, The Recollections of Sir Edwin Pears 1873-1915, 1, Herbert Jenkins Limited, 1916 — 24 bet.
- ↑ Martzolff, Clement L. „The Knight of the Pen“,. History of Perry County, Ohio. Ward & Weiland, 1902 — 157–162 bet.
- ↑ Taylor, William Alexander. Centennial History of Columbus and Franklin County, Ohio. The S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1909 — 280 bet.