Sun imperiyasi

	Sun imperiyasi ; 宋朝; imperiya
Poytaxti	Byanlyan (960—1127); Nankin (1129—1138); Linan (1138—1276)
Til(lar)i	xitoy tili
Dini	Konfutsiylik, Buddizm, Daoizm
Maydoni	3 100 000 км² (980)
Aholisi	100 million kishi
Boshqaruv shakli	mutlaq monarxiya
Sulola	Chjao
	Imperator
- 960—976	Chjao Kuanyin
- 1278—1279	Chjao Bin

Sun imperiyasi (xitoycha: 宋朝; pinyin:Sòng Cháo - Sun chao) – Xitoyda 960-yildan 1279-yilgacha mavjud boʻlgan davlat. Hukmron sulola – Chjao (趙).

Imperiyaning tashkil topishi Xitoyning 907-yilda Tan imperiyasi (唐朝) qulaganidan beri davom etib kelgan tarqoqlikka barham beradi. Imperiyaning paydo boʻlishidan oldin besh sulola va oʻn podshohlik davri (五代十国) hukm surgan. 1127-yil Jurchen davlati qoʻshinlari imperiya poytaxti Byanlyanni egallab olishi sulola tarixidagi burilish davri boʻlgan. Imperator uyi Manjuriyaga asir olindi, ammo taxtdan voz kechgan monarxning oʻgʻillaridan biri janubdan Jiangnanga qochishga muvaffaq boʻladi. Poytaxtni Linanga koʻchirib, qoʻmondon Yue Fey jurchenlarning janubga yurishini toʻxtatgan. Shunday qilib, imperiya tarixi poytaxtni koʻchirishdan oldin va keyin mos ravishda Shimoliy va Janubiy davrlarga boʻlinadi. Sun Sariq daryo boʻyidagi anʼanaviy „Xitoy sivilizatsiyasi vatani“ ustidan nazoratni yoʻqotgan boʻlsa-da, Janubiy Sun imperiyasi aholisi koʻp va qishloq xoʻjaligiga moʻljallangan yerlarga ega boʻlganligi sababli Sun iqtisodiyoti kuchli boʻlgan. Janubiy Sun dengiz va quruqlik chegaralarini himoya qilish hamda chet elda dengiz missiyalarini oʻtkazish uchun dengiz kuchlarini ancha kuchaytirgan. Szinlarga va keyinchalik moʻgʻullarga qarshi kurashish uchun Sun poroxdan foydalanish bilan toʻliq inqilobiy yangi harbiy texnologiyani ishlab chiqqan. 1234-yilda Szin imperiyasi moʻgʻullar tomonidan bosib olinib, ular Shimoliy Xitoyni nazorat qilishadi va Janubiy Sun bilan notinch munosabatlari oʻzgarmaydi. Moʻgʻullar imperiyasining toʻrtinchi Buyuk xoni Munke 1259-yilda Sichuandagi Dyaoyuy togʻ qalʼasini qamal qilish paytida vafot etgan. Uning ukasi Xubilay yangi Buyuk Xon deb eʼlon qilinadi, ammo uning daʼvolari gʻarbdagi moʻgʻullar tomonidan qisman tan olingan. 1271-yilda Xubilay Xitoy imperatori deb eʼlon qilindi. Yigirma yillik muntazam urushlardan soʻng, Xubilay qoʻshinlari 1279-yilda Sunni bosib oladi. Moʻgʻullar istilosi Yuan imperiyasi (1271–1368) ostida birlashishga olib kelgan.

Xitoy aholisi IX, X, va XI asrlarda ikki baravar koʻpaygan. Bu oʻsishga markaziy va janubiy Sunda guruch yetishtirishni kengaytirish, Janubi-Sharqiy va Janubiy Osiyodan ertapishar guruchdan foydalanish va keng tarqalgan oziq-ovqat ortiqcha mahsulot ishlab chiqarish sabab boʻlgan. Shimoliy Sun aholini roʻyxatga olishda 20 million xonadon qayd etilgan, bu Xan va Tan sulolalaridan ikki baravar koʻp. Maʼlumotlarga koʻra, Shimoliy Sun Min imperiyasi davrida 120 milliondan 200 millionga yaqin aholiga ega boʻlgan. Aholining keskin oʻsishi zamonaviy Xitoyda iqtisodiy inqilobni keltirib chiqargan. Aholi sonining koʻpayishi, shaharlarning oʻsishi va xalq xoʻjaligining vujudga kelishi markaziy hokimiyatning iqtisodiy ishlarda bevosita ishtirok etishdan asta-sekin chekinishiga olib keladi.

Adabiyotlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

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