Oiladagi zo'ravonlik

Oiladagi zoʻravonlik (shuningdek, oila zoʻravonligi yoki oilaviy zoʻravonlik deb ham ataladi) oila sharoitida, masalan, nikoh yoki birgalikda yashashda sodir etiladigan zoʻravonlik yoki boshqa zoʻravonlik turidir. Oiladagi zoʻravonlik koʻpincha yaqin insoni yoki sherik zoʻravonligining sinonimi sifatida ishlatiladi, u boshqa shaxsga nisbatan yaqin munosabatlardagi odamlardan biri tomonidan qoʻllaniladi va munosabatlarda yoki sobiq turmush oʻrtoqlar yoki sheriklar oʻrtasida sodir boʻlishi kuzatiladi. Keng maʼnoda oiladagi zoʻravonlik bolalar, ota-onalar yoki qariyalarga nisbatan zoʻravonlikni ham oʻz ichiga oladi. U bir nechta shakllarni oʻz ichiga olishi mumkin:jismoniy, ogʻzaki, hissiy, iqtisodiy, diniy, reproduktiv yoki jinsiy zoʻravonlik kabi. Bu eng oddiy zoʻrlash shakllaridan tortib, nikoh davrida zoʻrlash va boshqa zoʻravonlik shakllaridan tortib jismoniy zoʻravonlikgacha boʻlishi mumkin, masalan, boʻgʻish, kaltaklash, ayollarning jinsiy aʼzolarini kesish va kislota tashlash kabi zararlashi yoki oʻlimga sabab boʻlishi mumkin boʻlgan va insonni nazorat qilish uchun buyumdan foydalanishni oʻz ichiga oladi, misol tayoq^[1]^[2]. Maishiy qotillik toshboʻron qilish, kelinni yoqish, nomus uchun oʻldirish va baʼzan birga yashamaydigan oila aʼzolarining zoʻravonligini oʻz ichiga oladi. 2015-yilda Buyuk Britaniya Ichki ishlar vazirligi oiladagi zoʻravonlik taʼrifini nazoratni oʻz ichiga olgan holda majburiy tarzda kengaytirgan^[3].

Butun dunyoda oiladagi zoʻravonlik qurbonlari koʻpchiligini afsuski ayollar tashkil qiladi va ayollar zoʻravonlikning yanada ogʻir shakllarini boshdan kechirishadi^[4]^[5]. Jahon sogʻliqni saqlash tashkiloti (JSST) hisob-kitoblariga binoan, har 3 ayoldan 1 nafari hayotining bir bosqichida oiladagi zoʻravonlikka duchor boʻlgan^[6]. Ular, shuningdek, erkaklarnikiga qaraganda, oʻzini himoya qilishda yaqin sherik zoʻravonligidan foydalanishlari mumkin^[7]. Baʼzi mamlakatlarda oiladagi zoʻravonlik asosli yoki qonuniy deb qaralishi mumkin, ayniqsa ayol tomonidan haqiqiy yoki gumon qilingan xiyonat holatlarida. Tadqiqotlar shuni koʻrsatadiki, mamlakatdagi gender tengligi darajasi va oiladagi zoʻravonlik darajasi oʻrtasida toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri va sezilarli bogʻliqlik mavjud boʻlib, shundan koʻrinadiki, gender tengligi kamroq boʻlgan mamlakatlarda oiladagi zoʻravonlik koʻproq sodir boʻladi^[8]. Oiladagi zoʻravonlik butun dunyo boʻylab erkaklar va ayollar uchun eng kam qayd etilgan jinoyatlardan biridir^[9]^[10]. Bundan tashqari, erkaklar qurbonligi bilan bogʻliq ijtimoiy stigma fikrlar tufayli, oiladagi zoʻravonlik qurboni boʻlgan erkaklar tibbiyot xodimlari tomonidan eʼtibordan chetda qolish ehtimoli tabiiyki oshadi^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14].

Oiladagi zoʻravonlik koʻpincha zoʻravon ular bunga haqli deb hisoblaganda yoki bu maqbul, asosli yoki xabar qilinishi imkonsiz deb hisoblaganda sodir etiladi. Bu bolalar va boshqa oila aʼzolarida avlodlararo zoʻravonlik zanjirini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin, ular bunday zoʻravonlikni maqbul yoki maʼqul degan ega boʻlib qolishlari mumkin. Koʻp odamlar oʻzlarini zoʻravon yoki qurbon deb bilishmaydi, chunki ular oʻzlarining tajribalarini nazoratdan chiqib ketgan oilaviy nizolar deb hisoblashlari mumkin^[15]. Oiladagi zoʻravonlikdan xabardorlik, idrok etish, taʼriflash va hujjatlashtirish turli mamlakatlarda juda farq qiladi. Bundan tashqari, oiladagi zoʻravonlik koʻpincha majburiy yoki yosh nikohlar orasida sodir boʻladi.

Baʼzi munosabatlarda zoʻravonlik bir davr boʻlishi mumkin, bunda keskinliklar kuchayadi va zoʻravonlik harakati sodir boʻladi, keyin yarashuv va xotirjamlik davri keladi. Jabrlanuvchilar izolyatsiya, kuch va nazorat, zoʻravon bilan travmatik bog'lanish, moliyaviy resurslarning yetishmasligi, qoʻrquv va uyat yoki bolalarni himoya qilish sababli uydagi zoʻravonlik holatlarida tuzoqqa tushishi mumkin. Zarar yetkazish natijasida jabrlanuvchilar jismoniy nogironlik, tartibsiz tajovuz, surunkali sogʻliq muammolari, ruhiy kasalliklar, cheklangan moliyaviy va sogʻlom munosabatlar oʻrnatish qobiliyatini boshdan kechirishi mumkin. Jabrlanuvchilar Travma va travmadan soʻng stress buzilishi (TSSB) kabi jiddiy psixologik kasalliklarga duch kelishi mumkin. Zoʻravonlik bilan oilada yashovchi bolalar koʻpincha erta yoshdanoq psixologik muammolarni koʻrsatadilar, masalan, qochish, tahdidlarga oʻta hushyorlik va tartibga solinmagan tajovuzkorlik, bu esa jiddiy travmatizmga olib kelishi mumkin.

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

↑ Woodlock, Delanie (2017). „The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking“. Violence Against Women (inglizcha). 23-jild, № 5. 584–602-bet. doi:10.1177/1077801216646277. ISSN 1077-8012. PMID 27178564.
↑ „WESNET Second National Survey on Technology abuse and domestic violence in Australia“. 26-fevral 2021-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 4-mart 2022-yil.
↑ „Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in an Intimate or Family Relationship Statutory Guidance Framework“. 24-iyul 2018-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 17-iyun 2022-yil.
↑ McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (2011), „Potential problems for the effectiveness of international human rights law as regards domestic violence“, in McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (muh.), International human rights law and domestic violence: the effectiveness of international human rights law, Oxford New York: Taylor & Francis, 13-bet, ISBN 9781136742088, 2016-05-15da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, „This is an issue that affects vast numbers of women throughout all nations of the world. ... Although there are cases in which men are the victims of domestic violence, nevertheless 'the available research suggests that domestic violence is overwhelmingly directed by men against women ... In addition, violence used by men against female partners tends to be much more severe than that used by women against men. Mullender and Morley state that 'Domestic violence against women is the most common form of family violence worldwide.'“
↑ García-Moreno, Claudia; Stöckl, Heidi (2013), „Protection of sexual and reproductive health rights: addressing violence against women“, in Grodin (muh.), Health and human rights in a changing world, Routledge, 780–781-bet, ISBN 9781136688638, 2016-05-06da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, „Intimate male partners are most often the main perpetrators of violence against women, a form of violence known as intimate partner violence, 'domestic' violence or 'spousal (or wife) abuse.' Intimate partner violence and sexual violence, whether by partners, acquaintances or strangers, are common worldwide and disproportionately affect women, although are not exclusive to them.“
↑ „Violence against women“ (inglizcha). www.who.int. Qaraldi: 25-iyul 2022-yil.
↑ Swan, Suzanne C.; Gambone, Laura J.; Caldwell, Jennifer E.; Sullivan, Tami P.; Snow, David L. (2008). „A Review of Research on Women's Use of Violence With Male Intimate Partners“. Violence and Victims. 23-jild, № 3. 301–314-bet. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.301. PMC 2968709. PMID 18624096.
↑ Esquivel-Santoveña, Esteban Eugenio; Lambert, Teri L.; Hamel, John (2013-yil yanvar). „Partner abuse worldwide“ (PDF). Partner Abuse. 4-jild, № 1. 6–75-bet. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.4.1.6. 2016-02-05da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. {{cite magazine}}: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: |date= (yordam)
↑ Strong, Bryan. The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationships in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning, 16-fevral 2010-yil — 447 bet. ISBN 978-1133597469.
↑ Concannon, Diana. Kidnapping: An Investigator's Guide. Newnes, 11-iyul 2013-yil — 30 bet. ISBN 978-0123740311.
↑ Riviello, Ralph. Manual of Forensic Emergency Medicine. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 1-iyul 2009-yil — 129 bet. ISBN 978-0763744625.
↑ Finley, Laura. Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence and Abuse. ABC-CLIO, 16-iyul 2013-yil — 163 bet. ISBN 978-1610690010.
↑ Hess, Kären. Criminal Investigation. Cengage Learning, 1-yanvar 2016-yil — 323 bet. ISBN 978-1435469938.
↑ Lupri, Eugene; Grandin, Elaine (2004), „Consequences of male abuse – direct and indirect“, in Lupri (muh.), Intimate partner abuse against men (PDF), Ottawa: National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, 6-bet, ISBN 9780662379751, January 4, 2009da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi, qaraldi: June 21, 2014
↑ Halket, Megan Mcpherson; Gormley, Katelyn; Mello, Nicole; Rosenthal, Lori; Mirkin, Marsha Pravder (2013). „Stay with or Leave the Abuser? The Effects of Domestic Violence Victim's Decision on Attributions Made by Young Adults“. Journal of Family Violence. 29-jild. 35–49-bet. doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9555-4.

[1] Woodlock, Delanie (2017). „The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking“. Violence Against Women (inglizcha). 23-jild, № 5. 584–602-bet. doi:10.1177/1077801216646277. ISSN 1077-8012. PMID 27178564.

[2] „WESNET Second National Survey on Technology abuse and domestic violence in Australia“. 26-fevral 2021-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 4-mart 2022-yil.

[3] „Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in an Intimate or Family Relationship Statutory Guidance Framework“. 24-iyul 2018-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 17-iyun 2022-yil.

[McQuigg-4] McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (2011), „Potential problems for the effectiveness of international human rights law as regards domestic violence“, in McQuigg, Ronagh J.A. (muh.), International human rights law and domestic violence: the effectiveness of international human rights law, Oxford New York: Taylor & Francis, 13-bet, ISBN 9781136742088, 2016-05-15da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, „This is an issue that affects vast numbers of women throughout all nations of the world. ... Although there are cases in which men are the victims of domestic violence, nevertheless 'the available research suggests that domestic violence is overwhelmingly directed by men against women ... In addition, violence used by men against female partners tends to be much more severe than that used by women against men. Mullender and Morley state that 'Domestic violence against women is the most common form of family violence worldwide.'“

[Grodin-5] García-Moreno, Claudia; Stöckl, Heidi (2013), „Protection of sexual and reproductive health rights: addressing violence against women“, in Grodin (muh.), Health and human rights in a changing world, Routledge, 780–781-bet, ISBN 9781136688638, 2016-05-06da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, „Intimate male partners are most often the main perpetrators of violence against women, a form of violence known as intimate partner violence, 'domestic' violence or 'spousal (or wife) abuse.' Intimate partner violence and sexual violence, whether by partners, acquaintances or strangers, are common worldwide and disproportionately affect women, although are not exclusive to them.“

[6] „Violence against women“ (inglizcha). www.who.int. Qaraldi: 25-iyul 2022-yil.

[Swan-7] Swan, Suzanne C.; Gambone, Laura J.; Caldwell, Jennifer E.; Sullivan, Tami P.; Snow, David L. (2008). „A Review of Research on Women's Use of Violence With Male Intimate Partners“. Violence and Victims. 23-jild, № 3. 301–314-bet. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.301. PMC 2968709. PMID 18624096.

[8] Esquivel-Santoveña, Esteban Eugenio; Lambert, Teri L.; Hamel, John (2013-yil yanvar). „Partner abuse worldwide“ (PDF). Partner Abuse. 4-jild, № 1. 6–75-bet. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.4.1.6. 2016-02-05da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. {{cite magazine}}: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: |date= (yordam)

[Cengage_Learning-9] Strong, Bryan. The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationships in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning, 16-fevral 2010-yil — 447 bet. ISBN 978-1133597469.

[concannon-10] Concannon, Diana. Kidnapping: An Investigator's Guide. Newnes, 11-iyul 2013-yil — 30 bet. ISBN 978-0123740311.

[Riviello_129-11] Riviello, Ralph. Manual of Forensic Emergency Medicine. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 1-iyul 2009-yil — 129 bet. ISBN 978-0763744625.

[Finley_163-12] Finley, Laura. Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence and Abuse. ABC-CLIO, 16-iyul 2013-yil — 163 bet. ISBN 978-1610690010.

[Criminal_Investigation-13] Hess, Kären. Criminal Investigation. Cengage Learning, 1-yanvar 2016-yil — 323 bet. ISBN 978-1435469938.

[Clearinghouse-14] Lupri, Eugene; Grandin, Elaine (2004), „Consequences of male abuse – direct and indirect“, in Lupri (muh.), Intimate partner abuse against men (PDF), Ottawa: National Clearinghouse on Family Violence, 6-bet, ISBN 9780662379751, January 4, 2009da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi, qaraldi: June 21, 2014

[15] Halket, Megan Mcpherson; Gormley, Katelyn; Mello, Nicole; Rosenthal, Lori; Mirkin, Marsha Pravder (2013). „Stay with or Leave the Abuser? The Effects of Domestic Violence Victim's Decision on Attributions Made by Young Adults“. Journal of Family Violence. 29-jild. 35–49-bet. doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9555-4.

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