Lochinsimonlar

Lochinsimonlar; Qazilma davri: 30.2-0 Ma; arikeean – hozirgacha PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Aquila chrysaetos
Biologik klassifikatsiya
Olam:	Hayvonlar;
Kenja olam:	Eumetazoa;
Tip:	Xordalilar;
Kenja tip:	Umurtqalilar;
Sinf:	Qushlar;
Kenja sinf:	Yelpigʻich dumli qushlar;
Infrasinf:	Yangi tanglayli qushlar;
Turkum:	Lochinsimonlar;
Binar nomi
	Falconiformes; Sharpe, 1874
Oilalari
	Lochinlar (Falconidae);

Lochinsimonlar (lotincha: Falconiformes) — Qushlar sinfining bir turkumi. 58 turi maʼlum. Tumshugʻi oʻtkir. Qanotlari uzun va kambar, ilik suyagi kalta, barmoqlari uzun. Nari bilan modasining rangi oʻxshash. Baʼzi turlari uya quradi. 2—6 ta tuxum qoʻyadi. Antarktidadan tashqari, hamma hududlarda tarqalgan. Mayda sut emizuvchiyaar, qushlar, sudralib yuruvchilar, suvda va kuruklikda yashovchilarni qirib foyda keltiradi^[1].

Taksonomiyasi va Sistematikasi

Turkum 1 hozir mavjud oilalardan (Falconidae) va 3 yoqolib ketgan oiladan iborat.

Lochinlar oilasi (Falconidae) — 3 kenja oila, 10 urugʻ va 65 tur^[2].

Qushlar sistematikasida yirtqich qushlar yagona turkumi mavjud deb hisoblangan. Bir qator morfologik belgilar asosida bu turkumga qarchig‘aysimonlar, lochinsimonlar, mirzoqushlar va baliqqiyg‘irlar kiritilgan. Bu turkum turli manbalarda qarchig‘aysimonlar turkumi, lochinsimonlar turkumi yoki kunduzgi yirtqich qushlar turkumi deb atalishi mumkun edi. Lotin tilida Accipitriformes yoki Falconiformes nomlari qo‘llangan. Ko‘pchilik olimlar Amerika griflari (Cathartidae) oilasini ham ushbu turkum tarkibiga mansub deb hisoblaganlar. 2008-yildan boshlab o‘tkazilgan turli genom solishtirish tadqiqotlari, Amerika griflari, yirtqich qushlarga nisbatan, laylaklar oilasiga yaqinroq ekanligini ko‘rsatdi. Lochinlar esa qarchig‘aylarga emas, balki, to‘tiqushlar va chumchuqsimonlarga yaqinroq ekanligini ko‘rsatdi va Australaves deb ataladigan qushlar guruhiga kiritildi. Qarchig‘aylar, griflar va boyqushlar esa Afroaves deb ataladigan boshqa alohida guruhga kiritildi^[3]^[4]^[5]. Natijada, an’anaviy ravishda bitta kunduzgi yirtqich qushlar turkumiga kiritib kelingan qushlar aslida uch xil turkumga mansubligi aniqlandi: qarchig‘aysimonlar (Accipitriformes), lochinsimonlar (Falconiformes) va Amerika griflari turkumi (Cathartiformes)^[6]^[7].

Kladogramma

Telluraves

Accipitrimorphae

	Cathartiformes

	Accipitriformes

	Coraciiformes

	Piciformes

Falconiformes

	Psittaciformes

	Passeriformes

Manbalar

↑ OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil
↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (February 2025). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
↑ Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; et al. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
↑ Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
↑ Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornberg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526 (7574): 569–573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. doi:10.1038/nature15697. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158.
↑ Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki. A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History^(ingl.) // Science : журнал. — 2008. — 2 June (vol. 320, no. 5884). — P. 1763—1768. — DOI:10.1126/science.1157704. — Andoza:PMID. Архивировано 19 avgust 2013 года.
↑ Erich D. Jarvis, Siavash Mirarab, Andre J. Aberer, Bo Li, Peter Houde, Cai Li, Simon Y. W. Ho, Brant C. Faircloth, Benoit Nabholz, Jason T. Howard, Alexander Suh, Claudia C. Weber, Rute R. da Fonseca, Jianwen Li, Fang Zhang, Hui Li, Long Zhou, Nitish Narula, Liang Liu, Ganesh Ganapathy, Bastien Boussau, Md. Shamsuzzoha Bayzid, Volodymyr Zavidovych, Sankar Subramanian, Toni Gabaldón, Salvador Capella-Gutiérrez, Jaime Huerta-Cepas, Bhanu Rekepalli, Kasper Munch, et al. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds (англ.) // Science : журнал. — 2014. — 1 December (vol. 346, no. 6215). — P. 1320—1331. — doi:10.1126/science.1253451. — PMID 25504713.

Ushbu maqolada Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi (2000-2005) maʼlumotlaridan foydalanilgan.

Qushlar haqidagi ushbu maqola chaladir. Siz uni boyitib, Vikipediyaga yordam berishingiz mumkin.

[1] OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil

[2] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (February 2025). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 March 2025.

[3] Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; et al. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.

[4] Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.

[5] Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornberg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526 (7574): 569–573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. doi:10.1038/nature15697. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158.

[6] Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki. A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History^(ingl.) // Science : журнал. — 2008. — 2 June (vol. 320, no. 5884). — P. 1763—1768. — DOI:10.1126/science.1157704. — Andoza:PMID. Архивировано 19 avgust 2013 года.

[7] Erich D. Jarvis, Siavash Mirarab, Andre J. Aberer, Bo Li, Peter Houde, Cai Li, Simon Y. W. Ho, Brant C. Faircloth, Benoit Nabholz, Jason T. Howard, Alexander Suh, Claudia C. Weber, Rute R. da Fonseca, Jianwen Li, Fang Zhang, Hui Li, Long Zhou, Nitish Narula, Liang Liu, Ganesh Ganapathy, Bastien Boussau, Md. Shamsuzzoha Bayzid, Volodymyr Zavidovych, Sankar Subramanian, Toni Gabaldón, Salvador Capella-Gutiérrez, Jaime Huerta-Cepas, Bhanu Rekepalli, Kasper Munch, et al. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds (англ.) // Science : журнал. — 2014. — 1 December (vol. 346, no. 6215). — P. 1320—1331. — doi:10.1126/science.1253451. — PMID 25504713.

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