Yupiterning yo'ldoshlari
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jupiter_family.jpg/240px-Jupiter_family.jpg)
Yupiterning ichki yoʻldoshlaridan paydo bo'lgan yoʻldoshlarini hisobga olmaganda 80 ta yoʻldoshi maʼlum. Ularning barchasi birgalikda Yovian tizimi deb ataladigan sun'iy yo'ldosh tizimini tashkil qiladi. Oylarning eng massivlari to'rtta Galiley yo'ldoshidir: Io, Yevropa, Ganimed va Kallisto, ular 1610-yilda Galileo Galiley va Simon Mariy tomonidan mustaqil ravishda kashf etilgan va Yer va Quyosh bo'lmagan jismni aylanib chiqadigan birinchi jismlar bo'lgan.1892 yildan boshlab, o'nlab ancha kichikroq Yovian yo'ldoshlari aniqlandi va ular sevishganlar (yoki boshqa jinsiy sheriklar) yoki Rim xudosi Yupiter yoki uning yunoncha ekvivalenti Zevsning qizlarining ismlarini oldilar. Galiley yo'ldoshlari Yupiter orbitasidagi eng katta va eng massiv jismlar bo'lib, qolgan 76 ta ma'lum bo'lgan yo'ldoshlar va halqalar umumiy orbita massasining atigi 0,003% ni tashkil qiladi.
Yupiterning yo'ldoshlaridan sakkiztasi muntazam yo'ldoshlar bo'lib, ular Yupiterning ekvator tekisligiga nisbatan unchalik moyil bo'lmagan prograd va deyarli aylana orbitalariga ega. Galiley sun'iy yo'ldoshlari sayyora massasi tufayli deyarli sharsimon shaklga ega va shuning uchun ular Quyosh atrofida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri orbitada bo'lganlarida, mitti sayyoralar deb hisoblanadilar. Boshqa to'rtta muntazam sun'iy yo'ldoshlar ancha kichikroq va Yupiterga yaqinroq; bular Yupiter halqalarini tashkil etuvchi chang manbalari bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Yupiterning qolgan yo'ldoshlari tartibsiz sun'iy yo'ldoshlar bo'lib, ularning prograd va retrograd orbitalari Yupiterdan ancha uzoqda joylashgan va yuqori moyillik va ekssentrikliklarga ega. Ehtimol, bu yo'ldoshlar Yupiter tomonidan quyosh orbitalaridan olingan.
Xususiyatlari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif.jpg)
Oylarning fizik va orbital xususiyatlari juda xilma-xildir. To'rtta Galileyning hammasi 3,100 kilometr (1,900 mi) diametri; eng katta Galiley, Ganimed, Quyosh tizimidagi to'qqizinchi yirik ob'ekt bo'lib, Quyosh va ettita sayyoradan keyin, Ganimed Merkuriydan kattaroqdir. Ularning orbital shakllari deyarli mukammal dumaloqdan yuqori eksantrik va eğimligacha o'zgarib turadi va ko'pchiligi Yupiterning aylanishiga teskari yo'nalishda aylanadi ( retrograd harakat ). Orbital davrlar etti soatdan (Yupiterning o'z o'qi atrofida aylanishiga qaraganda kamroq vaqt talab etadi), taxminan uch ming marta ko'proq.
Kelib chiqishi va evolyutsiyasi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Relative_Masses_of_Jovian_Satellites.png/220px-Relative_Masses_of_Jovian_Satellites.png)
Yupiterning muntazam sun'iy yo'ldoshlari aylana diskidan, to'plangan gaz halqasidan va protoplanetar diskga o'xshash qattiq qoldiqlardan hosil bo'lgan deb hisoblaniladi.[1][2] Ular Yupiter tarixining boshida paydo bo'lgan Galiley massasidagi sun'iy yo'ldoshlarning qoldiqlari bo'lishi mumkin.[1][3]
Simulyatsiyalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, har qanday vaqtda disk nisbatan yuqori massaga ega bo'lsa-da, vaqt o'tishi bilan quyosh tumanligidan olingan Yupiter massasining katta qismi (bir necha o'n foiz) u orqali o'tgan. Biroq, mavjud sun'iy yo'ldoshlarni tushuntirish uchun Yupiterning proto-disk massasining atigi 2% talab qilinadi.[1] Oylarning har bir avlodi diskdan tortilishi tufayli Yupiterga aylanib o'tgan bo'lishi mumkin, yangi oylar esa quyosh tumanligidan olingan yangi qoldiqlardan hosil bo'lgan.[1] Hozirgi avlod paydo bo'lganda, disk yupqalashib, oy orbitalariga katta xalaqit bermay qo'ydi.[3] Hozirgi Galiley yo'ldoshlari hali ham Io, Evropa va Ganymede uchun mavjud bo'lgan orbital rezonansga tushib, qisman himoyalangan holda ta'sirlangan.
Tashqi, tartibsiz yo'ldoshlar qoldiq asteroidlardan kelib chiqqan deb taxmin qilinadi, holbuki protolunar disk hali ham ularning impulslarining katta qismini o'zlashtirib, ularni orbitaga olib chiqish uchun etarlicha katta edi. Ko'pchilik mexanik stresslar yoki keyinchalik boshqa kichik jismlar bilan to'qnashuv natijasida parchalanib, bugungi kunda biz ko'rayotgan oylarni hosil qilgan deb ishoniladi.[4]
Kashfiyot
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jupiter-moons.jpg/220px-Jupiter-moons.jpg)
Xitoylik tarixchi Si Tszzongning ta'kidlashicha, Yovian oyining (Ganymede yoki Callisto) eng qadimgi yozuvi xitoylik astronom Gan De tomonidan miloddan avvalgi 364-yilda "qizil yulduz" bilan bog'liq kuzatuvlar haqidagi eslatmalarda ham keltirilgan.[5] Biroq, Yupiter sun'iy yo'ldoshlarining birinchi aniq kuzatuvlari 1609 yilda Galiley Galileyning kuzatuvlari edi.[6] 1610-yil yanvariga kelib, u oʻzining 20 marta kattalashtiruvchi teleskopi bilan toʻrtta ulkan Galiley oyini koʻrdi va natijalarini 1610-yil martida eʼlon qildi.[7]
Simon Mariy Galileydan bir kun o'tib oylarni mustaqil ravishda kashf etdi, garchi u 1614 yilgacha bu boradagi kitobini nashr etmagan. Shunga qaramay, Mariy tomonidan berilgan ismlar bugungi kunda ishlatiladi: Ganymede, Callisto, Io va Europa.[8] EE Barnard 1892 yilda Amalteyani kuzatguniga qadar bo'lgan davrda hech qanday qo'shimcha sun'iy yo'ldoshlar topilmadi.[9]
Teleskopik fotografiya yordamida 20-asr davomida qo'shimcha kashfiyotlar tezda amalga oshirildi. Gimaliya 1904 yilda,[10] Elara 1905 yilda,[11] Pasifa 1908 yilda,[12] Sinope 1914 yilda,[13] Liziteya va Karme 1938 yilda,[14] Ananke 1951 yilda[15] va Leda 1974 yilda kashf etilgan.[16] Voyajer kosmik zondlari Yupiterga yetib borgunga qadar, taxminan 1979-yilda, 1975-yilda kuzatilgan Themistoni hisobga olmaganda, 13 ta yoʻldosh topildi[17], ammo dastlabki kuzatish maʼlumotlari yetarli boʻlmagan. Voyajer kosmik kemasi 1979 yilda qo'shimcha uchta ichki yo'ldoshni kashf etdi: Metis, Adrastea va Thebe .[18]
Yigirma yil davomida qo'shimcha yo'ldoshlar topilmadi, ammo 1999 yil oktyabridan 2003 yil fevraligacha tadqiqotchilar sezgir yerga asoslangan detektorlar yordamida yana 34 ta yo'ldoshni topdilar.[19] Bular uzun, eksantrik, odatda retrograd orbitalarda joylashgan va o'rtacha kichik oylardir. Ushbu yo'ldoshlarning barchasi asteroid yoki kometa jismlari bo'lib, bir necha bo'laklarga bo'lingan deb taxmin qilinadi.[20][21]
2015 yilga kelib jami 15 ta qoʻshimcha yoʻldosh topildi.[21] Yana ikkitasi 2017-yilda Karnegi fan institutida Skott S. Sheppard boshchiligidagi guruh tomonidan topilib, ularning umumiy soni 69 taga yetdi[22] 2018-yilning 17-iyulida Xalqaro Astronomiya Ittifoqi Sheppard jamoasi Yupiter atrofida yana o‘nta yo‘ldoshni kashf etganini va ularning umumiy soni 79 taga yetganini tasdiqladi[23] Ular orasida Valetudo ham bor, u prograd orbitasiga ega, biroq retrograd orbitalariga ega bo'lgan bir nechta yo'ldoshlar bilan yo'llarni kesib o'tadi va oxir-oqibat bir nuqtada to'qnashuvga olib keladi.[23]
Nomlash
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Galilean_moons_around_Jupiter.gif/261px-Galilean_moons_around_Jupiter.gif)
Yupiterning Galiley yoʻldoshlari ( Io, Yeropa, Ganimed va Kallisto ) 1610-yilda kashf etilganidan soʻng koʻp oʻtmay Simon Mariy tomonidan nomlandi[24] Biroq, bu nomlar 20-asrgacha e'tibordan chetda qoldi. Astronomiya adabiyoti buning o'rniga oddiygina "Yupiter I", "Yupiter II" va hokazo yoki "Yupiterning birinchi sun'iy yo'ldoshi", "Yupiterning ikkinchi sun'iy yo'ldoshi" va boshqa yo'llardan foydalanib keldi.[24] Io, Europa, Ganymede va Callisto nomlari 20-asrning o'rtalarida mashhur bo'ldi[25], qolgan oylar esa nomsiz qoldi va odatda V (5) dan XII (12) gacha rim raqamlari bilan raqamlangan.[26][27] Yupiter V 1892 yilda kashf etilgan va mashhur bo'lsa-da, norasmiy konventsiyaga ko'ra Amalteya nomi berilgan, bu nom birinchi marta fransuz astronomi Kamil Flammarion tomonidan ishlatilgan.[19][28]
Yupiter yo'ldoshlar jadvali
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Belgilar* | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ichki yo'ldoshlar |
♠ Galiley yo'ldoshlar |
† Guruhlanmagan yo'ldoshlar |
♣ Himoliya guruhi |
♦ Ananke guruhi |
♥ Karme guruhi |
‡ Pasiphae guruhi |
№ [note 1] |
Belgi [note 2] |
Nomi | Talaffuzi | Tasvir | Abs. magn. |
Diametri (km)[29][note 3] | Massa (×1016 kg)[30][note 4] |
Yarim katta o'q (km)[31] |
Orbital davr (d) [31][note 5] |
Nishab (°)[31] |
Eksantriklik [29] |
Kashfiyot yili[19] | Kashfiyotchi[19] | Guruh [note 6] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | XVI | Metida | /ˈmiːtəs/ | ![]() |
10.5 | 43 (60 × 40 × 34) |
≈ 3.6 | 000 128 | +0.2948 (+7h 04m 29s) |
0.060 | 0.0002 | 1979 | Synnott (Voyager 1) |
Inner |
2 | XV | Adrasteya | /ædrəˈstiːə/ | ![]() |
12.0 | 16.4 (20 × 16 × 14) |
≈ 0.20 | 000 129 | +0.2983 (+7h 09m 30s) |
0.030 | 0.0015 | 1979 | Jewitt (Voyager 2) |
Inner |
3 | V | Amalteya | /æməlˈθiːə/[32] | ![]() |
7.1 | 167 (250 × 146 × 128) |
208 | 400 181 | +0.4999 (+11h 59m 53s) |
0.374 | 0.0032 | 1892 | Barnard | Inner |
4 | XIV | Fiba | /ˈθiːbiː/ | ![]() |
9.0 | 98.6 (116 × 98 × 84) |
≈ 43 | 900 221 | +0.6761 (+16h 13m 35s) |
1.076 | 0.0175 | 1979 | Synnott (Voyager 1) |
Inner |
5 | Io♠ | /ˈaɪoʊ/ | ![]() |
−1.7 | 643.2 3 (3660 × 3637 × 3631) |
931900 8 | 800 421 | + 1.7627 | 0.050[33] | 0.0041 | 1610 | Galileo | Galilean | |
6 | II | Yevropa♠ | /jʊəˈroʊpə/[34] | ![]() |
−1.4 | 121.6 3 | 799800 4 | 100 671 | + 3.5255 | 0.470[33] | 0.0090 | 1610 | Galileo | Galilean |
7 | III | Ganimed♠ | /ˈɡænəmiːd/[35][36] | ![]() |
−2.1 | 268.2 5 | 819000 14 | 070400 1 | + 7.1556 | 0.200[33] | 0.0013 | 1610 | Galileo | Galilean |
8 | IV | Kallisto♠ | /kəˈlɪstoʊ/ | ![]() |
−1.2 | 820.6 4 | 759000 10 | 882700 1 | + 16.690 | 0.192[33] | 0.0074 | 1610 | Galileo | Galilean |
9 | XVIII | Femisto† | /θəˈmɪstoʊ/ | ![]() |
12.9 | 9 | ≈ 0.038 | 398500 7 | + 130.03 | 43.8 | 0.340 | 1975/2000 | Kowal & Roemer/ Sheppard et al. |
Themisto |
10 | XIII | Leda♣ | /ˈliːdə/ | ![]() |
12.7 | 21.5 | ≈ 0.52 | 146400 11 | + 240.93 | 28.6 | 0.162 | 1974 | Kowal | Himalia |
11 | LXXI | Ersa♣ | /ˈɜːrsə/ | ![]() |
15.9 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 401000 11 | + 249.23 | 29.1 | 0.116 | 2018 | Sheppard et al. | Himalia |
12 | VI | Gimaliya♣ | /hɪˈmeɪliə/ | ![]() |
7.9 | 139.6 (150 × 120) |
420 | 440600 11 | + 250.56 | 28.1 | 0.160 | 1904 | Perrine | Himalia |
13 | LXV | Pandiya♣ | /pænˈdaɪə/ | ![]() |
16.2 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 481000 11 | + 251.91 | 29.0 | 0.179 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Himalia |
14 | X | Lisiteya♣ | /laɪˈsɪθiə/ | ![]() |
11.2 | 42.2 | ≈ 3.9 | 700800 11 | + 259.20 | 27.2 | 0.117 | 1938 | Nicholson | Himalia |
15 | VII | Elara♣ | /ˈɛlərə/ | ![]() |
9.6 | 79.9 | ≈ 27 | 712300 11 | + 259.64 | 27.9 | 0.211 | 1905 | Perrine | Himalia |
16 | LIII | Diya♣ | /ˈdaɪə/ | ![]() |
16.3 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 260300 12 | + 278.21 | 29.0 | 0.232 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Himalia |
17 | XLVI | Karpo† | /ˈkɑːrpoʊ/ | ![]() |
16.1 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 042300 17 | + 456.29 | 53.2 | 0.416 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carpo |
18 | LXII | Valetudo† | /væləˈtjuːdoʊ/ | ![]() |
17.0 | 1 | ≈ 052 0.000 | 694200 18 | + 527.61 | 34.5 | 0.217 | 2016 | Sheppard et al. | Valetudo |
19 | XXXIV | Evporiye♦ | /ˈjuːpəriː/ | ![]() |
16.3 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 265800 19 | −550.69 | 145.7 | 0.148 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
20 | LV | S/2003 J 18♦ | ![]() |
16.5 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 336300 20 | −598.12 | 145.3 | 0.090 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Ananke | |
21 | LX | Evfeme♦ | /juːˈfiːmiː/ | ![]() |
16.6 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 768600 20 | −617.73 | 148.0 | 0.241 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
22 | LII | S/2010 J 2♦ | ![]() |
17.3 | 1 | ≈ 052 0.000 | 793000 20 | −618.84 | 148.1 | 0.248 | 2010 | Veillet | Ananke | |
23 | LIV | S/2016 J 1♦ | ![]() |
16.8 | 1 | ≈ 052 0.000 | 802600 20 | −618.49 | 144.7 | 0.232 | 2016 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
24 | XL | Mneme♦ | /ˈniːmiː/ | ![]() |
16.3 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 821000 20 | −620.07 | 148.0 | 0.247 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Ananke |
25 | XXXIII | Evante♦ | /juːˈænθiː/ | ![]() |
16.4 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 827000 20 | −620.44 | 148.0 | 0.239 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
26 | S/2003 J 16♦ | ![]() |
16.3 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 882600 20 | −622.88 | 148.0 | 0.243 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Ananke | ||
27 | XXII | Garpalike♦ | /hɑːrˈpæləkiː/ | ![]() |
15.9 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 892100 20 | −623.32 | 147.7 | 0.232 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
28 | XXXV | Ortoziye♦ | /ɔːrˈθoʊziː/ | ![]() |
16.7 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 901000 20 | −622.59 | 144.3 | 0.299 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
29 | XLV | Gelike♦ | /ˈhɛləkiː/ | ![]() |
16.0 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 915700 20 | −626.33 | 154.4 | 0.153 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
30 | XXVII | Praksidike♦ | /prækˈsɪdəkiː/ | ![]() |
14.9 | 7 | ≈ 0.018 | 935400 20 | −625.39 | 148.3 | 0.246 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
31 | LXIV | S/2017 J 3♦ | ![]() |
16.5 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 941000 20 | −625.60 | 147.9 | 0.231 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
32 | S/2003 J 12♦ | ![]() |
17.0 | 1 | ≈ 052 0.000 | 963100 20 | −627.24 | 150.0 | 0.235 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | ||
33 | LXVIII | S/2017 J 7♦ | 16.6 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 964800 20 | −626.56 | 147.3 | 0.233 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | ||
34 | XLII | Telksinoe♦ | /θɛlkˈsɪnoʊiː/ | 16.3 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 976000 20 | −628.03 | 150.6 | 0.228 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
35 | XXIX | Tione♦ | /θaɪˈoʊniː/ | ![]() |
15.8 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 978000 20 | −627.18 | 147.5 | 0.233 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
36 | S/2003 J 2♦ | ![]() |
16.7 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 997700 20 | −628.79 | 150.2 | 0.225 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | ||
37 | XII | Ananke♦ | /əˈnæŋkiː/ | ![]() |
11.7 | 29.1 | ≈ 1.3 | 034500 21 | −629.79 | 147.6 | 0.237 | 1951 | Nicholson | Ananke |
38 | XXIV | Iokaste♦ | /aɪəˈkæstiː/ | ![]() |
15.4 | 5 | ≈ 0.0065 | 066700 21 | −631.59 | 148.8 | 0.227 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
39 | XXX | Germippe♦ | /hərˈmɪpiː/ | ![]() |
15.6 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 108500 21 | −633.90 | 150.2 | 0.219 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
40 | LXX | S/2017 J 9♦ | 16.1 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 768700 21 | −666.11 | 155.5 | 0.200 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | ||
41 | LVIII | Filofrosine‡ | /fɪləˈfrɒzəniː/ | 16.7 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 604600 22 | −702.54 | 146.3 | 0.229 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae | |
42 | XXXVIII | Pazifeye♥ | /ˈpæsəθiː/ | ![]() |
16.8 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 846700 22 | −719.47 | 164.6 | 0.270 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Carme |
43 | LXIX | S/2017 J 8♥ | ![]() |
17.0 | 1 | ≈ 052 0.000 | 849500 22 | −719.76 | 164.8 | 0.255 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
44 | S/2003 J 24♥ | 16.6 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 887400 22 | −721.60 | 164.5 | 0.259 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |||
45 | XXXII | Evridome‡ | /jʊəˈrɪdəmiː/ | ![]() |
16.2 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 899000 22 | −717.31 | 149.1 | 0.294 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae |
46 | LVI | S/2011 J 2‡ | 16.8 | 1 | ≈ 052 0.000 | 909200 22 | −718.32 | 151.9 | 0.355 | 2011 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae | ||
47 | S/2003 J 4‡ | ![]() |
16.7 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 926500 22 | −718.10 | 148.2 | 0.328 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae | ||
48 | XXI | Xaldene♥ | /kælˈdiːniː/ | ![]() |
16.0 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 930500 22 | −723.71 | 164.7 | 0.265 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Carme |
49 | LXIII | S/2017 J 2♥ | ![]() |
16.4 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 953200 22 | −724.71 | 164.5 | 0.272 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
50 | XXVI | Isonoye♥ | /aɪˈsɒnoʊiː/ | ![]() |
16.0 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 981300 22 | −726.27 | 164.8 | 0.249 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Carme |
51 | XLIV | Kallixore♥ | /kəˈlɪkəriː/ | 16.4 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 021800 23 | −728.26 | 164.8 | 0.252 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
52 | XXV | Erinome♥ | /ɛˈrɪnəmiː/ (?) | ![]() |
16.0 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 032900 23 | −728.48 | 164.4 | 0.276 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Carme |
53 | XXXVII | Kale♥ | /ˈkeɪliː/ | ![]() |
16.4 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 052600 23 | −729.64 | 164.6 | 0.262 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Carme |
54 | LVII | Eirene♥ | /aɪˈriːniː/ | 15.8 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 055800 23 | −729.84 | 164.6 | 0.258 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
55 | XXXI | Aitne♥ | /ˈeɪtniː/ | ![]() |
16.0 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 064400 23 | −730.10 | 164.6 | 0.277 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Carme |
56 | XLVII | Eukelade♥ | /juːˈkɛlədiː/ | ![]() |
15.9 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 067400 23 | −730.30 | 164.6 | 0.277 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme |
57 | XLIII | Arxe♥ | /ˈɑːrkiː/ | ![]() |
16.2 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 097800 23 | −731.88 | 164.6 | 0.261 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Carme |
58 | XX | Taygete♥ | /teɪˈɪdʒətiː/ | ![]() |
15.5 | 5 | ≈ 0.0065 | 108000 23 | −732.45 | 164.7 | 0.253 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Carme |
59 | LXXII | S/2011 J 1♥ | 16.7 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 124500 23 | −733.21 | 164.6 | 0.271 | 2011 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | ||
60 | XI | Karme♥ | /ˈkɑːrmiː/ | ![]() |
10.6 | 46.7 | ≈ 5.3 | 144400 23 | −734.19 | 164.6 | 0.256 | 1938 | Nicholson | Carme |
61 | L | Gerse♥ | /ˈhɜːrsiː/ | 16.5 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 150500 23 | −734.52 | 164.4 | 0.262 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Carme | |
62 | LXI | S/2003 J 19♥ | 16.6 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 156400 23 | −734.78 | 164.7 | 0.265 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Carme | ||
63 | LI | S/2010 J 1♥ | ![]() |
16.4 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 189800 23 | −736.51 | 164.5 | 0.252 | 2010 | Jacobson et al. | Carme | |
64 | S/2003 J 9♥ | ![]() |
16.9 | 1 | ≈ 052 0.000 | 199400 23 | −736.86 | 164.8 | 0.263 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | ||
65 | LXVI | S/2017 J 5♥ | 16.5 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 206200 23 | −737.28 | 164.8 | 0.257 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | ||
66 | LXVII | S/2017 J 6‡ | 16.4 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 245300 23 | −733.99 | 149.7 | 0.336 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae | ||
67 | XXIII | Kalike♥ | /ˈkæləkiː/ | ![]() |
15.4 | 6.9 | ≈ 0.017 | 302600 23 | −742.02 | 164.8 | 0.260 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Carme |
68 | XXXIX | Gegemone‡ | /həˈdʒɛməniː/ | 15.9 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 348700 23 | −739.81 | 152.6 | 0.358 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae | |
69 | VIII | Pasifaye‡ | /pəˈsɪfeɪiː/ | ![]() |
10.1 | 57.8 | ≈ 10 | 468200 23 | −743.61 | 148.4 | 0.412 | 1908 | Melotte | Pasiphae |
70 | XXXVI | Sponde‡ | /ˈspɒndiː/ | ![]() |
16.7 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 543300 23 | −748.29 | 149.3 | 0.322 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae |
71 | (lost) | S/2003 J 10♥ | ![]() |
16.8 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 576300 23 | −755.43 | 164.4 | 0.264 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme? | |
72 | XIX | Megaclite‡ | /ˌmɛɡəˈklaɪtiː/ | ![]() |
15.0 | 5 | ≈ 0.0065 | 644600 23 | −752.86 | 149.8 | 0.421 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae |
73 | XLVIII | Killene‡ | /səˈliːniː/ | 16.3 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 654700 23 | −751.97 | 146.8 | 0.419 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae | |
74 | IX | Sinope‡ | /səˈnoʊpiː/ | ![]() |
11.1 | 35 | ≈ 2.2 | 683900 23 | −758.85 | 157.3 | 0.264 | 1914 | Nicholson | Pasiphae |
75 | LIX | S/2017 J 1‡ | ![]() |
16.6 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 744800 23 | −756.41 | 145.8 | 0.328 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae | |
76 | XLI | Aoede‡ | /eɪˈiːdiː/ | 15.6 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 778200 23 | −761.46 | 155.7 | 0.436 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae | |
77 | XXVIII | Autonoe‡ | /ɔːˈtɒnoʊiː/ | ![]() |
15.5 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 792500 23 | −761.00 | 150.8 | 0.330 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae |
78 | XVII | Kallirroe‡ | /kəˈlɪroʊiː/ | ![]() |
13.9 | 9.6 | ≈ 0.046 | 795500 23 | −758.86 | 145.1 | 0.297 | 1999 | Scotti et al. | Pasiphae |
79 | S/2003 J 23‡ | ![]() |
16.6 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 829300 23 | −760.00 | 144.7 | 0.313 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae | ||
80 | XLIX | Kore‡ | /ˈkɔːriː/ | ![]() |
16.6 | 2 | ≈ 42 0.000 | 205200 24 | −776.76 | 141.5 | 0.328 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphae |
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Canup, Robert M. „Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites“,. Europa. University of Arizona Press (in press), 2009.
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- ↑ Jewitt, David; Haghighipour, Nader (2007). "Irregular Satellites of the Planets: Products of Capture in the Early Solar System". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 45 (1): 261–95. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092459. Archived from the original on 19 September 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090919020650/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/papers/2007/JH07.pdf.
- ↑ Xi, Zezong Z. (February 1981). "The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo". Acta Astrophysica Sinica 1 (2): 87. Archived from the original on 2020-11-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20201104160900/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-TTWL198102000.htm. Qaraldi: 2022-07-29.Yupiterning yo'ldoshlari]]
- ↑ Galilei, Galileo. Sidereus Nuncius Translated and prefaced by Albert Van Helden: . Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1989 — 14–16 bet. ISBN 0-226-27903-0.
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- ↑ Barnard, E. E. (1892). "Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 12: 81–85. doi:10.1086/101715.
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- ↑ Nicholson, S. B. (1914). "Discovery of the Ninth Satellite of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 26 (1): 197–198. doi:10.1086/122336. PMID 16586574. PMC 1090718. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1090718.
- ↑ Nicholson, S.B. (1938). "Two New Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 50 (297): 292–293. doi:10.1086/124963.
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- ↑ Kowal, C. T.; Aksnes, K.; Marsden, B. G.; Roemer, E. (1974). "Thirteenth satellite of Jupiter". Astronomical Journal 80: 460–464. doi:10.1086/111766.
- ↑ Marsden, Brian G. (3 October 1975). "Probable New Satellite of Jupiter" (discovery telegram sent to the IAU). IAU Circular (Cambridge, US: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory) 2845. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02845.html. Qaraldi: 8 January 2011.Yupiterning yo'ldoshlari]]
- ↑ Synnott, S.P. (1980). "1979J2: The Discovery of a Previously Unknown Jovian Satellite". Science 210 (4471): 786–788. doi:10.1126/science.210.4471.786. PMID 17739548.
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers International Astronomical Union (IAU)
- ↑ Sheppard, Scott S.; Jewitt, David C. (5 May 2003). "An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter". Nature 423 (6937): 261–263. doi:10.1038/nature01584. PMID 12748634.
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Williams, Matt. „How Many Moons Does Jupiter Have? - Universe Today“ (en-US). Universe Today (2015-yil 14-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 18-iyul.
- ↑ Bennett, Jay. „Jupiter Officially Has Two More Moons“ (en-US). Popular Mechanics (2017-yil 13-iyun). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 18-iyul.
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 „A dozen new moons of Jupiter discovered, including one "oddball"“ (en). Carnegie Institution for Science (2018-yil 16-iyul). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 17-iyul.
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 Marazzini, C. (2005). "The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius" (it). Lettere Italiane 57 (3): 391–407.
- ↑ Marazzini, Claudio (2005). "I nomi dei satelliti di Giove: da Galileo a Simon Marius (The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius)". Lettere Italiane 57 (3): 391–407.
- ↑ Nicholson, Seth Barnes (April 1939). "The Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 51 (300): 85–94. doi:10.1086/125010.
- ↑ Owen, Tobias (September 1976). "Jovian Satellite Nomenclature". Icarus 29 (1): 159–163. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(76)90113-5.
- ↑ Sagan, Carl (April 1976). "On Solar System Nomenclature". Icarus 27 (4): 575–576. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(76)90175-5.
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 Manba xatosi: Invalid
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- ↑ „Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters“. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 28-mart.
- ↑ 31,0 31,1 31,2 Manba xatosi: Invalid
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- ↑ Andoza:MW
- ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 33,3 Siedelmann P.K.; Abalakin V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E. et al. (2000) The Planets and Satellites 2000 (Report) IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites archived from the original on 2018-10-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20181031190003/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm. Qaraldi: 31 August 2008.
- ↑ „Europa - definition of Europa in English from the Oxford dictionary“. OxfordDictionaries.com. 2012-yil 21-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 20-yanvar.
- ↑ „Ganymede - definition of Ganymede in English from the Oxford dictionary“. OxfordDictionaries.com. 2013-yil 14-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 20-yanvar.
- ↑ Andoza:MerriamWebsterDictionary
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