Yupiterning yo'ldoshlari
Yupiterning ichki yoʻldoshlaridan paydo bo'lgan yoʻldoshlarini hisobga olmaganda 80 ta yoʻldoshi maʼlum. Ularning barchasi birgalikda Yovian tizimi deb ataladigan sun'iy yo'ldosh tizimini tashkil qiladi. Oylarning eng massivlari to'rtta Galiley yo'ldoshidir: Io, Yevropa, Ganimed va Kallisto, ular 1610-yilda Galileo Galiley va Simon Mariy tomonidan mustaqil ravishda kashf etilgan va Yer va Quyosh bo'lmagan jismni aylanib chiqadigan birinchi jismlar bo'lgan.1892 yildan boshlab, o'nlab ancha kichikroq Yovian yo'ldoshlari aniqlandi va ular sevishganlar (yoki boshqa jinsiy sheriklar) yoki Rim xudosi Yupiter yoki uning yunoncha ekvivalenti Zevsning qizlarining ismlarini oldilar. Galiley yo'ldoshlari Yupiter orbitasidagi eng katta va eng massiv jismlar bo'lib, qolgan 76 ta ma'lum bo'lgan yo'ldoshlar va halqalar umumiy orbita massasining atigi 0,003% ni tashkil qiladi.
Yupiterning yo'ldoshlaridan sakkiztasi muntazam yo'ldoshlar bo'lib, ular Yupiterning ekvator tekisligiga nisbatan unchalik moyil bo'lmagan prograd va deyarli aylana orbitalariga ega. Galiley sun'iy yo'ldoshlari sayyora massasi tufayli deyarli sharsimon shaklga ega va shuning uchun ular Quyosh atrofida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri orbitada bo'lganlarida, mitti sayyoralar deb hisoblanadilar. Boshqa to'rtta muntazam sun'iy yo'ldoshlar ancha kichikroq va Yupiterga yaqinroq; bular Yupiter halqalarini tashkil etuvchi chang manbalari bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Yupiterning qolgan yo'ldoshlari tartibsiz sun'iy yo'ldoshlar bo'lib, ularning prograd va retrograd orbitalari Yupiterdan ancha uzoqda joylashgan va yuqori moyillik va ekssentrikliklarga ega. Ehtimol, bu yo'ldoshlar Yupiter tomonidan quyosh orbitalaridan olingan.
Xususiyatlari
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Oylarning fizik va orbital xususiyatlari juda xilma-xildir. To'rtta Galileyning hammasi 3,100 kilometr (1,900 mi) diametri; eng katta Galiley, Ganimed, Quyosh tizimidagi to'qqizinchi yirik obyekt bo'lib, Quyosh va ettita sayyoradan keyin, Ganimed Merkuriydan kattaroqdir. Ularning orbital shakllari deyarli mukammal dumaloqdan yuqori eksantrik va eğimligacha o'zgarib turadi va ko'pchiligi Yupiterning aylanishiga teskari yo'nalishda aylanadi ( retrograd harakat ). Orbital davrlar etti soatdan (Yupiterning o'z o'qi atrofida aylanishiga qaraganda kamroq vaqt talab etadi), taxminan uch ming marta ko'proq.
Kelib chiqishi va evolyutsiyasi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Yupiterning muntazam sun'iy yo'ldoshlari aylana diskidan, to'plangan gaz halqasidan va protoplanetar diskga o'xshash qattiq qoldiqlardan hosil bo'lgan deb hisoblaniladi.[1][2] Ular Yupiter tarixining boshida paydo bo'lgan Galiley massasidagi sun'iy yo'ldoshlarning qoldiqlari bo'lishi mumkin.[1][3]
Simulyatsiyalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, har qanday vaqtda disk nisbatan yuqori massaga ega bo'lsa-da, vaqt o'tishi bilan quyosh tumanligidan olingan Yupiter massasining katta qismi (bir necha o'n foiz) u orqali o'tgan. Biroq, mavjud sun'iy yo'ldoshlarni tushuntirish uchun Yupiterning proto-disk massasining atigi 2% talab qilinadi.[1] Oylarning har bir avlodi diskdan tortilishi tufayli Yupiterga aylanib o'tgan bo'lishi mumkin, yangi oylar esa quyosh tumanligidan olingan yangi qoldiqlardan hosil bo'lgan.[1] Hozirgi avlod paydo bo'lganda, disk yupqalashib, oy orbitalariga katta xalaqit bermay qo'ydi.[3] Hozirgi Galiley yo'ldoshlari hali ham Io, Yevropa va Ganimed uchun mavjud bo'lgan orbital rezonansga tushib, qisman himoyalangan holda ta'sirlangan.
Tashqi, tartibsiz yo'ldoshlar qoldiq asteroidlardan kelib chiqqan deb taxmin qilinadi, holbuki protolunar disk hali ham ularning impulslarining katta qismini o'zlashtirib, ularni orbitaga olib chiqish uchun etarlicha katta edi. Ko'pchilik mexanik stresslar yoki keyinchalik boshqa kichik jismlar bilan to'qnashuv natijasida parchalanib, bugungi kunda biz ko'rayotgan oylarni hosil qilgan deb ishoniladi.[4]
Kashfiyot
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Xitoylik tarixchi Si Tszzongning ta'kidlashicha, Yovian oyining (Ganimed yoki Kallisto) eng qadimgi yozuvi xitoylik astronom Gan De tomonidan miloddan avvalgi 364-yilda "qizil yulduz" bilan bog'liq kuzatuvlar haqidagi eslatmalarda ham keltirilgan.[5] Biroq, Yupiter sun'iy yo'ldoshlarining birinchi aniq kuzatuvlari 1609 yilda Galiley Galileyning kuzatuvlari edi.[6] 1610-yil yanvariga kelib, u oʻzining 20 marta kattalashtiruvchi teleskopi bilan toʻrtta ulkan Galiley oyini koʻrdi va natijalarini 1610-yil martida eʼlon qildi.[7]
Simon Mariy Galileydan bir kun o'tib oylarni mustaqil ravishda kashf etdi, garchi u 1614 yilgacha bu boradagi kitobini nashr etmagan. Shunga qaramay, Mariy tomonidan berilgan ismlar bugungi kunda ishlatiladi: Ganimed, Kallisto, Io va Yevropa.[8] E. E. Barnard 1892 yilda Amalteyani kuzatguniga qadar bo'lgan davrda hech qanday qo'shimcha sun'iy yo'ldoshlar topilmadi.[9]
Teleskopik fotografiya yordamida XX asr davomida qo'shimcha kashfiyotlar tezda amalga oshirildi. Gimaliya 1904 yilda,[10] Elara 1905 yilda,[11] Pasifa 1908 yilda,[12] Sinope 1914 yilda,[13] Liziteya va Karme 1938 yilda,[14] Ananke 1951 yilda[15] va Leda 1974 yilda kashf etilgan.[16] Voyajer-1 kosmik zondlari Yupiterga yetib borgunga qadar, taxminan 1979-yilda, 1975-yilda kuzatilgan Themistoni hisobga olmaganda, 13 ta yoʻldosh topildi[17], ammo dastlabki kuzatish maʼlumotlari yetarli boʻlmagan. Voyajer kosmik kemasi 1979 yilda qo'shimcha uchta ichki yo'ldoshni kashf etdi: Metis, Adrastea va Thebe .[18]
Yigirma yil davomida qo'shimcha yo'ldoshlar topilmadi, ammo 1999 yil oktyabridan 2003 yil fevraligacha tadqiqotchilar sezgir yerga asoslangan detektorlar yordamida yana 34 ta yo'ldoshni topdilar.[19] Bular uzun, eksantrik, odatda retrograd orbitalarda joylashgan va o'rtacha kichik oylardir. Ushbu yo'ldoshlarning barchasi asteroid yoki kometa jismlari bo'lib, bir necha bo'laklarga bo'lingan deb taxmin qilinadi.[20][21]
2015 yilga kelib jami 15 ta qoʻshimcha yoʻldosh topildi.[21] Yana ikkitasi 2017-yilda Karnegi fan institutida Skott S. Sheppard boshchiligidagi guruh tomonidan topilib, ularning umumiy soni 69 taga yetdi[22] 2018-yilning 17-iyulida Xalqaro Astronomiya Ittifoqi Sheppard jamoasi Yupiter atrofida yana o‘nta yo‘ldoshni kashf etganini va ularning umumiy soni 79 taga yetganini tasdiqladi[23] Ular orasida Valetudo ham bor, u prograd orbitasiga ega, biroq retrograd orbitalariga ega bo'lgan bir nechta yo'ldoshlar bilan yo'llarni kesib o'tadi va oxir-oqibat bir nuqtada to'qnashuvga olib keladi.[23]
Nomlash
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Yupiterning Galiley yoʻldoshlari (Io, Yeropa, Ganimed va Kallisto) 1610-yilda kashf etilganidan soʻng koʻp oʻtmay Simon Mariy tomonidan nomlandi[24] Biroq, bu nomlar XX asrgacha e'tibordan chetda qoldi. Astronomiya adabiyoti buning o'rniga oddiygina "Yupiter I", "Yupiter II" va hokazo yoki "Yupiterning birinchi sun'iy yo'ldoshi", "Yupiterning ikkinchi sun'iy yo'ldoshi" va boshqa yo'llardan foydalanib keldi.[24] Io, Yevropa, Ganimed va Kallisto nomlari XX asrning o'rtalarida mashhur bo'ldi[25], qolgan oylar esa nomsiz qoldi va odatda V (5) dan XII (12) gacha rim raqamlari bilan raqamlangan.[26][27] Yupiter V 1892 yilda kashf etilgan va mashhur bo'lsa-da, norasmiy konventsiyaga ko'ra Amalteya nomi berilgan, bu nom birinchi marta fransuz astronomi Kamil Flammarion tomonidan ishlatilgan.[19][28]
Yupiter yo'ldoshlar jadvali
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]| Belgilar* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ichki yo'ldoshlar |
♠ Galiley yo'ldoshlar |
† Guruhlanmagan yo'ldoshlar |
♣ Gimaliya guruhi |
♦ Ananke guruhi |
♥ Karme guruhi |
‡ Pasifaye guruhi |
| № [note 1] |
Belgi [note 2] |
Nomi | Talaffuzi | Tasvir | Abs. magn. |
Diametr (km)[29][note 3] | Massa (×1016 kg)[30][note 4] |
Yarim katta o'q (km)[31] |
Orbital davr (d) [31][note 5] |
Nishab (°)[31] |
Eksantriklik [29] |
Kashfiyot yili[19] | Kashfiyotchi[19] | Guruh [note 6] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | XVI | Metida | /ˈmiːtəs/ |  | 10.5 | 43 (60 × 40 × 34) | ≈ 3.6 | 128000 | +0.2948 (+7h 04m 29s) | 0.060 | 0.0002 | 1979 | Synnott (Voyager 1) | Ichki |
| 2 | XV | Adrasteya | /ædrəˈstiːə/ |  | 12.0 | 16.4 (20 × 16 × 14) | ≈ 0.20 | 129000 | +0.2983 (+7h 09m 30s) | 0.030 | 0.0015 | 1979 | Jewitt (Voyager 2) | Ichki |
| 3 | V | Amalteya | /æməlˈθiːə/[32] | .png) | 7.1 | 167 (250 × 146 × 128) | 208 | 181400 | +0.4999 (+11h 59m 53s) | 0.374 | 0.0032 | 1892 | Barnard | Ichki |
| 4 | XIV | Fiba | /ˈθiːbiː/ |  | 9.0 | 98.6 (116 × 98 × 84) | ≈ 43 | 221900 | +0.6761 (+16h 13m 35s) | 1.076 | 0.0175 | 1979 | Synnott (Voyager 1) | Ichki |
| 5 | Io♠ | /ˈaɪoʊ/ |  | −1.7 | 3643.2 (3660 × 3637 × 3631) | 8931900 | 421800 | +1.7627 | 0.050[33] | 0.0041 | 1610 | Galileo | Galiley | |
| 6 | II | Yevropa♠ | /jʊəˈroʊpə/[34] |  | −1.4 | 3121.6 | 4799800 | 671100 | +3.5255 | 0.470[33] | 0.0090 | 1610 | Galileo | Galiley |
| 7 | III | Ganimed♠ | /ˈɡænəmiːd/[35][36] |  | −2.1 | 5268.2 | 14819000 | 1070400 | +7.1556 | 0.200[33] | 0.0013 | 1610 | Galileo | Galiley |
| 8 | IV | Kallisto♠ | /kəˈlɪstoʊ/ |  | −1.2 | 4820.6 | 10759000 | 1882700 | +16.690 | 0.192[33] | 0.0074 | 1610 | Galileo | Galiley |
| 9 | XVIII | Femisto† | /θəˈmɪstoʊ/ |  | 12.9 | 9 | ≈ 0.038 | 7398500 | +130.03 | 43.8 | 0.340 | 1975/2000 | Koval va Roemer/ Sheppard et al. | Femisto |
| 10 | XIII | Leda♣ | /ˈliːdə/ |  | 12.7 | 21.5 | ≈ 0.52 | 11146400 | +240.93 | 28.6 | 0.162 | 1974 | Koval | Gimaliya |
| 11 | LXXI | Ersa♣ | /ˈɜːrsə/ |  | 15.9 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 11401000 | +249.23 | 29.1 | 0.116 | 2018 | Sheppard et al. | Gimaliya |
| 12 | VI | Gimaliya♣ | /hɪˈmeɪliə/ |  | 7.9 | 139.6 (150 × 120) | 420 | 11440600 | +250.56 | 28.1 | 0.160 | 1904 | Perrine | Gimaliya |
| 13 | LXV | Pandiya♣ | /pænˈdaɪə/ |  | 16.2 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 11481000 | +251.91 | 29.0 | 0.179 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Gimaliya |
| 14 | X | Lisiteya♣ | /laɪˈsɪθiə/ |  | 11.2 | 42.2 | ≈ 3.9 | 11700800 | +259.20 | 27.2 | 0.117 | 1938 | Nikolson | Gimaliya |
| 15 | VII | Elara♣ | /ˈɛlərə/ |  | 9.6 | 79.9 | ≈ 27 | 11712300 | +259.64 | 27.9 | 0.211 | 1905 | Perrine | Gimaliya |
| 16 | LIII | Diya♣ | /ˈdaɪə/ |  | 16.3 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 12260300 | +278.21 | 29.0 | 0.232 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Gimaliya |
| 17 | XLVI | Karpo† | /ˈkɑːrpoʊ/ |  | 16.1 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 17042300 | +456.29 | 53.2 | 0.416 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Karpo |
| 18 | LXII | Valetudo† | /væləˈtjuːdoʊ/ |  | 17.0 | 1 | ≈ 0.000052 | 18694200 | +527.61 | 34.5 | 0.217 | 2016 | Sheppard et al. | Valetudo |
| 19 | XXXIV | Evporiye♦ | /ˈjuːpəriː/ |  | 16.3 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 19265800 | −550.69 | 145.7 | 0.148 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
| 20 | LV | S/2003 J 18♦ |  | 16.5 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 20336300 | −598.12 | 145.3 | 0.090 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Ananke | |
| 21 | LX | Evfeme♦ | /juːˈfiːmiː/ |  | 16.6 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 20768600 | −617.73 | 148.0 | 0.241 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
| 22 | LII | S/2010 J 2♦ |  | 17.3 | 1 | ≈ 0.000052 | 20793000 | −618.84 | 148.1 | 0.248 | 2010 | Veillet | Ananke | |
| 23 | LIV | S/2016 J 1♦ |  | 16.8 | 1 | ≈ 0.000052 | 20802600 | −618.49 | 144.7 | 0.232 | 2016 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
| 24 | XL | Mneme♦ | /ˈniːmiː/ |  | 16.3 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 20821000 | −620.07 | 148.0 | 0.247 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Ananke |
| 25 | XXXIII | Evante♦ | /juːˈænθiː/ |  | 16.4 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 20827000 | −620.44 | 148.0 | 0.239 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
| 26 | S/2003 J 16♦ |  | 16.3 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 20882600 | −622.88 | 148.0 | 0.243 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Ananke | ||
| 27 | XXII | Garpalike♦ | /hɑːrˈpæləkiː/ |  | 15.9 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 20892100 | −623.32 | 147.7 | 0.232 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
| 28 | XXXV | Ortoziye♦ | /ɔːrˈθoʊziː/ |  | 16.7 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 20901000 | −622.59 | 144.3 | 0.299 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
| 29 | XLV | Gelike♦ | /ˈhɛləkiː/ |  | 16.0 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 20915700 | −626.33 | 154.4 | 0.153 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
| 30 | XXVII | Praksidike♦ | /prækˈsɪdəkiː/ |  | 14.9 | 7 | ≈ 0.018 | 20935400 | −625.39 | 148.3 | 0.246 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
| 31 | LXIV | S/2017 J 3♦ |  | 16.5 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 20941000 | −625.60 | 147.9 | 0.231 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
| 32 | S/2003 J 12♦ |  | 17.0 | 1 | ≈ 0.000052 | 20963100 | −627.24 | 150.0 | 0.235 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | ||
| 33 | LXVIII | S/2017 J 7♦ | 16.6 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 20964800 | −626.56 | 147.3 | 0.233 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | ||
| 34 | XLII | Telksinoe♦ | /θɛlkˈsɪnoʊiː/ | 16.3 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 20976000 | −628.03 | 150.6 | 0.228 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
| 35 | XXIX | Tione♦ | /θaɪˈoʊniː/ |  | 15.8 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 20978000 | −627.18 | 147.5 | 0.233 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
| 36 | S/2003 J 2♦ |  | 16.7 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 20997700 | −628.79 | 150.2 | 0.225 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | ||
| 37 | XII | Ananke♦ | /əˈnæŋkiː/ |  | 11.7 | 29.1 | ≈ 1.3 | 21034500 | −629.79 | 147.6 | 0.237 | 1951 | Nikolson | Ananke |
| 38 | XXIV | Iokaste♦ | /aɪəˈkæstiː/ |  | 15.4 | 5 | ≈ 0.0065 | 21066700 | −631.59 | 148.8 | 0.227 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
| 39 | XXX | Germippe♦ | /hərˈmɪpiː/ |  | 15.6 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 21108500 | −633.90 | 150.2 | 0.219 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke |
| 40 | LXX | S/2017 J 9♦ | 16.1 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 21768700 | −666.11 | 155.5 | 0.200 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | ||
| 41 | LVIII | Filofrosine‡ | /fɪləˈfrɒzəniː/ | 16.7 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 22604600 | −702.54 | 146.3 | 0.229 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye | |
| 42 | XXXVIII | Pazifeye♥ | /ˈpæsəθiː/ |  | 16.8 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 22846700 | −719.47 | 164.6 | 0.270 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Karme |
| 43 | LXIX | S/2017 J 8♥ |  | 17.0 | 1 | ≈ 0.000052 | 22849500 | −719.76 | 164.8 | 0.255 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Karme | |
| 44 | S/2003 J 24♥ | 16.6 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 22887400 | −721.60 | 164.5 | 0.259 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Karme | |||
| 45 | XXXII | Evridome‡ | /jʊəˈrɪdəmiː/ |  | 16.2 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 22899000 | −717.31 | 149.1 | 0.294 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye |
| 46 | LVI | S/2011 J 2‡ | 16.8 | 1 | ≈ 0.000052 | 22909200 | −718.32 | 151.9 | 0.355 | 2011 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye | ||
| 47 | S/2003 J 4‡ |  | 16.7 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 22926500 | −718.10 | 148.2 | 0.328 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye | ||
| 48 | XXI | Xaldene♥ | /kælˈdiːniː/ |  | 16.0 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 22930500 | −723.71 | 164.7 | 0.265 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Karme |
| 49 | LXIII | S/2017 J 2♥ |  | 16.4 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 22953200 | −724.71 | 164.5 | 0.272 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Karme | |
| 50 | XXVI | Isonoye♥ | /aɪˈsɒnoʊiː/ |  | 16.0 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 22981300 | −726.27 | 164.8 | 0.249 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Karme |
| 51 | XLIV | Kallixore♥ | /kəˈlɪkəriː/ | 16.4 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23021800 | −728.26 | 164.8 | 0.252 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Karme | |
| 52 | XXV | Erinome♥ | /ɛˈrɪnəmiː/ (?) |  | 16.0 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 23032900 | −728.48 | 164.4 | 0.276 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Karme |
| 53 | XXXVII | Kale♥ | /ˈkeɪliː/ |  | 16.4 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23052600 | −729.64 | 164.6 | 0.262 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Karme |
| 54 | LVII | Eirene♥ | /aɪˈriːniː/ | 15.8 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 23055800 | −729.84 | 164.6 | 0.258 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Karme | |
| 55 | XXXI | Aitne♥ | /ˈeɪtniː/ |  | 16.0 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 23064400 | −730.10 | 164.6 | 0.277 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Karme |
| 56 | XLVII | Eukelade♥ | /juːˈkɛlədiː/ |  | 15.9 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 23067400 | −730.30 | 164.6 | 0.277 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Karme |
| 57 | XLIII | Arxe♥ | /ˈɑːrkiː/ |  | 16.2 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 23097800 | −731.88 | 164.6 | 0.261 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Karme |
| 58 | XX | Taygete♥ | /teɪˈɪdʒətiː/ |  | 15.5 | 5 | ≈ 0.0065 | 23108000 | −732.45 | 164.7 | 0.253 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Karme |
| 59 | LXXII | S/2011 J 1♥ | 16.7 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23124500 | −733.21 | 164.6 | 0.271 | 2011 | Sheppard et al. | Karme | ||
| 60 | XI | Karme♥ | /ˈkɑːrmiː/ |  | 10.6 | 46.7 | ≈ 5.3 | 23144400 | −734.19 | 164.6 | 0.256 | 1938 | Nikolson | Karme |
| 61 | L | Gerse♥ | /ˈhɜːrsiː/ | 16.5 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23150500 | −734.52 | 164.4 | 0.262 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Karme | |
| 62 | LXI | S/2003 J 19♥ | 16.6 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23156400 | −734.78 | 164.7 | 0.265 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Karme | ||
| 63 | LI | S/2010 J 1♥ |  | 16.4 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23189800 | −736.51 | 164.5 | 0.252 | 2010 | Jacobson et al. | Karme | |
| 64 | S/2003 J 9♥ |  | 16.9 | 1 | ≈ 0.000052 | 23199400 | −736.86 | 164.8 | 0.263 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Karme | ||
| 65 | LXVI | S/2017 J 5♥ | 16.5 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23206200 | −737.28 | 164.8 | 0.257 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Karme | ||
| 66 | LXVII | S/2017 J 6‡ | 16.4 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23245300 | −733.99 | 149.7 | 0.336 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye | ||
| 67 | XXIII | Kalike♥ | /ˈkæləkiː/ |  | 15.4 | 6.9 | ≈ 0.017 | 23302600 | −742.02 | 164.8 | 0.260 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Karme |
| 68 | XXXIX | Gegemone‡ | /həˈdʒɛməniː/ | 15.9 | 3 | ≈ 0.0014 | 23348700 | −739.81 | 152.6 | 0.358 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye | |
| 69 | VIII | Pasifaye‡ | /pəˈsɪfeɪiː/ |  | 10.1 | 57.8 | ≈ 10 | 23468200 | −743.61 | 148.4 | 0.412 | 1908 | Melotte | Pasifaye |
| 70 | XXXVI | Sponde‡ | /ˈspɒndiː/ |  | 16.7 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23543300 | −748.29 | 149.3 | 0.322 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye |
| 71 | (lost) | S/2003 J 10♥ |  | 16.8 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23576300 | −755.43 | 164.4 | 0.264 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Karme? | |
| 72 | XIX | Megaclite‡ | /ˌmɛɡəˈklaɪtiː/ |  | 15.0 | 5 | ≈ 0.0065 | 23644600 | −752.86 | 149.8 | 0.421 | 2000 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye |
| 73 | XLVIII | Killene‡ | /səˈliːniː/ | 16.3 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23654700 | −751.97 | 146.8 | 0.419 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye | |
| 74 | IX | Sinope‡ | /səˈnoʊpiː/ |  | 11.1 | 35 | ≈ 2.2 | 23683900 | −758.85 | 157.3 | 0.264 | 1914 | Nikolson | Pasifaye |
| 75 | LIX | S/2017 J 1‡ | | 16.6 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23744800 | −756.41 | 145.8 | 0.328 | 2017 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye | |
| 76 | XLI | Aoede‡ | /eɪˈiːdiː/ | 15.6 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 23778200 | −761.46 | 155.7 | 0.436 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye | |
| 77 | XXVIII | Autonoe‡ | /ɔːˈtɒnoʊiː/ |  | 15.5 | 4 | ≈ 0.0034 | 23792500 | −761.00 | 150.8 | 0.330 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye |
| 78 | XVII | Kallirroe‡ | /kəˈlɪroʊiː/ |  | 13.9 | 9.6 | ≈ 0.046 | 23795500 | −758.86 | 145.1 | 0.297 | 1999 | Scotti et al. | Pasifaye |
| 79 | S/2003 J 23‡ |  | 16.6 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 23829300 | −760.00 | 144.7 | 0.313 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye | ||
| 80 | XLIX | Kore‡ | /ˈkɔːriː/ |  | 16.6 | 2 | ≈ 0.00042 | 24205200 | −776.76 | 141.5 | 0.328 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasifaye |
Manbalar
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- ↑ Marazzini, Claudio (2005). „I nomi dei satelliti di Giove: da Galileo a Simon Marius (The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius)“. Lettere Italiane. 57-jild, № 3. 391–407-bet.
- ↑ Nicholson, Seth Barnes (April 1939). „The Satellites of Jupiter“. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 51-jild, № 300. 85–94-bet. Bibcode:1939PASP...51...85N. doi:10.1086/125010.
- ↑ Owen, Tobias (September 1976). „Jovian Satellite Nomenclature“. Icarus. 29-jild, № 1. 159–163-bet. Bibcode:1976Icar...29..159O. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(76)90113-5.
- ↑ Sagan, Carl (April 1976). „On Solar System Nomenclature“. Icarus. 27-jild, № 4. 575–576-bet. Bibcode:1976Icar...27..575S. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(76)90175-5.
- 1 2 Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "shep". - ↑ „Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters“. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 28-mart.
- 1 2 3 Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "jplsats". - ↑ Andoza:MW
- 1 2 3 4 Siedelmann P.K.; Abalakin V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E. et al. (2000) The Planets and Satellites 2000 (Report) IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites archived from the original on 2018-10-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20181031190003/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm. Qaraldi: 31 August 2008.
- ↑ „Europa - definition of Europa in English from the Oxford dictionary“. OxfordDictionaries.com. 2012-yil 21-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 20-yanvar.
- ↑ „Ganymede - definition of Ganymede in English from the Oxford dictionary“. OxfordDictionaries.com. 2013-yil 14-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 20-yanvar.
- ↑ Andoza:MerriamWebsterDictionary
- ↑ Order refers to the position among other moons with respect to their average distance from Jupiter.
- ↑ Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their naming.
- ↑ Diameters with multiple entries such as "60 × 40 × 34" reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions has been measured well enough.
- ↑ The only satellites with measured masses are Amalthea, Himalia, and the four Galilean moons. The masses of the inner satellites are estimated by assuming a density similar to Amalthea's (0.86 g/cm3), while the rest of the irregular satellites are estimated by assuming a spherical volume and a density of 1 g/cm3.
- ↑ Periods with negative values are retrograde.
- ↑ "?" refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet.
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