Toriq ibn Ziyod

Toriq ibn Ziyod طارق بن زياد
Tavalludi	tax. 670 Shimoliy Afrika
Vafoti	tax. 720 Damashq, Suriya
Fuqaroligi	Umaviylar xalifaligi
Jang/urush	Umaviylarning Hispaniyaga bosqini Guadalete jangi
Isteʼfoda	Tanjer hokimi Al-Andalus hokimi

Toriq ibn Ziyod (arabcha: طارق بن زياد) (tax. 670 —  720) – Umaviylar xalifaligi qoʻmondoni. Miloddan avvalgi 711–718-yillarda Vestgotlar qirolligiga qarshi Pireney yarim orolini (hozirgi Ispaniya va Portugaliya) musulmonlar tomonidan bosib olinishga qaratilgan yurishni boshlab bergan. Ushbu yurishda Toriq armiyaga boshchilik qilib, Shimoliy Afrika qirgʻogʻidan Gibraltar boʻgʻozini kesib oʻtgan va oʻz qoʻshinlarini bugungi kunda Gibraltar qoyasi deb nomlanuvchi joyda birlashtirgan. „Gibraltar“ nomi arabcha Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), yaʼni „Toriq togʻi“ degan maʼnoni anglatib, Toriq ibn Ziyod sharafiga bu yerga shunday nom berilgan.

Kelib chiqishi

Oʻrta asr arab tarixchilari Toriqning kelib chiqishi va qaysi etnik guruhga mansubligi haqida bir-biriga zid maʼlumotlar keltirgan. Uning shaxsiyati va Al-Andalusga kelishi haqidagi baʼzi xulosalar noaniq.

Tarixchi Ibn Xaldunning yozishicha, Toriq Ibn Ziyod hozirgi Jazoir hududidagi berber qabilasidan boʻlgan. Heinrich Barth esa uning Ulhassa qabilasiga mansub berberlardan boʻlganligini taʼkidlagan. Bu qabila hozirda Jazoirning Béni Saf hududida yashovchi Tafna mintaqasining mahalliy qabilasi hisoblanadi. David Nicollening soʻzlariga koʻra, Toriq Ibn Ziyodning nomi tarixiy yozuvlarda ilk bor Tanjer hokimi sifatida tilga olingan. Bundan tashqari, tarixchi uni Vadi Tafnada (hozirgi Tlemsen viloyati) tugʻilgan deb hisoblaydi. Tanjer shahrini boshqarishdan oldin Toriq rafiqasi bilan shu yerda istiqomat qilgan.

Adabiyotlar

Asosiy adabiyotlar

• Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. English translation of al-Maqqari.
• al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, English translation by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of, the Islamic State (1916, 1924).
• Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Spanish translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid, 1867.
• Anon., Mozarab Chronicle.
• Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr waʼl Maghrib waʼl Andalus. Critical Arabic edition of the whole work published by Torrey, Yale University Press, 1932. Spanish translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African and Spanish parts of Torrey’s Arabic text: „Conquista de Africa del Norte y de Espana“, Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966. This is to be preferred to the obsolete 19th-century English translation at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest of Spain
• Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto, „Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa“, Aljaranda, no. 30 (1998) (not paginated).
• Muhammad al-Idrisi, Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq (1154). Critical edition of the Arabic text: Opus geographicum: sive „Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant.“ (ed. Bombaci, A. et al., 9 Fascicles, 1970–1978). Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples. French translation: Jaubert, Pierre Amédée. Géographie d'Édrisi traduite de l'arabe en français d'après deux manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du roi et accompagnée de notes (2 Vols). L'imprimerie Royale, 1836–1840. .
• Ibn Taghribirdi, Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr waʼl-Qahira. Partial French translation by E. Fagnan, „En-Nodjoum ez-Zâhîra. Extraits relatifs au Maghreb.“ Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société Archéologique du Département de Constantine, v. 40, 1907, 269–382.
• Ibn Khallikan, Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān. English translation by M. De Slane, Ibn Khallikanʼs Biographical dictionary, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1843.
• Ibn Idhari, Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus waʼl-maghrib. Arabic text ed. G. S. Colin & E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord et de l’Espagne intitulée Kitāb al-Bayān al-Mughrib, 1948.

Qoʻshimcha adabiyotlar

• Abun-Nasr, Jamil M.. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0521337670. 
• Collins, Roger. The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797. Wiley, 1995. ISBN 978-0-631-19405-7. 
• Djait, Hichem. تأسيس الغرب الإسلامي, 2nd (ar), Beirut: دار الطليعة, 2008. ISBN 978-9953410876. 
• Ivan Van Sertima. Golden Age of the Moor. Transaction Publishers, 1992. ISBN 978-1412815369. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 23-avgust. 
• Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge, 1996. ISBN 978-1317870418. 
• Molina, L. (2000). "Ṭāriḳ b. Ziyād". in Bearman, P. J.. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume X: T–U (2nd nashri). Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/tarik-b-ziyad-COM_1182. 
• Nicolle, David. The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-1846032738. 
• Reilly, Bernard F.. The Medieval Spains. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-521-39741-4. 

Havolalar

• Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. Authoritative English translation of al-Maqqari available from Google eBooks. This is the translation still cited by modern historians.
• Tarik’s Address to His Soldiers, 711 CE, from The Breath of Perfumes. A translation of al-Maqqari's work included in Charles F. Horne, The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia, pp. 241–242. Horne was the editor, the translator is not identified. NB: the online extract, often cited, does not include the warning on p. 238 (download the whole book from other sites): „This speech does not, however, preserve the actual words of Tarik; it only presents the tradition of them as preserved by the Moorish historian Al Maggari, who wrote in Africa long after the last of the Moors had been driven out of Spain. In Al Maggari’s day the older Arabic traditions of exact service had quite faded. The Moors had become poets and dreamers instead of scientists and critical historians.“
• Ibn Abd al-Hakam, rather outdated English translation in Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic Conquest of Spain

Yangi daraja

Al-Andalus hokimi 711–712

Keyingisi Muso ibn Nusayr