Roman Abramovich: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich 1966-yil 24-oktyabrda [[Rossiya Sovet Federativ Sotsialistik Respublikasi|Rossiya SFSRning]] [[Saratov]] shahrida tugʻilgan. Uning onasi Irina (1939—1967) musiqa oʻqituvchisi boʻlib, Abramovich bir yoshligida vafot etgan<ref name="auto">{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60708450 |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich: From orphan to sanctioned billionaire oligarch |ish=[[BBC]] |sana=29 March 2022 |qaralgan sana=30 March 2022 |iqtibos=His mother, Irina, died of blood poisoning when he was one year old and his father died two years later after an accident with a construction crane.}}</ref>. Uning otasi Aaron Abramovich Leybovich (1937−1969), asli [[Rossiya yahudiylari tarixi|yahudiy]], [[Komi Respublikasi|Komi ASSR]] iqtisodiy kengashida ishlagan va Roman uch yoshligida vafot etgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich. Biography. Abramovich, Roman Arkadievich – biography Who is Abramovich and what does he do |url=https://ezoteriker.ru/en/roman-abramovich-biografiya-abramovich-roman-arkadevich---biografiya-kto/ |qaralgan sana=8 June 2021 |ish=ezoteriker.ru}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref name="jpost.com">{{Veb manbasi |sana=12 September 2021 |sarlavha=Everything you need to know about mega philanthropist Roman Abramovich |url=https://www.jpost.com/50-most-influential-jews/roman-abramovich-678132 |qaralgan sana=22 December 2021 |ish=The Jerusalem Post |til=en-US}}</ref>. Romanning onasi va buvisi [[Ukraina|Ukrainada]] tugʻilgan Vasiliy Mixaylenko va Faina Grutman edi. Saratovga [[Ikkinchi jahon urushi|Ikkinchi jahon urushining]] dastlabki kunlarida Romanning buvisi Ukrainadan qochib ketgan. Oʻshanda Irina uch yoshda edi<ref name="vk-spy.ru">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich – biography of a wealthy man |url=https://vk-spy.ru/en/psihologiya/roman-abramovich-biografiya-sostoyatelnogo-muzhchiny/ |qaralgan sana=9 June 2021 |ish=vk-spy.ru}}</ref>. Buvisi Toybe (Tatyana) Stepanovna Abramovich [[Belorussiyada yahudiylik dini|belarus yahudiylaridan]] edi<ref name="vk-spy.ru" />. Ular [[Belarus|Belarusda]] yashagan va inqilobdan keyin familiyasining litvacha imlosi Abramavičius boʻlishi bilan [[Litva|Litvaga]] koʻchib oʻtdi<ref name="Telegraph-111031">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=31 October 2011 |title=Roman Abramovich: the orphan who came in from the cold |language=en-GB |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8859786/Roman-Abramovich-the-orphan-who-came-in-from-the-cold.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101011348/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8859786/Roman-Abramovich-the-orphan-who-came-in-from-the-cold.html |archive-date=1 November 2011 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=14 December 2015 |title=Beneath the cold 'death mask' of Abramovich |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/beneath-the-cold-death-mask-of-abramovich |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.jta.org/2018/06/21/news-opinion/billionaire-roman-abramovich-helps-brings-ill-israeli-kids-world-cup |sarlavha=Billionaire Roman Abramovich helps brings ill Israeli kids to the World Cup |qaralgan sana=25 June 2018 |sana=21 June 2018 |muallif=Dunst |ism=Charles |ish=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref>.
Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich 1966-yil 24-oktyabrda [[Rossiya Sovet Federativ Sotsialistik Respublikasi|Rossiya SFSRning]] [[Saratov]] shahrida tugʻilgan. Uning onasi Irina (1939—1967) musiqa oʻqituvchisi boʻlib, Abramovich bir yoshligida vafot etgan<ref name="auto">{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60708450 |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich: From orphan to sanctioned billionaire oligarch |ish=[[BBC]] |sana=29 March 2022 |qaralgan sana=30 March 2022 |iqtibos=His mother, Irina, died of blood poisoning when he was one year old and his father died two years later after an accident with a construction crane.}}</ref>. Uning otasi Aaron Abramovich Leybovich (1937−1969), asli [[Rossiya yahudiylari tarixi|yahudiy]], [[Komi Respublikasi|Komi ASSR]] iqtisodiy kengashida ishlagan va Roman uch yoshligida vafot etgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich. Biography. Abramovich, Roman Arkadievich – biography Who is Abramovich and what does he do |url=https://ezoteriker.ru/en/roman-abramovich-biografiya-abramovich-roman-arkadevich---biografiya-kto/ |qaralgan sana=8 June 2021 |ish=ezoteriker.ru}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref name="jpost.com">{{Veb manbasi |sana=12 September 2021 |sarlavha=Everything you need to know about mega philanthropist Roman Abramovich |url=https://www.jpost.com/50-most-influential-jews/roman-abramovich-678132 |qaralgan sana=22 December 2021 |ish=The Jerusalem Post |til=en-US}}</ref>. Romanning onasi va buvisi [[Ukraina|Ukrainada]] tugʻilgan Vasiliy Mixaylenko va Faina Grutman edi. Saratovga [[Ikkinchi jahon urushi|Ikkinchi jahon urushining]] dastlabki kunlarida Romanning buvisi Ukrainadan qochib ketgan. Oʻshanda Irina uch yoshda edi<ref name="vk-spy.ru">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich – biography of a wealthy man |url=https://vk-spy.ru/en/psihologiya/roman-abramovich-biografiya-sostoyatelnogo-muzhchiny/ |qaralgan sana=9 June 2021 |ish=vk-spy.ru}}</ref>. Buvisi Toybe (Tatyana) Stepanovna Abramovich [[Belorussiyada yahudiylik dini|belarus yahudiylaridan]] edi<ref name="vk-spy.ru" />. Ular [[Belarus|Belarusda]] yashagan va inqilobdan keyin familiyasining litvacha imlosi Abramavičius boʻlishi bilan [[Litva|Litvaga]] koʻchib oʻtdi<ref name="Telegraph-111031">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=31 October 2011 |title=Roman Abramovich: the orphan who came in from the cold |language=en-GB |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8859786/Roman-Abramovich-the-orphan-who-came-in-from-the-cold.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101011348/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8859786/Roman-Abramovich-the-orphan-who-came-in-from-the-cold.html |archive-date=1 November 2011 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=14 December 2015 |title=Beneath the cold 'death mask' of Abramovich |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/beneath-the-cold-death-mask-of-abramovich |access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.jta.org/2018/06/21/news-opinion/billionaire-roman-abramovich-helps-brings-ill-israeli-kids-world-cup |sarlavha=Billionaire Roman Abramovich helps brings ill Israeli kids to the World Cup |qaralgan sana=25 June 2018 |sana=21 June 2018 |muallif=Dunst |ism=Charles |ish=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref>.


1940-yilda [[Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi|Sovet Ittifoqi]] (SSSR) Litvani qoʻshib oldi. [[Barbarossa rejasi|SSSRga fashistlar bostirib kirishidan]] bir oz oldin, Sovetlar butun oilalarni [[Sibir|Sibirga]] joʻnatish bilan „antisovet, jinoiy va ijtimoiy xavfli elementlarni tozaladilar“. Abramovichning bobosi va buvisi [[Sovet Ittifoqida aholining ko'chishi|deportatsiya]] qilinganda ajralishdi. Ota, onasi va bolalari – Leib, Abram va Aron (Arkadiy) turli lagerlarda edi. Deportatsiya qilinganlarning koʻpchiligi lagerlarda vafot etgan. Ular orasida Abramovichning bobosi ham bor edi. Nachman Leybovich 1942-yilda [[Krasnoyarsk]] oʻlkasining Resheti posyolkasidagi [[1945-1950 yillarda Germaniyadagi NKVD maxsus lagerlari|NKVD lagerida]] vafot etgan<ref name="vk-spy.ru2">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich – biography of a wealthy man |url=https://vk-spy.ru/en/psihologiya/roman-abramovich-biografiya-sostoyatelnogo-muzhchiny/ |qaralgan sana=9 June 2021 |ish=vk-spy.ru}}</ref>.
1940-yilda [[Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi|Sovet Ittifoqi]] (SSSR) Litvani qoʻshib oldi. [[Barbarossa rejasi|SSSRga fashistlar bostirib kirishidan]] bir oz oldin, Sovetlar butun oilalarni [[Sibir|Sibirga]] joʻnatish bilan „antisovet, jinoiy va ijtimoiy xavfli elementlarni tozaladilar“. Abramovichning bobosi va buvisi [[Sovet Ittifoqida aholining ko'chishi|deportatsiya]] qilinganda ajralishdi. Ota, onasi va bolalari – Leib, Abram va Aron (Arkadiy) turli lagerlarda edi. Deportatsiya qilinganlarning koʻpchiligi lagerlarda vafot etgan. Ular orasida Abramovichning bobosi ham bor edi. Nachman Leybovich 1942-yilda [[Krasnoyarsk]] oʻlkasining Resheti posyolkasidagi NKVD lagerida vafot etgan<ref name="vk-spy.ru2">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich – biography of a wealthy man |url=https://vk-spy.ru/en/psihologiya/roman-abramovich-biografiya-sostoyatelnogo-muzhchiny/ |qaralgan sana=9 June 2021 |ish=vk-spy.ru}}</ref>.


4 yoshida ikkala ota-onasidan ham ayrilgan Abramovich qarindoshlari qoʻlida tarbiyalangan va yoshligining katta qismini Rossiya shimolidagi [[Komi|Komi Respublikasida]] oʻtkazgan<ref name="Telegraph-1110312">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=31 October 2011 |title=Roman Abramovich: the orphan who came in from the cold |language=en-GB |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8859786/Roman-Abramovich-the-orphan-who-came-in-from-the-cold.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101011348/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8859786/Roman-Abramovich-the-orphan-who-came-in-from-the-cold.html |archive-date=1 November 2011 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>. Abramovich [[Rossiya yahudiy jamoalari federatsiyasi]] raisi, [[Yahudiy muzeyi va bag'rikenglik markazi|Moskva yahudiy muzeyi]] vasiylaridan biri<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.jewish-museum.ru/ |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310073144/http://www.jewish-museum.ru/en/blog/187-evreyskiy-muzey-i-tsentr-tolerantnosti-ob-yavil-o-sozdanii-endaument-fonda-muzeya |sarlavha=Еврейский музей и центр толерантности |arxivsana=10 March 2014 |ish=www.jewish-museum.ru |qaralgan sana=3 March 2022}}</ref>. Abramovich Xolokostda oʻldirilgan Litva yahudiylari xotirasiga 25000ga yaqin yangi va tiklangan daraxtlardan iborat oʻrmon barpo etishga, har bir daraxtga nom berish va ularning nomini yodgorlikka kiritish orqali ajdodlarning xotirasini tiklashga qaror qildi. Litva yahudiylariga virtual yodgorlik yaratilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Abramovich makes 'significant' donation to forest in memory of Lithuanian Jews |url=https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/abramovich-significant-donation-to-forest-in-memory-of-lithuanian-jews/ |qaralgan sana=7 September 2021 |ish=jewishnews.timesofisrael.com |til=en-US}}</ref>.
4 yoshida ikkala ota-onasidan ham ayrilgan Abramovich qarindoshlari qoʻlida tarbiyalangan va yoshligining katta qismini Rossiya shimolidagi [[Komi|Komi Respublikasida]] oʻtkazgan<ref name="Telegraph-1110312">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=31 October 2011 |title=Roman Abramovich: the orphan who came in from the cold |language=en-GB |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8859786/Roman-Abramovich-the-orphan-who-came-in-from-the-cold.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101011348/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8859786/Roman-Abramovich-the-orphan-who-came-in-from-the-cold.html |archive-date=1 November 2011 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>. Abramovich Rossiya yahudiy jamoalari federatsiyasi raisi, Moskva yahudiy muzeyi vasiylaridan biri<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.jewish-museum.ru/ |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310073144/http://www.jewish-museum.ru/en/blog/187-evreyskiy-muzey-i-tsentr-tolerantnosti-ob-yavil-o-sozdanii-endaument-fonda-muzeya |sarlavha=Еврейский музей и центр толерантности |arxivsana=10 March 2014 |ish=www.jewish-museum.ru |qaralgan sana=3 March 2022}}</ref>. Abramovich Xolokostda oʻldirilgan Litva yahudiylari xotirasiga 25000ga yaqin yangi va tiklangan daraxtlardan iborat oʻrmon barpo etishga, har bir daraxtga nom berish va ularning nomini yodgorlikka kiritish orqali ajdodlarning xotirasini tiklashga qaror qildi. Litva yahudiylariga virtual yodgorlik yaratilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Abramovich makes 'significant' donation to forest in memory of Lithuanian Jews |url=https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/abramovich-significant-donation-to-forest-in-memory-of-lithuanian-jews/ |qaralgan sana=7 September 2021 |ish=jewishnews.timesofisrael.com |til=en-US}}</ref>.


=== Biznesi ===
=== Biznesi ===
Abramovich biznes olamiga armiyadagi xizmati paytida kirib kelgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Roman Abramovich built multi-billion-dollar career during his army service |language=en |work=[[Pravda]] |url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/07-11-2007/100351-abramovich-0 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821073900/http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/07-11-2007/100351-abramovich-0/ |archive-date=21 August 2011}}</ref>. U dastlab koʻchada savdogar, keyin esa mahalliy zavodda mexanik boʻlib ishlagan. Abramovich Moskvadagi [[Gubkin nomidagi neft va gaz instituti|Gubkin nomidagi neft va gaz institutida]] tahsil olgan, keyinroq Shveytsariyaning Runicom savdo firmasi uchun [[Tovar|tovarlar]] savdosi bilan shugʻullangan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Asthana |first=Anushka |title=Roman Abramovich |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/richlist/person/0,,33600,00.html |access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/moscow/abramovich.html FRONTLINE/WORLD . Moscow – Rich in Russia . How to Make a Billion Dollars – Roman Abramovich]. PBS. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</ref>.
Abramovich biznes olamiga armiyadagi xizmati paytida kirib kelgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Roman Abramovich built multi-billion-dollar career during his army service |language=en |work=[[Pravda]] |url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/07-11-2007/100351-abramovich-0 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821073900/http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/07-11-2007/100351-abramovich-0/ |archive-date=21 August 2011}}</ref>. U dastlab koʻchada savdogar, keyin esa mahalliy zavodda mexanik boʻlib ishlagan. Abramovich Moskvadagi Gubkin nomidagi neft va gaz institutida tahsil olgan, keyinroq Shveytsariyaning Runicom savdo firmasi uchun [[Tovar|tovarlar]] savdosi bilan shugʻullangan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Asthana |first=Anushka |title=Roman Abramovich |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/richlist/person/0,,33600,00.html |access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/moscow/abramovich.html FRONTLINE/WORLD . Moscow – Rich in Russia . How to Make a Billion Dollars – Roman Abramovich]. PBS. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</ref>.


1988-yilda [[qayta qurish]] Sovet Ittifoqida xususiylashtirish imkoniyatlarini yaratganligi sababli, Abramovich oʻzining eski biznesini qonuniylashtirish imkoniyatiga ega boʻldi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://www.leadershipbiographies.com/109/biography-of-roman-abramovich/ |sarlavha=The Biography of the Great Oil Tycoon Roman Abramovich |qaralgan sana=10 February 2011 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210112455/http://www.leadershipbiographies.com/109/biography-of-roman-abramovich/ |arxivsana=10 February 2011}}. Leadership Biographies (12 February 2010).</ref>. U birinchi rafiqasi Olga bilan qoʻgʻirchoqlar ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniya tashkil qildi. Bir necha yil ichida neft konglomeratlaridan tortib, choʻchqachilik fermalarigacha tashkil qildi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/battle-of-the-oligarchs-the-amazing-showdown-between-roman-abramovich-and-his-arch-rival-6678268.html |sarlavha=Battle of the oligarchs... the amazing showdown between Roman |sana=6 October 2007 |ish=Evening Standard |til=en |qaralgan sana=26 July 2019}}</ref>. U yogʻoch, shakar, oziq-ovqat va boshqa mahsulotlar bilan savdo qilgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Gardham |first=Duncan |date=31 August 2012 |title=Berezovsky v Abramovich: How Roman Abramovich made his fortune |language=en-GB |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9509947/Berezovsky-v-Abramovich-How-Roman-Abramovich-made-his-fortune.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9509947/Berezovsky-v-Abramovich-How-Roman-Abramovich-made-his-fortune.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>. 1992-yilda davlat mulkini oʻgʻirlaganlikda ayblanib, hibsga olingan va qamalgan<ref name="KP-2008-07">{{Veb manbasi |url=http://spb.kp.ru/daily/24124.4/345791/ |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich is no longer Chukotka's governor |qaralgan sana=9 December 2016 |muallif=Vandysheva |ism=Olga |sana=3 July 2008 |ish=Komsomolskaya Pravda |nashriyot=spb.kp.ru}}</ref>.
1988-yilda [[qayta qurish]] Sovet Ittifoqida xususiylashtirish imkoniyatlarini yaratganligi sababli, Abramovich oʻzining eski biznesini qonuniylashtirish imkoniyatiga ega boʻldi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://www.leadershipbiographies.com/109/biography-of-roman-abramovich/ |sarlavha=The Biography of the Great Oil Tycoon Roman Abramovich |qaralgan sana=10 February 2011 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210112455/http://www.leadershipbiographies.com/109/biography-of-roman-abramovich/ |arxivsana=10 February 2011}}. Leadership Biographies (12 February 2010).</ref>. U birinchi rafiqasi Olga bilan qoʻgʻirchoqlar ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniya tashkil qildi. Bir necha yil ichida neft konglomeratlaridan tortib, choʻchqachilik fermalarigacha tashkil qildi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/battle-of-the-oligarchs-the-amazing-showdown-between-roman-abramovich-and-his-arch-rival-6678268.html |sarlavha=Battle of the oligarchs... the amazing showdown between Roman |sana=6 October 2007 |ish=Evening Standard |til=en |qaralgan sana=26 July 2019}}</ref>. U yogʻoch, shakar, oziq-ovqat va boshqa mahsulotlar bilan savdo qilgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Gardham |first=Duncan |date=31 August 2012 |title=Berezovsky v Abramovich: How Roman Abramovich made his fortune |language=en-GB |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9509947/Berezovsky-v-Abramovich-How-Roman-Abramovich-made-his-fortune.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9509947/Berezovsky-v-Abramovich-How-Roman-Abramovich-made-his-fortune.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>. 1992-yilda davlat mulkini oʻgʻirlaganlikda ayblanib, hibsga olingan va qamalgan<ref name="KP-2008-07">{{Veb manbasi |url=http://spb.kp.ru/daily/24124.4/345791/ |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich is no longer Chukotka's governor |qaralgan sana=9 December 2016 |muallif=Vandysheva |ism=Olga |sana=3 July 2008 |ish=Komsomolskaya Pravda |nashriyot=spb.kp.ru}}</ref>.

Ikki xil manbaga koʻra, Abramovich [[Boris Berezovskiy|Berezovskiy bilan]] birinchi marta 1993-yilda rossiyalik tadbirkorlar bilan uchrashuvida tanishgan<ref name="strauss">Strauss, Julius. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080909042034/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1446051/Shy-orphan-who-rose-to-join-Russia%27s-super-rich.html Shy orphan who rose to join Russiaʼs super-rich]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 6 November 2003. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://www.bmivoyager.com/2008/10/28/he-was-the-penniless-orphan/ |sarlavha=He Was the Penniless Orphan |qaralgan sana=20 December 2010 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220221927/http://www.bmivoyager.com/2008/10/28/he-was-the-penniless-orphan/ |arxivsana=20 December 2010}}. bmi Voyager (28 October 2008). Retrieved 3 December 2010.</ref>. Berezovskiy va Abramovich beshta shoʻba korxonasi boʻlgan Runicom Ltd. [[Ofshor|offshor kompaniyasini]] roʻyxatdan oʻtkazishdi. Abramovich Shveytsariyaning Runicom SA kompaniyasining Moskvadagi filialini boshqargan. 1995-yil avgust oyida Boris Yeltsin Sibneftni yaratish toʻgʻrisida farmon chiqardi, Abramovich va Berezovskiy uning yuqori lavozimli rahbarlari boʻlishdi<ref name="KP-2008-072">{{Veb manbasi |url=http://spb.kp.ru/daily/24124.4/345791/ |sarlavha=Roman Abramovich is no longer Chukotka's governor |qaralgan sana=9 December 2016 |muallif=Vandysheva |ism=Olga |sana=3 July 2008 |ish=Komsomolskaya Pravda |nashriyot=spb.kp.ru}}</ref>.

1995-yilda Abramovich va Berezovskiy soxta kim oshdi savdosida yirik Sibneft neft kompaniyasining nazorat paketini sotib olishdi<ref name=":2">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2022-03-14 |title=Roman Abramovich: New evidence highlights corrupt deals |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60736185 |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref>. Kelishuv munozarali kreditlar-ulushlar dasturi doirasida amalga oshirilgan va har bir sherik kompaniyaning yarmi uchun 100 million AQSh dollaridan toʻlagan. Ulushning birja qiymati 150 millionni AQSh dollaridan yuqorini tashkil etdi va tezda milliardlarga aylandi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_aEDwAAQBAJ&q=US%242.7+billion+sibneft&pg=PA80 |title=The World Disorder: US Hegemony, Proxy Wars, Terrorism and Humanitarian Catastrophes |last=Bandeira |first=Luiz Alberto Moniz |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783030032043 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="midgley">{{Kitob manbasi |last=Midgley |first=Dominic |title=Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere |publisher=Harper Collins Willow |date=3 May 2005 |isbn=978-0-00-718984-7}}</ref><ref name=":2" />. Keyinroq Abramovich sudda oʻz aktivlarini qoʻlga kiritish va himoya qilish uchun davlat amaldorlariga milliardlab dollar pora berganini tan oldi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=5 July 2008 |title=Chelsea owner admits he paid out billions in bribes |work=[[The Independent]] |location=Ireland |url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/chelsea-owner-admits-he-paid-out-billions-in-bribes-1428008.html |access-date=3 December 2010}}</ref>. 2000-yildan boshlab Sibneft yiliga 3 milliard AQSh dollariga teng neft ishlab chiqardi<ref name="Wolosky">{{Cite journal|first1=Lee S.|last=Wolosky|title=Putin's Plutocrat Problem|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=79|number=2|date=March–April 2000|page=21|doi=10.2307/20049638|jstor=20049638}}</ref>.

The Times gazetasining taʼkidlashicha, unga Sibneftni sotib olishda [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]] yordam bergan<ref name="timesonline.co.uk">Kennedy, Dominic. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4272509.ece Roman Abramovich admits paying out billions on political favours]. ''The Times''. 5 July 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/OAO-Siberian-Oil-Company-Sibneft-Company-History.html OAO Siberian Oil Company (Sibneft) – Company History]. Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/9259-5.cfm Russia, Economy, Putin, Oligarchs, Loans for Shares – JRL 9–30–05] {{Webarxiv}}. Cdi.org (29 September 2005). Retrieved 3 December 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/9258-5.cfm Russia, Oil, Gazprom, Sibneft – JRL 9–29–05] {{Webarxiv}}. Cdi.org (29 September 2005). Retrieved 3 December 2010.</ref>. Sibneftdan keyin Abramovichning navbatdagi maqsadi alyuminiy sanoati edi. Xususiylashtirishdan soʻng, „alyuminiy urushlari“ sanoatni nazorat qilish uchun kurashayotgan guruhlar sifatida [[eritish]] zavodlari rahbarlari, metall savdogarlari va jurnalistlarning oʻldirilishiga olib keldi. Abramovich avvaliga alyuminiy biznesiga kirishga ikkilanib, „har uch kunda bir kishi shu biznesda oʻldirildi“, deb taʼkidlagan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=3 November 2011 |title=Abramovich Says He Feared Russia's Murderous Aluminum Trade |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-03/abramovich-feared-russian-aluminum-industry-with-murder-every-three-days- |access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref>. Abramovich 2005-yilda Sibneftni Rossiya hukumatiga 13 milliard dollarga sotgan<ref name=":22">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2022-03-14 |title=Roman Abramovich: New evidence highlights corrupt deals |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60736185 |access-date=2022-03-14}}</ref>.

2011-yilda Berezovskiy Abramovichga nisbatan fuqarolik daʼvosi bilan London sudiga murojaat qilgan<ref name=":1">{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Judgments/berezovsky-abramovich-summary.pdf |sarlavha=Berezovsky v Abramovich Action 2007 Folio 942 |ish=www.judiciary.gov.uk |qaralgan sana=3 March 2022}}</ref>. U Abramovichni shantaj, ishonch va shartnomani buzishda aybladi. Daʼvoda 3 milliard funt sterlingdan ortiq tovon toʻlashni talab qilgan<ref name="PA-20120831">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=31 August 2012 |title=Court win 'vindicates' Abramovich |agency=Press Association |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5jHmUh7mdoYCEo-ueq8KT6AK3SjNg?docId=N0289921346369684515A |url-status=dead |access-date=31 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901014033/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5jHmUh7mdoYCEo-ueq8KT6AK3SjNg?docId=N0289921346369684515A |archive-date=1 September 2012}}</ref>. 2012-yil 31-avgustda Oliy sud daʼvoni rad etdi<ref name="PA-201208312">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=31 August 2012 |title=Court win 'vindicates' Abramovich |agency=Press Association |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5jHmUh7mdoYCEo-ueq8KT6AK3SjNg?docId=N0289921346369684515A |url-status=dead |access-date=31 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901014033/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5jHmUh7mdoYCEo-ueq8KT6AK3SjNg?docId=N0289921346369684515A |archive-date=1 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=31 August 2012 |title=Roman Abramovich Wins Court Battle Against Berezovsky |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19433325 |access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref>.

2015-yilda Abramovich PIR Equities shirkatiga 30 million dollarlik sarmoya kiritdi va moliyalash bosqichiga rahbarlik qildi<ref name="globes.co.il">[http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-roman-abramovich-1001029660 Abramovich leads $30m round in OD Koboʻs music start-up]. Globes.co.il. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</ref><ref name="billboard.com">[http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6538989/music-messenger-app-nicki-minaj-david-guetta-gee-roberson-roman-abramovich Music Messenger, the App That Nicki Minaj and David Guetta Invested In, Is Exploding – Hereʼs Why]. billboard.com. Retrieved 22 April 2015.</ref>. Boshqa hamkorlar orasida musiqa sanoatining bir qancha taniqli shaxslari – [[David Guetta]], [[Nicki Minaj]], [[Tiësto]], [[Avicii]], [[Will.i.am]], Benni Andersson, Dave Holmes va boshqalar bor<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-musicmessenger-funding-idUSKBN0NC1BI20150421 |sarlavha=Abramovich leads $30 million investment round in Music Messenger app |sana=21 April 2015 |ish=Reuters |qaralgan sana=19 December 2020}}</ref>.

2003-yil iyun oyida Abramovich Gʻarbiy Londondagi [[Chelsea F.C.|"Chelsi"ni]] boshqaradigan kompaniyalar egasiga aylandi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Roman Abramovich receives apology from HarperCollins over Putin claims |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/article-689461 |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref>. Klubning oldingi egasi [[Ken Bates]] edi, keyinchalik u „Lids Yunayted“ni sotib oldi. Abramovich „Chelsi“ni [[Manchester United F.C.|"Manchester Yunayted]]" va [[Real Madrid CF|"Real Madrid"]] kabi jahon brendiga aylantirish maqsadida tijoriy rivojlanishning ulkan dasturiga kirishdi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=27 September 2004 |title=Chelsea to build new training complex |publisher=Worldsoccer.com |url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/news/chelsea_to_build_new_training_complex_news_58385.html |access-date=3 July 2007}}</ref>.


== Boyligi ==
== Boyligi ==

20-Dekabr 2023, 07:51 dagi koʻrinishi

Roman Abramovich
Роман Абрамович

Abramovich 2021-yilda
Chukotka muxtor okrugi raisi
Mansab davri
10-yanvar 2000-yil – 17-dekabr 2008-yil
Oʻtmishdoshi Vladimir Babichev
Vorisi Vladimir Yetilin
Shaxsiy maʼlumotlari
Tavalludi
Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich

24-oktyabr 1966-yil (1966-10-24) (57 yosh)
Saratov, RSFSR, Sovet Ittifoqi
Fuqaroligi
Siyosiy partiyasi mustaqil
Turmush oʻrtogʻi
  • Olga Lisova
    (turm. 1987; ajr. 1990)
  • Irina Malandina
    (turm. 1991; ajr. 2007)
  • Dasha Jukova
    (turm. 2008; ajr. 2018)
Bolalari 7ta
Taʼlim Moskva yuridik instituti
Rossiya neft va gaz instituti
Kasbi
  • Tadbirkor
  • Siyosatchi
Mashhur ishlari
Mukofotlari

Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich (ruscha: Роман Аркадьевич Абрамович, ivritcha: רומן ארקדיביץ' אברמוביץ') – rossiyalik oligarx va siyosatchi[1]. Angliyaning London shahridagi Premyer-ligadaning "Chelsi" futbol klubining sobiq egasi va Millhouse MChJ xususiy investitsiya kompaniyasining asosiy egasidir[2]. Rossiya, Isroil va Portugaliya fuqaroligiga ega[3][4].

Biografiyasi

Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich 1966-yil 24-oktyabrda Rossiya SFSRning Saratov shahrida tugʻilgan. Uning onasi Irina (1939—1967) musiqa oʻqituvchisi boʻlib, Abramovich bir yoshligida vafot etgan[5]. Uning otasi Aaron Abramovich Leybovich (1937−1969), asli yahudiy, Komi ASSR iqtisodiy kengashida ishlagan va Roman uch yoshligida vafot etgan[6][5][7]. Romanning onasi va buvisi Ukrainada tugʻilgan Vasiliy Mixaylenko va Faina Grutman edi. Saratovga Ikkinchi jahon urushining dastlabki kunlarida Romanning buvisi Ukrainadan qochib ketgan. Oʻshanda Irina uch yoshda edi[8]. Buvisi Toybe (Tatyana) Stepanovna Abramovich belarus yahudiylaridan edi[8]. Ular Belarusda yashagan va inqilobdan keyin familiyasining litvacha imlosi Abramavičius boʻlishi bilan Litvaga koʻchib oʻtdi[9][10][11].

1940-yilda Sovet Ittifoqi (SSSR) Litvani qoʻshib oldi. SSSRga fashistlar bostirib kirishidan bir oz oldin, Sovetlar butun oilalarni Sibirga joʻnatish bilan „antisovet, jinoiy va ijtimoiy xavfli elementlarni tozaladilar“. Abramovichning bobosi va buvisi deportatsiya qilinganda ajralishdi. Ota, onasi va bolalari – Leib, Abram va Aron (Arkadiy) turli lagerlarda edi. Deportatsiya qilinganlarning koʻpchiligi lagerlarda vafot etgan. Ular orasida Abramovichning bobosi ham bor edi. Nachman Leybovich 1942-yilda Krasnoyarsk oʻlkasining Resheti posyolkasidagi NKVD lagerida vafot etgan[12].

4 yoshida ikkala ota-onasidan ham ayrilgan Abramovich qarindoshlari qoʻlida tarbiyalangan va yoshligining katta qismini Rossiya shimolidagi Komi Respublikasida oʻtkazgan[13]. Abramovich Rossiya yahudiy jamoalari federatsiyasi raisi, Moskva yahudiy muzeyi vasiylaridan biri[14]. Abramovich Xolokostda oʻldirilgan Litva yahudiylari xotirasiga 25000ga yaqin yangi va tiklangan daraxtlardan iborat oʻrmon barpo etishga, har bir daraxtga nom berish va ularning nomini yodgorlikka kiritish orqali ajdodlarning xotirasini tiklashga qaror qildi. Litva yahudiylariga virtual yodgorlik yaratilgan[15].

Biznesi

Abramovich biznes olamiga armiyadagi xizmati paytida kirib kelgan[16]. U dastlab koʻchada savdogar, keyin esa mahalliy zavodda mexanik boʻlib ishlagan. Abramovich Moskvadagi Gubkin nomidagi neft va gaz institutida tahsil olgan, keyinroq Shveytsariyaning Runicom savdo firmasi uchun tovarlar savdosi bilan shugʻullangan[17][18].

1988-yilda qayta qurish Sovet Ittifoqida xususiylashtirish imkoniyatlarini yaratganligi sababli, Abramovich oʻzining eski biznesini qonuniylashtirish imkoniyatiga ega boʻldi[19]. U birinchi rafiqasi Olga bilan qoʻgʻirchoqlar ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniya tashkil qildi. Bir necha yil ichida neft konglomeratlaridan tortib, choʻchqachilik fermalarigacha tashkil qildi[20]. U yogʻoch, shakar, oziq-ovqat va boshqa mahsulotlar bilan savdo qilgan[21]. 1992-yilda davlat mulkini oʻgʻirlaganlikda ayblanib, hibsga olingan va qamalgan[22].

Ikki xil manbaga koʻra, Abramovich Berezovskiy bilan birinchi marta 1993-yilda rossiyalik tadbirkorlar bilan uchrashuvida tanishgan[23][24]. Berezovskiy va Abramovich beshta shoʻba korxonasi boʻlgan Runicom Ltd. offshor kompaniyasini roʻyxatdan oʻtkazishdi. Abramovich Shveytsariyaning Runicom SA kompaniyasining Moskvadagi filialini boshqargan. 1995-yil avgust oyida Boris Yeltsin Sibneftni yaratish toʻgʻrisida farmon chiqardi, Abramovich va Berezovskiy uning yuqori lavozimli rahbarlari boʻlishdi[25].

1995-yilda Abramovich va Berezovskiy soxta kim oshdi savdosida yirik Sibneft neft kompaniyasining nazorat paketini sotib olishdi[26]. Kelishuv munozarali kreditlar-ulushlar dasturi doirasida amalga oshirilgan va har bir sherik kompaniyaning yarmi uchun 100 million AQSh dollaridan toʻlagan. Ulushning birja qiymati 150 millionni AQSh dollaridan yuqorini tashkil etdi va tezda milliardlarga aylandi[27][28][26]. Keyinroq Abramovich sudda oʻz aktivlarini qoʻlga kiritish va himoya qilish uchun davlat amaldorlariga milliardlab dollar pora berganini tan oldi[29]. 2000-yildan boshlab Sibneft yiliga 3 milliard AQSh dollariga teng neft ishlab chiqardi[30].

The Times gazetasining taʼkidlashicha, unga Sibneftni sotib olishda Badri Patarkatsishvili yordam bergan[31][32][33][34]. Sibneftdan keyin Abramovichning navbatdagi maqsadi alyuminiy sanoati edi. Xususiylashtirishdan soʻng, „alyuminiy urushlari“ sanoatni nazorat qilish uchun kurashayotgan guruhlar sifatida eritish zavodlari rahbarlari, metall savdogarlari va jurnalistlarning oʻldirilishiga olib keldi. Abramovich avvaliga alyuminiy biznesiga kirishga ikkilanib, „har uch kunda bir kishi shu biznesda oʻldirildi“, deb taʼkidlagan[35]. Abramovich 2005-yilda Sibneftni Rossiya hukumatiga 13 milliard dollarga sotgan[36].

2011-yilda Berezovskiy Abramovichga nisbatan fuqarolik daʼvosi bilan London sudiga murojaat qilgan[37]. U Abramovichni shantaj, ishonch va shartnomani buzishda aybladi. Daʼvoda 3 milliard funt sterlingdan ortiq tovon toʻlashni talab qilgan[38]. 2012-yil 31-avgustda Oliy sud daʼvoni rad etdi[39][40].

2015-yilda Abramovich PIR Equities shirkatiga 30 million dollarlik sarmoya kiritdi va moliyalash bosqichiga rahbarlik qildi[41][42]. Boshqa hamkorlar orasida musiqa sanoatining bir qancha taniqli shaxslari – David Guetta, Nicki Minaj, Tiësto, Avicii, Will.i.am, Benni Andersson, Dave Holmes va boshqalar bor[43].

2003-yil iyun oyida Abramovich Gʻarbiy Londondagi "Chelsi"ni boshqaradigan kompaniyalar egasiga aylandi[44]. Klubning oldingi egasi Ken Bates edi, keyinchalik u „Lids Yunayted“ni sotib oldi. Abramovich „Chelsi“ni "Manchester Yunayted" va "Real Madrid" kabi jahon brendiga aylantirish maqsadida tijoriy rivojlanishning ulkan dasturiga kirishdi[45].

Boyligi

Yillar 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Boyligi 5,7 10,6 13,3 18,2 18,7 23,5 8,5 11,2 13,4 12,1 10,2
Oʻrni 25 21 11 16 15 51 50 53 68 68
Oʻrni (Rossiya) 2 1 1 1 3 2 5 9 9 13

Nizolar

Roman Abramovich 2021-yilda „Putin's People“ kitobi uchun HarperCollins nashriyotini sudga berdi[46].

Manbalar

  1. ↑ Smith, David. „Roman Abramovich interview: Inside the hidden world of Roman's empire“ (en). The Guardian (2006-yil 24-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 23-oktyabr.
  2. ↑ „Abramovich says he will sell Chelsea“ (en-GB). BBC Sport. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 3-mart.
  3. ↑ „Roman Abramovich: Rabbi investigated over Portuguese citizenship“ (en-GB). BBC News (2022-yil 12-mart). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 28-sentyabr.
  4. ↑ Curado. „Roman Abramovich é cidadão português desde Abril“ (pt). PÚBLICO (2021-yil 18-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 28-sentyabr.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 „Roman Abramovich: From orphan to sanctioned billionaire oligarch“. BBC (2022-yil 29-mart). — „His mother, Irina, died of blood poisoning when he was one year old and his father died two years later after an accident with a construction crane.“. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 30-mart.
  6. ↑ „Roman Abramovich. Biography. Abramovich, Roman Arkadievich – biography Who is Abramovich and what does he do“. ezoteriker.ru. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 8-iyun.
  7. ↑ „Everything you need to know about mega philanthropist Roman Abramovich“ (en-US). The Jerusalem Post (2021-yil 12-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 22-dekabr.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 „Roman Abramovich – biography of a wealthy man“. vk-spy.ru. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 9-iyun.
  9. ↑ „Roman Abramovich: the orphan who came in from the cold“ (en-GB). The Daily Telegraph (2011-yil 31-oktyabr). 2011-yil 1-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 26-iyul.
  10. ↑ „Beneath the cold 'death mask' of Abramovich“. The Straits Times (2015-yil 14-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 25-iyun.
  11. ↑ Dunst. „Billionaire Roman Abramovich helps brings ill Israeli kids to the World Cup“. Jewish Telegraphic Agency (2018-yil 21-iyun). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 25-iyun.
  12. ↑ „Roman Abramovich – biography of a wealthy man“. vk-spy.ru. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 9-iyun.
  13. ↑ „Roman Abramovich: the orphan who came in from the cold“ (en-GB). The Daily Telegraph (2011-yil 31-oktyabr). 2011-yil 1-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 26-iyul.
  14. ↑ „Еврейский музей и центр толерантности“. www.jewish-museum.ru. 2014-yil 10-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 3-mart.
  15. ↑ „Abramovich makes 'significant' donation to forest in memory of Lithuanian Jews“ (en-US). jewishnews.timesofisrael.com. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 7-sentyabr.
  16. ↑ „Roman Abramovich built multi-billion-dollar career during his army service“ (en). Pravda. 2011-yil 21-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 3-dekabr.
  17. ↑ Asthana, Anushka. „Roman Abramovich“. The Times. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 22-may.
  18. ↑ FRONTLINE/WORLD . Moscow – Rich in Russia . How to Make a Billion Dollars – Roman Abramovich. PBS. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  19. ↑ „The Biography of the Great Oil Tycoon Roman Abramovich“. 2011-yil 10-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 10-fevral. . Leadership Biographies (12 February 2010).
  20. ↑ „Battle of the oligarchs... the amazing showdown between Roman“ (en). Evening Standard (2007-yil 6-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 26-iyul.
  21. ↑ Gardham, Duncan. „Berezovsky v Abramovich: How Roman Abramovich made his fortune“ (en-GB). The Daily Telegraph (2012-yil 31-avgust). 2022-yil 11-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 26-iyul.
  22. ↑ Vandysheva. „Roman Abramovich is no longer Chukotka's governor“. Komsomolskaya Pravda. spb.kp.ru (2008-yil 3-iyul). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 9-dekabr.
  23. ↑ Strauss, Julius. Shy orphan who rose to join Russiaʼs super-rich. The Daily Telegraph. 6 November 2003. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  24. ↑ „He Was the Penniless Orphan“. 2010-yil 20-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 20-dekabr. . bmi Voyager (28 October 2008). Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  25. ↑ Vandysheva. „Roman Abramovich is no longer Chukotka's governor“. Komsomolskaya Pravda. spb.kp.ru (2008-yil 3-iyul). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 9-dekabr.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 „Roman Abramovich: New evidence highlights corrupt deals“ (en-GB). BBC News (2022-yil 14-mart). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 14-mart.
  27. ↑ Bandeira, Luiz Alberto Moniz. The World Disorder: US Hegemony, Proxy Wars, Terrorism and Humanitarian Catastrophes (en). Springer, 2019. ISBN 9783030032043. 
  28. ↑ Midgley, Dominic. Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere. Harper Collins Willow, 3 May 2005. ISBN 978-0-00-718984-7. 
  29. ↑ „Chelsea owner admits he paid out billions in bribes“. The Independent (2008-yil 5-iyul). Qaraldi: 2010-yil 3-dekabr.
  30. ↑ Wolosky, Lee S. (March–April 2000). "Putin's Plutocrat Problem". Foreign Affairs 79 (2): 21. doi:10.2307/20049638. 
  31. ↑ Kennedy, Dominic. Roman Abramovich admits paying out billions on political favours. The Times. 5 July 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  32. ↑ OAO Siberian Oil Company (Sibneft) – Company History. Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  33. ↑ Russia, Economy, Putin, Oligarchs, Loans for Shares – JRL 9–30–05 Webarxiv andozasida xato: |url= qiymatini tekshiring. Boʻsh.. Cdi.org (29 September 2005). Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  34. ↑ Russia, Oil, Gazprom, Sibneft – JRL 9–29–05 Webarxiv andozasida xato: |url= qiymatini tekshiring. Boʻsh.. Cdi.org (29 September 2005). Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  35. ↑ „Abramovich Says He Feared Russia's Murderous Aluminum Trade“. Bloomberg.com (2011-yil 3-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 27-iyul.
  36. ↑ „Roman Abramovich: New evidence highlights corrupt deals“ (en-GB). BBC News (2022-yil 14-mart). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 14-mart.
  37. ↑ „Berezovsky v Abramovich Action 2007 Folio 942“. www.judiciary.gov.uk. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 3-mart.
  38. ↑ „Court win 'vindicates' Abramovich“. Press Association (2012-yil 31-avgust). 2012-yil 1-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 31-avgust.
  39. ↑ „Court win 'vindicates' Abramovich“. Press Association (2012-yil 31-avgust). 2012-yil 1-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 31-avgust.
  40. ↑ „Roman Abramovich Wins Court Battle Against Berezovsky“. BBC (2012-yil 31-avgust). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 31-avgust.
  41. ↑ Abramovich leads $30m round in OD Koboʻs music start-up. Globes.co.il. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  42. ↑ Music Messenger, the App That Nicki Minaj and David Guetta Invested In, Is Exploding – Hereʼs Why. billboard.com. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  43. ↑ „Abramovich leads $30 million investment round in Music Messenger app“. Reuters (2015-yil 21-aprel). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 19-dekabr.
  44. ↑ „Roman Abramovich receives apology from HarperCollins over Putin claims“. The Jerusalem Post. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 29-dekabr.
  45. ↑ „Chelsea to build new training complex“. Worldsoccer.com (2004-yil 27-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2007-yil 3-iyul.
  46. ↑ „Роман Абрамович «Путиннинг одамлари» номли китобни нашр этган компанияни судга берди“. Bugun.uz. 2021-yil 9-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2021 йил 1 июль.

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