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Geology of Himachal Pradesh: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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Geology of Himachal Pradesh“ sahifasi tarjima qilib yaratildi
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30-Oktyabr 2022, 06:47 dagi koʻrinishi

Fig.1 Oq chiziqlar Himachal-Pradesh joyini ko'rsatadi.Rasm GeoMapApp (www.geomapapp.org) / CC BY / CC BY (Ryan va boshq., 2009) yordamida yaratilgan.[1]

Himachal-Pradesh geologiyasida Hindiston-Osiyo to'qnashuvi va keyingi Himoloy orogenen paytida to'plangan va deformatsiyalangan va uyerda prekembriy jinslari ko'p tarqalgan. Shimoliy Hindistonning Himachal-Pradesh shtati G'arbiy Himoloyda joylashgan (1-rasm). U 320 m dan 6975 m gacha balandlikda joylashgan murakkab relefga ega.[2] u hududning tosh materiallari asosan hind kratonidan[3] va ularning yoshi paleoproterozoydan hozirgi kungacha o'zgarib turadi.[4] Hindiston kratoni 50-60 million yil oldin Osiyo bilan to'qnashgan deb umumiy hulosa qabul qilingan (Ma).[5][6][7] To'qnashuv paytida tog 'jinslari silkinib, qattiq burmalangan.[3] Hudud, shuningdek, yo'naltirilgan orografik yog'inlar, muzlash va tez eroziya bilan shakllangan.[8][9]

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Yirik tektonik birliklari

Himachal-Pradeshning balandligi janubiy g'arbiy qismdan SHimolgacha ko'tarilgan va bu hududni tashkil etuvchi orogen hatakatlar ham yaqqol kozga tashlanib tuadi. Yoriq bilan chegaralangan Shimoliy-G'arbiy to'g'ri yo'nalishli tasma shaklida 5 ta asosiy tektonik birliklar mavjud (2-rasm). JG' dan SHM gacha u yer Hind-Ganga tekisligi joylashgan, u joylar Sub-Himoloy ketma-ketligi, Kichik Himoloy ketma-ketligi, Katta Himoloy kristalli majmuasi va Tefiyan Himoloy ketma-ketligi deb nomlanadi (2, 3-rasm).

Hind-Ganga tekisligi Himoloydan olingan allyuvial cho'kindilarni o'z ichiga olgan va buni yaqinda faol bo'lgan foreland havzasini ifodalaydi.[10] Sub-Himoloy ketma-ketligi, asosan, miotsen davrida oldingi havzada to'plangan cho'kindilar borligini isbotladi. Kichik Himoloy ketma-ketligi tog 'qurilish jarayonlaridan oldin joylashgan birlik hisoblanadi. Katta Himoloy kristalli majmuasi ichki qismdan janubi-g'arbiy va g'arb tomonga ko'chirilgan yuqori tektonik birlikni ifodalaydi. Tethian Himoloy ketma-ketligi Hindiston plitasining shimoliy chekkasida oldingi passiv chekkada joylashgan qatlamlarni ifodalaydi. [11][12]

2-rasm Himachal-Pradeshning soddalashtirilgan geologik xaritasi(Webb, 2013-yildan tahrirlangan) [13]
3-rasm Himachal-Pradeshning koʻndalang kesimi (Webb, 2013-yildan oʻzgartirilgan) Mintaqadagi tektonik birliklar odatda ShSh-JG' yoʻnalishida joylashgan. Katta o'lchamdagi burmalar va yoriqlar mavjud.

Shtatning janubi-gʻarbiy chekkasida joylashgan Hind-Ganga tekisligi Himoloy togʻ jinslaridan eroziyaga uchragan choʻkindilardan tashkil topgan allyuvial tekisliklar mavjud. Bu hudud faol depotsentr bo'lib, yaqin atrofdagi yirik daryolardan yuqori cho'kindi oqimlari oqib keladi. Masalan, yuqori o'rtacha eroziya darajasi 1,8 mm/yil frontal Sutlejning Himoloy suv havzasida qayd etilgan, bu natija bilan katta cho'kindi yukiga hissa qo'shgan bo'ladi.[14] Hind-Ganj tekisligidan pastda umuman deformatsiyaga uchramagan hind kraton qatlamlari joylashgan. Ularning barchasi shimoli-sharqiy tomondan Asosiy frontal tortishish (MFT) bilan chegaralangan.

Sub-Himoloy ketma-ketligi

Sub-Himoloy ketma-ketligi, Sivalik guruhi deb ataladi, paleotsendan pliotsengacha cho'kindi qatlamlari qoplanib qolgan. Cho'kindilarning kelib chiqishi Hind-Ganq tekisligidagi kabidir. Biroq, sedimentatsiya hodisalari Hindiston-Osiyo to'qnashuvidan oldin boshlangan va kech Miosengacha davom etgan shuningdek cho'kma muhiti sayoz dengizdan kontinentalga o'zgargan.

Stratigrafiyasi[13]
Yosh Birlik Litologiya Cho'kish muhiti
Pleystotsen-Miotsen (11-7M) Sivalik shakllanishi Qumtosh, konglomerat, alevolitosh Qit'a
Miyosen (20-13M) Dharamsala shakllanishi Kulrang qumtosh, alevoli, slanets, kalix Qit'a
Eng soʻnggi paleotsen-oʻrta eotsen Subathu shakllanishi ohaktosh, slanets, mayda mayda qumtosh Sayoz dengiz
Soʻnggi boʻr-paleotsen Singtali shakllanishi ohaktosh, kichik kvarts arenit Sayoz dengiz

Ikki kichik guruh, u yerda shu jumladan paleotsendan eotsengacha boʻlgan sayoz dengiz yotqiziqlari va miotsen bo'limidandan pliotsengacha boʻlgan kontinental yotqiziqlar aniqlangan. Singtali va Subathu tuzilmasi kattaroq, Dxaramsala va Sivalik tuzilmasi esa kichik guruhni tashkil etdi. Ikkalasini ajratish Oligosen nomuvofiqligidir. Oligotsen davrida Hindiston qit'asining vaqtincha ko'tarilishi tufayli cho'kmaslik davrida bo'lganligi haqida taxmin qilingan. O'sha paytda hudud dengiz sathidan ko'tarilgan deb baholanadi. Hind okeani plitasining ajralishi mantiyaning ko'tarilishiga olib kelgan bo'lishi mumkin yoki esa plitaning pastga qarab tortilishi tufayli old burma paydo bo'lishi mumkin deb fikr yuritiladi.

Sub-Himoloy ketma-ketligi 10 - 6 tezlikda janubi-g'arbga surilgan. To'rtlamchi davrda Asosiy frontal surish bo'ylab 1 mm yilga aniqlangan. Ketma-ketlikda tog 'jinslari katta miqdorda surilib, to'planib, Himachal-Pradeshning janubi-g'arbiy qismida Sub-Himoloy o'tish zonasini hosil qilgan (3-rasm). Birlik Krol surish shuningdek tepada Ton surish bilan chegaralangan.

Kichik Himoloy ketma-ketligi (LHS)

Kichik Himoloy ketma-ketligi asosan metacho'kindi jinslar, metavolkanik jinslar va augen gneyslardan iboratdir. Qatlamlar paleoproterozoydan kembriygacha bo'lgan davrda detrital cho'kindi sifatida cho'kgan va keyinchalik yashil shist va amfibolit fasiyali jinslarga metamorflangan.[14] Ushbu ketma-ketlik yuqoridagi Asosiy Markaziy surish bilan chegaralanadi va uni 4 birlikka bo'lish mumkin.[3]

Stratigrafiya [13]
Yosh Birlik Litologiya Eslatma
Neoproterozoy-pastki kembriy Tashqi Kichik Himoloy Tal shakllanishi

Krol guruhi

Shimla guruhi

Basantpur shakllanishi (Mandhali)

qumtosh, alevoli, dolomit, ohaktosh va slanets shtatning janubiy, janubi-sharqiy qismida ochilgan
Paleoproterozoy-neoproterozoy Parautochton Deoba guruhi

Damtha guruhi

silisiklastik va karbonatli jinslar
  • Uttarkashi va Narkanda yarim oynalarida ochilgan
  • Kichik Himoloyning ichki qismi
Paleoproterozoy Berinag guruhi seritsitik kvarts-arenit metabazalt intruziyasi bilan
  • tog' jinslari yashil shist fatsiyasi sharoitida metamofozga uchragan [15]
  • Kichik Himoloyning ichki qismi
Paleoproterozoy Munsiari guruhi Vangtu

Jeori

granit avgen gneys

paragneys, slyuda shist

  • Munsiari guruhi, shuningdek, Kichik Himoloy kristalli ketma-ketligi (LHCS) deb ham ataladi [14]
  • 11 va 6 million (miotsen) oralig'ida amfibolit fasiysi metamorfizmini boshdan kechirgan [14] [16]
  • tektonik oynalarda ochilgan (Uttarkashi va Kullu oynasi)
6-rasm. Katta Himoloy kristalli majmuasi (GHC) qanday joylashtirilganini ko'rsatadigan uchta modeli. (Rasm Webb va boshq., 2011 dan o'zgartirilgan)[3]

Yuqori Himoloy kristalli ketma-ketligi deb ham ataladigan Katta Himoloy kristalli majmuasi[14] paleoproterozoy va ordovik davridagi yuqori darajadagi metamorfik jinslardan tashkil topgan.[4] U 4,5 - 8 dan ortiq km qalinlikdagi qatlam, paragneys, shist va ortogneyslar kuzatiladi. Leykogranitlar ushbu birlikning eng yuqori qismida to'planganligi aniqlangan.[4] Togʻ jinslarining metamorfik darajasi yuqori boʻlinishni oshiradi, shu bios staurolit, siyanit, sillimanit va migmatit zonalari asta-sekin qoʻshiladi.[14] Kristalli kompleks 750 °C ning eng yuqori metamorfik holatini boshdan kechirgan, 23M atrofida.[14]

Kristalli kompleks poydevorda Asosiy Markaziy surilishi va tepada Janubiy Tibet otryadi bilan chegaralanganligi aniq ko'rinadi. Katta Himoloy kristalli majmuasi orogenga qanday joylashtirilgani bo'yicha konsensusga erishilmagan. Bundan tashqari, Janubiy Tibet otryadi bo'ylab anomal kengaytma harakati ko'plab tadqiqotchilarni qiziqtirib kelmoqda.

Stratigrafiya [13]
Birlik Eslatma
Choʻkindi jinslar Giumal-Chikkim vorisligi

Tandi guruhi

Thaple-Muth-Lipak ketma-ketligi

Parahio shakllanishi

Haimanta guruhi

  • choʻkindi va past darajali metachoʻkindi jinslardan iborat
  • Hindiston qit'asining shimoliy chegarasida joylashgan [11]
Magmatik jinslar Ilk paleozoy granitoidlari

Neoproterozoy graniti

Baragaon granit gneysi

Kembriy-ordovik davrida joylashgan, mafik anklavlar bilan peralyuminli [12] taxminan. 830 mln

taxminan. 1850 mln

4-rasm Hindiston-Osiyo to'qnashuvi natijasida tog' jinslarining to'planishini ko'rsatadigan sxematik diagrammasi [10]
  1. Ryan, William B. F.; Carbotte, Suzanne M.; Coplan, Justin O.; O'Hara, Suzanne; Melkonian, Andrew; Arko, Robert; Weissel, Rose Anne; Ferrini, Vicki et al. (March 2009). "Global Multi-Resolution Topography synthesis". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10 (3): n/a. doi:10.1029/2008gc002332. ISSN 1525-2027. 
  2. Geological Survey of India. Geology and mineral resources of the states of India-Geology and mineral resources of Himachal Pradesh. Geological Survey of India, 2012. OCLC 314568706. 
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Webb, A. Alexander G.; Yin, An; Harrison, T. Mark; Célérier, Julien; Gehrels, George E.; Manning, Craig E.; Grove, Marty (2011-08-01). "Cenozoic tectonic history of the Himachal Himalaya (northwestern India) and its constraints on the formation mechanism of the Himalayan orogen" (en). Geosphere 7 (4): 1013–1061. doi:10.1130/GES00627.1.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 Yin, An (2006-05-01). "Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation" (en). Earth-Science Reviews 76 (1): 1–131. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004. ISSN 0012-8252. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825205000565.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  5. Hodges, K. V. (2000-03-01). "Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives" (en). GSA Bulletin 112 (3): 324–350. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<324:TOTHAS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/112/3/324/183584/Tectonics-of-the-Himalaya-and-southern-Tibet-from. 
  6. Wu, F.-Y.; Ji, W.-Q.; Wang, J.-G.; Liu, C.-Z.; Chung, S.-L.; Clift, P. D. (2014-02-01). "Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic constraints on the onset time of India-Asia collision". American Journal of Science 314 (2): 548–579. doi:10.2475/02.2014.04. ISSN 0002-9599. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/02.2014.04. 
  7. Colleps, C.L.; McKenzie, N.R.; Horton, B.K.; Webb, A.A.G.; Ng, Y.W.; Singh, B.P. (March 2020). "Sediment provenance of pre- and post-collisional Cretaceous–Paleogene strata from the frontal Himalaya of northwest India". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 534: 116079. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116079. ISSN 0012-821X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116079. 
  8. THIEDE, R (May 2004). "Climatic control on rapid exhumation along the Southern Himalayan Front". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00198-0. ISSN 0012-821X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00198-0. 
  9. Linsbauer, A.; Frey, H.; Haeberli, W.; Machguth, H.; Azam, M. F.; Allen, S. (March 2016). "Modelling glacier-bed overdeepenings and possible future lakes for the glaciers in the Himalaya—Karakoram region" (en). Annals of Glaciology 57 (71): 119–130. doi:10.3189/2016AoG71A627. ISSN 0260-3055. 
  10. 10,0 10,1 Jain, A.K.. Tectonics of the Indian Subcontinent. Springer, 2020. ISBN 978-3-030-42845-7.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":15" defined multiple times with different content
  11. 11,0 11,1 Aikman, Amos B.; Harrison, T. Mark; Lin, Ding (September 2008). "Evidence for Early (>44 Ma) Himalayan Crustal Thickening, Tethyan Himalaya, southeastern Tibet". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 274 (1–2): 14–23. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.038. ISSN 0012-821X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.038.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":11" defined multiple times with different content
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  14. 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 14,6 Vannay, Jean-Claude; Grasemann, Bernhard; Rahn, Meinert; Frank, Wolfgang; Carter, Andrew; Baudraz, Vincent; Cosca, Mike (February 2004). "Miocene to Holocene exhumation of metamorphic crustal wedges in the NW Himalaya: Evidence for tectonic extrusion coupled to fluvial erosion". Tectonics 23 (1): n/a. doi:10.1029/2002tc001429. ISSN 0278-7407.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  15. Miller, Christine; Klötzli, Urs; Frank, Wolfgang; Thöni, Martin; Grasemann, Bernhard (2000-10-01). "Proterozoic crustal evolution in the NW Himalaya (India) as recorded by circa 1.80 Ga mafic and 1.84 Ga granitic magmatism" (en). Precambrian Research 103 (3): 191–206. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00091-7. ISSN 0301-9268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301926800000917. 
  16. Chambers, J. A.; Argles, T. W.; Horstwood, M. S. A.; Harris, N. B. W.; Parrish, R. R.; Ahmad, T. (2008-05-01). "Tectonic implications of Palaeoproterozoic anatexis and Late Miocene metamorphism in the Lesser Himalayan Sequence, Sutlej Valley, NW India" (en). Journal of the Geological Society 165 (3): 725–737. doi:10.1144/0016-76492007/090. ISSN 0016-7649. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-abstract/165/3/725/372577/Tectonic-implications-of-Palaeoproterozoic.