Geology of Himachal Pradesh: Versiyalar orasidagi farq
„Geology of Himachal Pradesh“ sahifasi tarjima qilib yaratildi Teglar: [tarjimon] [tarjimon 2] |
(Farq yoʻq)
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30-Oktyabr 2022, 06:47 dagi koʻrinishi
Himachal-Pradesh geologiyasida Hindiston-Osiyo to'qnashuvi va keyingi Himoloy orogenen paytida to'plangan va deformatsiyalangan va uyerda prekembriy jinslari ko'p tarqalgan. Shimoliy Hindistonning Himachal-Pradesh shtati G'arbiy Himoloyda joylashgan (1-rasm). U 320 m dan 6975 m gacha balandlikda joylashgan murakkab relefga ega.[2] u hududning tosh materiallari asosan hind kratonidan[3] va ularning yoshi paleoproterozoydan hozirgi kungacha o'zgarib turadi.[4] Hindiston kratoni 50-60 million yil oldin Osiyo bilan to'qnashgan deb umumiy hulosa qabul qilingan (Ma).[5][6][7] To'qnashuv paytida tog 'jinslari silkinib, qattiq burmalangan.[3] Hudud, shuningdek, yo'naltirilgan orografik yog'inlar, muzlash va tez eroziya bilan shakllangan.[8][9]
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Yirik tektonik birliklari
Himachal-Pradeshning balandligi janubiy g'arbiy qismdan SHimolgacha ko'tarilgan va bu hududni tashkil etuvchi orogen hatakatlar ham yaqqol kozga tashlanib tuadi. Yoriq bilan chegaralangan Shimoliy-G'arbiy to'g'ri yo'nalishli tasma shaklida 5 ta asosiy tektonik birliklar mavjud (2-rasm). JG' dan SHM gacha u yer Hind-Ganga tekisligi joylashgan, u joylar Sub-Himoloy ketma-ketligi, Kichik Himoloy ketma-ketligi, Katta Himoloy kristalli majmuasi va Tefiyan Himoloy ketma-ketligi deb nomlanadi (2, 3-rasm).
Hind-Ganga tekisligi Himoloydan olingan allyuvial cho'kindilarni o'z ichiga olgan va buni yaqinda faol bo'lgan foreland havzasini ifodalaydi.[10] Sub-Himoloy ketma-ketligi, asosan, miotsen davrida oldingi havzada to'plangan cho'kindilar borligini isbotladi. Kichik Himoloy ketma-ketligi tog 'qurilish jarayonlaridan oldin joylashgan birlik hisoblanadi. Katta Himoloy kristalli majmuasi ichki qismdan janubi-g'arbiy va g'arb tomonga ko'chirilgan yuqori tektonik birlikni ifodalaydi. Tethian Himoloy ketma-ketligi Hindiston plitasining shimoliy chekkasida oldingi passiv chekkada joylashgan qatlamlarni ifodalaydi. [11][12]
Shtatning janubi-gʻarbiy chekkasida joylashgan Hind-Ganga tekisligi Himoloy togʻ jinslaridan eroziyaga uchragan choʻkindilardan tashkil topgan allyuvial tekisliklar mavjud. Bu hudud faol depotsentr bo'lib, yaqin atrofdagi yirik daryolardan yuqori cho'kindi oqimlari oqib keladi. Masalan, yuqori o'rtacha eroziya darajasi 1,8 mm/yil frontal Sutlejning Himoloy suv havzasida qayd etilgan, bu natija bilan katta cho'kindi yukiga hissa qo'shgan bo'ladi.[14] Hind-Ganj tekisligidan pastda umuman deformatsiyaga uchramagan hind kraton qatlamlari joylashgan. Ularning barchasi shimoli-sharqiy tomondan Asosiy frontal tortishish (MFT) bilan chegaralangan.
Sub-Himoloy ketma-ketligi
Sub-Himoloy ketma-ketligi, Sivalik guruhi deb ataladi, paleotsendan pliotsengacha cho'kindi qatlamlari qoplanib qolgan. Cho'kindilarning kelib chiqishi Hind-Ganq tekisligidagi kabidir. Biroq, sedimentatsiya hodisalari Hindiston-Osiyo to'qnashuvidan oldin boshlangan va kech Miosengacha davom etgan shuningdek cho'kma muhiti sayoz dengizdan kontinentalga o'zgargan.
Yosh | Birlik | Litologiya | Cho'kish muhiti |
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Pleystotsen-Miotsen (11-7M) | Sivalik shakllanishi | Qumtosh, konglomerat, alevolitosh | Qit'a |
Miyosen (20-13M) | Dharamsala shakllanishi | Kulrang qumtosh, alevoli, slanets, kalix | Qit'a |
Eng soʻnggi paleotsen-oʻrta eotsen | Subathu shakllanishi | ohaktosh, slanets, mayda mayda qumtosh | Sayoz dengiz |
Soʻnggi boʻr-paleotsen | Singtali shakllanishi | ohaktosh, kichik kvarts arenit | Sayoz dengiz |
Ikki kichik guruh, u yerda shu jumladan paleotsendan eotsengacha boʻlgan sayoz dengiz yotqiziqlari va miotsen bo'limidandan pliotsengacha boʻlgan kontinental yotqiziqlar aniqlangan. Singtali va Subathu tuzilmasi kattaroq, Dxaramsala va Sivalik tuzilmasi esa kichik guruhni tashkil etdi. Ikkalasini ajratish Oligosen nomuvofiqligidir. Oligotsen davrida Hindiston qit'asining vaqtincha ko'tarilishi tufayli cho'kmaslik davrida bo'lganligi haqida taxmin qilingan. O'sha paytda hudud dengiz sathidan ko'tarilgan deb baholanadi. Hind okeani plitasining ajralishi mantiyaning ko'tarilishiga olib kelgan bo'lishi mumkin yoki esa plitaning pastga qarab tortilishi tufayli old burma paydo bo'lishi mumkin deb fikr yuritiladi.
Sub-Himoloy ketma-ketligi 10 - 6 tezlikda janubi-g'arbga surilgan. To'rtlamchi davrda Asosiy frontal surish bo'ylab 1 mm yilga aniqlangan. Ketma-ketlikda tog 'jinslari katta miqdorda surilib, to'planib, Himachal-Pradeshning janubi-g'arbiy qismida Sub-Himoloy o'tish zonasini hosil qilgan (3-rasm). Birlik Krol surish shuningdek tepada Ton surish bilan chegaralangan.
Kichik Himoloy ketma-ketligi (LHS)
Kichik Himoloy ketma-ketligi asosan metacho'kindi jinslar, metavolkanik jinslar va augen gneyslardan iboratdir. Qatlamlar paleoproterozoydan kembriygacha bo'lgan davrda detrital cho'kindi sifatida cho'kgan va keyinchalik yashil shist va amfibolit fasiyali jinslarga metamorflangan.[14] Ushbu ketma-ketlik yuqoridagi Asosiy Markaziy surish bilan chegaralanadi va uni 4 birlikka bo'lish mumkin.[3]
Yosh | Birlik | Litologiya | Eslatma | |
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Neoproterozoy-pastki kembriy | Tashqi Kichik Himoloy | Tal shakllanishi
Krol guruhi Shimla guruhi Basantpur shakllanishi (Mandhali) |
qumtosh, alevoli, dolomit, ohaktosh va slanets | shtatning janubiy, janubi-sharqiy qismida ochilgan |
Paleoproterozoy-neoproterozoy | Parautochton | Deoba guruhi
Damtha guruhi |
silisiklastik va karbonatli jinslar |
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Paleoproterozoy | Berinag guruhi | seritsitik kvarts-arenit metabazalt intruziyasi bilan |
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Paleoproterozoy | Munsiari guruhi | Vangtu
Jeori |
granit avgen gneys
paragneys, slyuda shist |
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Yuqori Himoloy kristalli ketma-ketligi deb ham ataladigan Katta Himoloy kristalli majmuasi[14] paleoproterozoy va ordovik davridagi yuqori darajadagi metamorfik jinslardan tashkil topgan.[4] U 4,5 - 8 dan ortiq km qalinlikdagi qatlam, paragneys, shist va ortogneyslar kuzatiladi. Leykogranitlar ushbu birlikning eng yuqori qismida to'planganligi aniqlangan.[4] Togʻ jinslarining metamorfik darajasi yuqori boʻlinishni oshiradi, shu bios staurolit, siyanit, sillimanit va migmatit zonalari asta-sekin qoʻshiladi.[14] Kristalli kompleks 750 °C ning eng yuqori metamorfik holatini boshdan kechirgan, 23M atrofida.[14]
Kristalli kompleks poydevorda Asosiy Markaziy surilishi va tepada Janubiy Tibet otryadi bilan chegaralanganligi aniq ko'rinadi. Katta Himoloy kristalli majmuasi orogenga qanday joylashtirilgani bo'yicha konsensusga erishilmagan. Bundan tashqari, Janubiy Tibet otryadi bo'ylab anomal kengaytma harakati ko'plab tadqiqotchilarni qiziqtirib kelmoqda.
Birlik | Eslatma | |
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Choʻkindi jinslar | Giumal-Chikkim vorisligi
Tandi guruhi Thaple-Muth-Lipak ketma-ketligi Parahio shakllanishi Haimanta guruhi |
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Magmatik jinslar | Ilk paleozoy granitoidlari
Neoproterozoy graniti Baragaon granit gneysi |
Kembriy-ordovik davrida joylashgan, mafik anklavlar bilan peralyuminli [12] taxminan. 830 mln
taxminan. 1850 mln |
- ↑ Ryan, William B. F.; Carbotte, Suzanne M.; Coplan, Justin O.; O'Hara, Suzanne; Melkonian, Andrew; Arko, Robert; Weissel, Rose Anne; Ferrini, Vicki et al. (March 2009). "Global Multi-Resolution Topography synthesis". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10 (3): n/a. doi:10.1029/2008gc002332. ISSN 1525-2027.
- ↑ Geological Survey of India. Geology and mineral resources of the states of India-Geology and mineral resources of Himachal Pradesh. Geological Survey of India, 2012. OCLC 314568706.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Webb, A. Alexander G.; Yin, An; Harrison, T. Mark; Célérier, Julien; Gehrels, George E.; Manning, Craig E.; Grove, Marty (2011-08-01). "Cenozoic tectonic history of the Himachal Himalaya (northwestern India) and its constraints on the formation mechanism of the Himalayan orogen" (en). Geosphere 7 (4): 1013–1061. doi:10.1130/GES00627.1. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Yin, An (2006-05-01). "Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation" (en). Earth-Science Reviews 76 (1): 1–131. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004. ISSN 0012-8252. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825205000565. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Hodges, K. V. (2000-03-01). "Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives" (en). GSA Bulletin 112 (3): 324–350. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<324:TOTHAS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/112/3/324/183584/Tectonics-of-the-Himalaya-and-southern-Tibet-from.
- ↑ Wu, F.-Y.; Ji, W.-Q.; Wang, J.-G.; Liu, C.-Z.; Chung, S.-L.; Clift, P. D. (2014-02-01). "Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic constraints on the onset time of India-Asia collision". American Journal of Science 314 (2): 548–579. doi:10.2475/02.2014.04. ISSN 0002-9599. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/02.2014.04.
- ↑ Colleps, C.L.; McKenzie, N.R.; Horton, B.K.; Webb, A.A.G.; Ng, Y.W.; Singh, B.P. (March 2020). "Sediment provenance of pre- and post-collisional Cretaceous–Paleogene strata from the frontal Himalaya of northwest India". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 534: 116079. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116079. ISSN 0012-821X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116079.
- ↑ THIEDE, R (May 2004). "Climatic control on rapid exhumation along the Southern Himalayan Front". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00198-0. ISSN 0012-821X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00198-0.
- ↑ Linsbauer, A.; Frey, H.; Haeberli, W.; Machguth, H.; Azam, M. F.; Allen, S. (March 2016). "Modelling glacier-bed overdeepenings and possible future lakes for the glaciers in the Himalaya—Karakoram region" (en). Annals of Glaciology 57 (71): 119–130. doi:10.3189/2016AoG71A627. ISSN 0260-3055.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Jain, A.K.. Tectonics of the Indian Subcontinent. Springer, 2020. ISBN 978-3-030-42845-7. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name ":15" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 11,0 11,1 Aikman, Amos B.; Harrison, T. Mark; Lin, Ding (September 2008). "Evidence for Early (>44 Ma) Himalayan Crustal Thickening, Tethyan Himalaya, southeastern Tibet". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 274 (1–2): 14–23. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.038. ISSN 0012-821X. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.038. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name ":11" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 12,0 12,1 Miller, C.; Thöni, M.; Frank, W.; Grasemann, B.; Klötzli, U.; Guntli, P.; Draganits, E. (2001-05-01). "The early Palaeozoic magmatic event in the Northwest Himalaya, India: source, tectonic setting and age of emplacement" (en). Geological Magazine 138 (3): 237–251. doi:10.1017/S0016756801005283. ISSN 0016-7568. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geolmag/article/138/3/237/65162/The-early-Palaeozoic-magmatic-event-in-the. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name ":9" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Webb, A. Alexander G. (2013-06-01). "Preliminary balanced palinspastic reconstruction of Cenozoic deformation across the Himachal Himalaya (northwestern India)" (en). Geosphere 9 (3): 572–587. doi:10.1130/GES00787.1. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 14,5 14,6 Vannay, Jean-Claude; Grasemann, Bernhard; Rahn, Meinert; Frank, Wolfgang; Carter, Andrew; Baudraz, Vincent; Cosca, Mike (February 2004). "Miocene to Holocene exhumation of metamorphic crustal wedges in the NW Himalaya: Evidence for tectonic extrusion coupled to fluvial erosion". Tectonics 23 (1): n/a. doi:10.1029/2002tc001429. ISSN 0278-7407. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Miller, Christine; Klötzli, Urs; Frank, Wolfgang; Thöni, Martin; Grasemann, Bernhard (2000-10-01). "Proterozoic crustal evolution in the NW Himalaya (India) as recorded by circa 1.80 Ga mafic and 1.84 Ga granitic magmatism" (en). Precambrian Research 103 (3): 191–206. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00091-7. ISSN 0301-9268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301926800000917.
- ↑ Chambers, J. A.; Argles, T. W.; Horstwood, M. S. A.; Harris, N. B. W.; Parrish, R. R.; Ahmad, T. (2008-05-01). "Tectonic implications of Palaeoproterozoic anatexis and Late Miocene metamorphism in the Lesser Himalayan Sequence, Sutlej Valley, NW India" (en). Journal of the Geological Society 165 (3): 725–737. doi:10.1144/0016-76492007/090. ISSN 0016-7649. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-abstract/165/3/725/372577/Tectonic-implications-of-Palaeoproterozoic.