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„Nelumbo nucifera“ sahifasi tarjima qilib yaratildi
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31-Avgust 2022, 06:37 dagi koʻrinishi

drawing of the east Indian lotus, gouache on oriental paper
Britaniya 19-asr, Sharqiy Hindiston Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), 19-asr oxiri, Milliy sanʼat galereyasi, NGA 52325

Nelumbo nucifera, shuningdek, muqaddas lotus, Laxmi lotus, hind lotus[1], yoki oddiygina lotus sifatida ham tanilgan, Nelumbonaceae oilasida mavjud bo'lgan ikki suv o'simlik turidan biridir. Ba'zan uni xalq tilida suv nilufari deb atashadi, lekin bu ko'pincha Nymphaeaceae oilasining a'zolariga tegishli[2].

Lotus o'simliklari sekin o'tadigan daryolar va delta hududlaridagi suv toshqini tekisliklarida o'sishga moslashgan. Lotus stendlari har yili hovuz tubiga yuz minglab urug'larni tashlaydi. Ba'zilari darhol unib chiqadi va ko'pchiligi yovvoyi tabiat tomonidan iste'mol qilinsa-da, qolgan urug'lar uzoq vaqt davomida harakatsiz bo'lib qolishi mumkin, chunki hovuz loyqalanib quriydi. To'fon sharoitida bu urug'larni o'z ichiga olgan cho'kindilar ochiladi va uxlab yotgan urug'lar suvni qayta tiklaydi va yangi lotus koloniyasini boshlaydi.

Qulay sharoitlarda suvli ko'p yillik o'simlikning urug'lari ko'p yillar davomida yashovchan bo'lib qolishi mumkin. Yosh urug`lar Xitoy shimoli-sharqidagi quruq ko'l tubidan tiklandi. [3] Shu sababli, xitoyliklar o'simlikni uzoq umr ko'rish ramzi deb bilishadi.

U Hindiston va Shri-Lankadan boshlab

(1,400 metr (4,600 ft) balandlikda) juda keng mahalliy tarqalishga ega. janubiy Himoloyda[4]), Shimoliy Indochina va Sharqiy Osiyo orqali (shimolda Amur viloyatiga; rus aholisi ba'zan "Nelumbo komarovii " deb ataladi), Kaspiy dengizida alohida joylar bilan, shuningdek, deyarli butun oroli Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo, Yangi Gvineya va shimoliy va sharqiy Avstraliya. Ushbu diapazonning bir qismi (masalan, Janubiy Hindiston, Shri-Lanka, Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo orollari va Avstraliya) insonning tarixiy tanishuvlari natijasi bo'lishi mumkin, ammo taksonomik ma'murlar turlarni ushbu hududlarga xos deb hisoblashadi[5][6]. U juda uzoq tarixga ega

(tax. 3000yil) o'zining qutulish mumkin bo'lgan urug'lari uchun yetishtiriladi[5] va u odatda suv bog'larida yetishtiriladi[4]. Bu Hindiston va Vetnamning milliy gulidir.

Ismlari

Nelumbo nucifera Misr fasoli sifatida ham tanilgan[7][8].

Tasniflash

Lotus ko'pincha Nymphaea jinsining haqiqiy suv zambaklari, xususan, N. caerulea, "ko'k lotus" bilan aralashtiriladi. Aslida, Bentham va Hooker tizimi (Hindiston yarimorolida keng qo'llaniladigan) kabi bir qancha eski tizimlar lotusni eski Nymphaea nelumbo sinonimi bilan ifodalaydi. 

Barcha zamonaviy o'simliklar taksonomiyasi tizimlari ushbu turning Nelumbo jinsiga tegishli ekanligiga rozi bo'lsa-da, tizimlar Nelumbo qaysi oilaga joylashtirilishi kerakligi yoki bu jinsning o'ziga xos oilasi va tartibiga tegishli bo'lishi kerakligi haqida kelishmaydi. APG IV tizimiga ko'ra, N. nucifera, N. lutea va ularning yo'q bo'lib ketgan qarindoshlari irsiy taqqoslash tufayli protea gullari[9] bilan Proteallarga tegishli. Cronquist tizimi kabi eski tizimlar N. nucifera va uning qarindoshlarini anatomik o'xshashliklarga asoslangan Nymphaeles tartibiga joylashtiradi[10]. APG IV tasnifiga ko'ra, Nelumboning eng yaqin qarindoshlari orasida chinorlar (Platanaceae) mavjud.

Botanika

Lotus o'simligi
Lotusning karpelyar idishi

Lotusning ildizlari hovuz yoki daryo tubidagi tuproqqa ekilgan, barglari esa suv yuzasida suzadi yoki uning ustida yaxshi saqlanadi. Gullar odatda barglar ustida bir necha santimetr ko'tarilgan qalin poyalarda topiladi. Barg poyalari (petioles) 200 centimetr (6 ft 7 in) bo'lishi mumkin, o'simlik shu chuqurlikdagi suvda o'sishiga imkon beradi, [11] peltat barg plastinkasi yoki lamina gorizontal ravishda 1 metr (3 ft 3 in) ga yoyilishi mumkin[12][13]. Barglari 80 centimetr (31 in) katta bo'lishi mumkin diametrida, yorqin gullar esa 30 centimetr (12 in) bo'lishi mumkin[14][6][15][16]. Ba'zi yetishtiriladigan navlar juda ko'p barglarga ega. Masalan, Xitoyning Qian Ban Lian ("Ming gulbargli lotus") navi bitta gulda 3000 dan 4000 tagacha gulbargga ega boʻlishi mumkin[17] va yapon navi Ohmi Myoren ("gʻaroyib lotus") 2000 dan 5000 tagacha gulbargli boʻlishi mumkin[18].

Tadqiqotchilarning ta'kidlashicha, lotus o'z gullarining haroratini odamlar va boshqa issiq qonli hayvonlar kabi tor doirada tartibga solishning ajoyib qobiliyatiga ega[19]. Avstraliyadagi Adelaida universiteti fiziologlari Rojer S. Seymur va Pol Shultse-Motel Adelaida botanika bog‘ida ochilgan lotus gullari 30–35 °C (86–95 °F) daraja haroratni saqlab turishini aniqlagan.10 °C (50 °F) Ular gullarning sovuq qonli hasharotlar changlatuvchilarini jalb qilish uchun shunday qilishlari mumkinligiga shubha qilishadi. Nature va Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences jurnallarida chop etilgan tadqiqotlar 1996-1998-yillarda o'simliklarda termoregulyatsiya, issiqlik ishlab chiqarish sohasida muhim hissa qo'shgan. Haroratni tartibga solishga qodir bo'lgan yana ikkita turga Symplocarpus foetidus[20] va Philodendron selloum kiradi. 

Lotus urug'lari uzoq vaqt uyqu holatidan keyin hayotiy bo'lib qolishi mumkin. 1994-yilda taxminan 1300-yil 270-yil bo'lgan muqaddas lotus urug'i muvaffaqiyatli unib chiqgan.[21][22]

An'anaviy muqaddas lotus Nymphaea caerulea bilan uzoqdan bog'liq, ammo shunga o'xshash kimyoga ega. Nymphaea caerulea ham, Nelumbo nucifera ham nusiferin va aporfin alkaloidlarini o'z ichiga oladi. 

Kultivatsiya

Muqaddas lotus suvda 2.5 metr (8.2 ft) gacha o'sadi. Minimal suv chuqurligi taxminan 30 centimetr (12 in) ga teng. Sovuqroq iqlim sharoitida tez qizib ketadigan bunday past suv darajasi yaxshi o'sish va gullash uchun foydalidir. Lotus 13 °C (55 °F) dan yuqori haroratlarda unib chiqadi[23]. Ko'pgina navlar sovuqqa chidamli emas[24]. Apreldan sentyabrgacha (shimoliy yarimsharda) vegetatsiya davrida o'rtacha kunduzgi harorat 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F)[25]. Qishda yorug'lik darajasi past bo'lgan hududlarda muqaddas lotus uyqusizlik davriga ega. Ildizlar sovuqqa chidamli emas, lekin 0 °C (32 °F) dan past haroratlarga bardosh bera oladi agar ular suv yoki tuproqning izolyatsion qoplamasi bilan qoplangan bo'lsa[26]. Qishda, ildizlar sovuq bo'lmagan joyda saqlanishi kerak[27][28].

Ekish

Muqaddas lotus ozuqa moddalariga boy qumloq tuproqni talab qiladi[24].Yoz davrining boshida (martdan maygacha shimoliy yarimsharda)[29] kamida bitta ko'zli ildizpoyaning kichik bir qismi suv havzalariga [30] yoki to'g'ridan-to'g'ri suv bosgan dalaga ekilgan[31][32]. Urug'lar yoki kurtaklar orqali ko'paytirishning yana bir qancha usullari mavjud[26]. Bundan tashqari, to'qima madaniyati kelajakda yuqori hajmdagi bir xil, haqiqiy turdagi, kasalliksiz materiallarni ishlab chiqarish uchun istiqbolli ko'paytirish usuli hisoblanadi[33].

Ekishning birinchi bosqichi quruq dalani haydashdir. Bir dumaloq go'ng o'n kundan keyin, dalaga suv bosishdan oldin yuboriladi. Tez boshlang'ich o'sishni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun suv darajasi nisbatan past bo'ladi[32] va o'simliklar o'sganda ko'tariladi. Keyin maksimal taxminan 4,000 per hectare (1,600/acre) panjara oralig'i 1.2 by 2 metr (3 ft 11 in × 6 ft 7 in)[33] toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri loyga ekish uchun ishlatiladi10–15 centimetr (3.9–5.9 in) tuproq yuzasi ostida[34].

O'rim-yig'im

Lotus kurtaklari
Lotus kurtaklari gullashning ilg'or bosqichida

Stolon ekishdan ikki-uch oy o'tgach hosil olishga tayyor bo`ladi. Gullashdan oldin uni yig'ib olish kerak. Stolonni yig'ish qo'l mehnati bilan amalga oshiriladi. Ushbu bosqich uchun maydon drenajlanmaydi. Sayoz suvda yosh barglarni tortib, silkitib, stolon suvdan chiqariladi[32].

Ekishdan uch oy o'tgach, birinchi barglar va gullarni yig'ib olish mumkin. Gullarni yozda har ikki kunda, sovuq mavsumda esa har uch kunda olish mumkin. Ekishdan to'rt oy o'tgach, gullarni ishlab chiqarish o'zining eng yuqori nuqtasiga ega. Gullarni yig'ish odatda uch oydan to'rt oygacha qo'lda amalga oshiriladi[32].

Urug'lar va urug'lik urug'lari ekishdan keyin to'rt-sakkiz oy qorayganda yig'ib olinishi mumkin. Ikki-uch kun quyoshda quritilganidan so'ng, ular urug'lik po'stlog'i va embrionlarni ajratish uchun mexanik asboblar bilan ishlov beriladi[32][26].

Rizomlar taxminan olti oydan to'qqiz oygacha ovqatlanish uchun mos bosqichga yetadi[34]. Erta navlar iyuldan sentyabrgacha, kech navlar esa oktyabrdan martgacha, hovuzlar yoki dalalar quritilganidan keyin yig'ib olinadi [26][27][32][34][35]Katta kraxmalga boy ildizpoyalarni quritilgan tuproqdan qazib olish oson[32].Kichik ishlab chiqarishda ular vilkalar kabi asboblar yordamida qo'lda yig'ib olinadi [26]. Yaponiyada va yirik fermer xo'jaliklarida qo'l mehnati to'liq mashinalar bilan almashtiriladi[23].

Turlari va navlari

Lotus navlari foydalanishga ko'ra uch turga bo'lingan: ildizpoyali lotus, urug'li lotus va gulli lotus. Ushbu xususiyatlarning bir nechtasini ko'rsatadigan navlar eng kuchli xususiyat bo'yicha tasniflanadi[33]. Xitoyda ishlab chiqarish maydoniga kelsak, rizomli lotus 200,000 gektar (490,000 akr) maydon bilan eng katta maydonga ega, undan keyin 20,000 gektar (49,000 akr) urug'li lotus[36].

  1. ↑ „Sacred Lotus“. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2. ↑ Janice Glimn-Lacy, Peter B. Kaufman, Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants, Major Groups, Flowering Plant Families, p. 79, 2006, Springer, google books
  3. ↑ Shen-Miller, J.; Schopf, J. W.; Harbottle, G.; Cao, R.-j.; Ouyang, S.; Zhou, K.-s.; Southon, J. R.; Liu, G.-h. (2002). "Long-living lotus: Germination and soil -irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring". American Journal of Botany 89 (2): 236–47. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.2.236. PMID 21669732. 
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Pulok K. Mukherjee; Debajyoti Mukherjee; Amal K. Maji; S. Rai; Michael Heinrich (2010). "The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)– phytochemical and therapeutic profile". Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 61 (4): 407–422. doi:10.1211/jpp.61.04.0001. PMID 19298686. 
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Yi Zhang; Xu Lu; Shaoxiao Zeng; Xuhui Huang; Zebin Guo; Yafeng Zheng; Yuting Tian; Baodong Zheng (2015). "Nutritional composition, physiological functions and processing of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds: a review". Phytochem Rev 14 (3): 321–334. doi:10.1007/s11101-015-9401-9. 
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 <not recorded> (January 13, 1934). "<not recorded>". Gardener's Chronicle 95 (third series) (<not recorded>): 28–29.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":20" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Hémardinquer, Jean-Jacques (August 1974). "Hakon Hjelmqvist, « A find of Nelumbo nucifera from old Cyprus with some notes on the history of the species », reprint from Botaniska Notiser, Lund, vol. 125, 1972, pp. 383–388." (en). Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 29 (4): 968. doi:10.1017/S0395264900165321. ISSN 0395-2649. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0395264900165321/type/journal_article. 
  8. ↑ Coneè., Kiple, Kenneth F., 1939-2016. Ornelas, Kriemhild. The Cambridge world history of food.. Cambridge University Press, 2000 — 277 bet. ISBN 0-511-46868-7. OCLC 852391634. 
  9. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. ISSN 0024-4074. 
  10. ↑ Texas A and M University Bioinformatics Working Group : Cronquist System
  11. ↑ „Nelumbo nucifera“. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 11-iyun.
  12. ↑ „Nelumbo nucifera - Gaertn.“. Plants for a Future. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 11-iyun.
  13. ↑ Cook, Water Plants of the World (see below) loc. cit.
  14. ↑ „Nelumbo nucifera | sacred lotus“. Royal Horticultural Society (1999). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 11-iyun.
  15. ↑ Cook, Christopher D. K.. Water Plants of the World. The Hague, Netherlands: W. Junk Publisher, 1974 — 332 bet. 
  16. ↑ Hurley, Captain Frank. Pearls and Savages. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1924 — 385 plus photo and caption p. 368 bet. 
  17. ↑ Nitasaka. „Thousand Petals“ (2024-yil 24-iyun). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 1-sentyabr.
  18. ↑ <not stated>. „Ohmi-Myoren/ Rare Lotus- Flicker“ (2007-yil 25-iyul). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 1-sentyabr.
  19. ↑ Yoon, Carol Kaesuk. „Heat of Lotus Attracts Insects And Scientists“. The New York Times (1996-yil 1-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 14-noyabr.
  20. ↑ Thorington, Katherine K. (April 1999). "Pollination and Fruiting Success in the Eastern Skunk Cabbage". The Journal of Biospheric Science 1 (1). http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/mmcmenam/journal.html. 
  21. ↑ Shen-MillerExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (1995). "Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth: Ancient sacred lotus from China". American Journal of Botany 82 (11): 1367–1380. doi:10.2307/2445863. 
  22. ↑ Shen-Miller, J. (2002). "Long-living lotus: germination and soil gamma-irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring". American Journal of Botany 89 (2): 236–247. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.2.236. PMID 21669732. "Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has been cultivated as a crop in Asia for thousands of years. An ≈1300-yr-old lotus fruit, recovered from an originally cultivated but now dry lakebed in northeastern China, is the oldest germinated and directly 14C-dated fruit known. In 1996, we traveled to the dry lake at Xipaozi Village, China, the source of the old viable fruits." 
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Sou, S. Y.; Fujishige, N. (1995). "Cultivation comparison of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) between China and Japan". Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences 4: 187–189.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Dictionary of Gardening, Huxley, Anthony, 1920-1992., Griffiths, Mark, 1963-, Royal Horticultural Society, London: Macmillan Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0333474945. OCLC 25202760.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ↑ Phillips, Roger. Vegetables, Rix, Martyn, London: Macmillan, 1995. ISBN 978-0333626405. OCLC 32465255. 
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 Tian, Daike. Container production and post-harvest handling of Lotus (Nelumbo) and Micropropagation of herbaceous Peony (Paeonia). Auburn: Auburn University, 2008.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Masuda, Junichiro; Urakawa, Toshihiro; Ozaki, Yukio; Okubo, Hiroshi (2006-01-01). "Short Photoperiod Induces Dormancy in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)". Annals of Botany 97 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1093/aob/mcj008. PMID 16287906. PMC 2000761. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2000761.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":9" defined multiple times with different content
  28. ↑ „Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. | Plants of the World Online“. Kew Science. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 19-noyabr.
  29. ↑ Tian, Daike; Tilt, Ken M.; Sibley, Jeff L.; Woods, Floyd M.; Dane, Fenny (2009-06-01). "Response of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) to Planting Time and Disbudding". HortScience 44 (3): 656–659. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.44.3.656. 
  30. ↑ Kubitzki, Klaus. Flowering plants, dicotyledons : magnoliid, hamamelid, and caryophyllid families, Kubitzki, Klaus, 1933-, Rohwer, J. G. (Jens G.), 1958-, Bittrich, V. (Volker), 1954-, Berlin, 2011-01-28. ISBN 9783642081415. OCLC 861705944. 
  31. ↑ Lim, T. K. „Nelumbo nucifera“,. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer, Cham, 2016 — 55–109 bet. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-26062-4_5. ISBN 978-3319260617. 
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 32,3 32,4 32,5 32,6 La-ongsri, Woranuch; Trisonthi, Chusie; Balslev, Henrik (2009-08-01). "Management and use of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. in Thai wetlands". Wetlands Ecology and Management 17 (4): 279–289. doi:10.1007/s11273-008-9106-6. ISSN 0923-4861.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":10" defined multiple times with different content
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 Nguyen, Q.V.. Exporting lotus to Asia : An agronomic and physiological study : a report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Barton, A.C.T.: RIRDC, 2001. ISBN 978-0642582546. OCLC 52647644.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":11" defined multiple times with different content
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 34,2 Kay, Daisy E.. Root crops, 2nd, London: Tropical Development and Research Institute, 1987. ISBN 978-0859542005. OCLC 19298279.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content
  35. ↑ Deni., Bown. Encyclopedia of herbs & their uses, Herb Society of America., 1st American, London: Dorling Kindersley, 1995. ISBN 978-0789401847. OCLC 32166152. 
  36. ↑ Guo, H. B. (2009-05-01). "Cultivation of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ssp. nucifera) and its utilization in China" (en). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56 (3): 323–330. doi:10.1007/s10722-008-9366-2. ISSN 0925-9864.  
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