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Roger Schank

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Roger Schank
Tavalludi 12-mart 1946-yil
New York City, U.S.
Vafoti 29-yanvar 2023-yil(2023-01-29)
(76 yoshda)
Shelburne, Vermont, U.S.
Fuqaroligi AQSh
Ish joylari
Tezis sarlavhasi A Conceptual Dependency Representation for a Computer-Oriented Semantics
Akademik rahbarlari Jacob L. Mey
Mashhur shogirdlari
Turmush oʻrtogʻi
  • Diane Levine
    (ajr. 1998)
  • Annie Payeur (m. tax. 1999)
Veb-sayt rogerschank.com

Roger Carl Schank (1946-yil 12 mart - 2023 yil 29-yanvar) sun'iy intellekt, kognitiv psixologiya va ta'lim sohasidagi nufuzli amerikalik mutaxassis. U odamlarning ma'lumotni qanday tushunishi va eslab qolishlari haqidagi nazariyalarni ishlab chiqdi va ta'lim usullarini takomillashtirish ustida ishladi. Shuningdek, Schank o'rganish va texnologiyaga yo'naltirilgan bir nechta kompaniya va tashkilotlarga asos solgan. 1960-yillarning oxiridan boshlab u conceptual dependency (kontseptual qaramlik nazariyasiga) ( tabiiy tilni tushunish kontekstida) va case-based reasoning (holatlarga asoslangan fikrlash) haqidagi eng dastlabki ishlarning muallifi bo'ldi. Bu ikkalasi ham xotira va fikrlash haqidagi kognitivistik qarashlarga qarshi chiqdi. Olim o'z faoliyatini Yale universiteti va Standford universitetlarida dars berishdan boshlagan. 1989-yilda Schank Andersen Consulting tomonidan o'zining tadqiqot va ishlanmalari uchun o'n yillik majburiyat uchun 30 million dollar mukofot oldi va bu orqali Chikagodagi Northwestern Universityda Learning Sciences institutiga (ILS) asos soldi.

Dastlabki hayoti

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Schank 1946-yilda Nyu Yorkning Manhattan shahrida tug'ilgan va u Stuyvesant o'rta maktabida tahsil olgan[3].

Akademik martabasi

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Bakalavriat darajasini olish uchun Schank Pitsburg shtatidagi Carnegie Mellon universitetida[4] matematika bo‘yicha tahsil oldi. Undan so'ngra Austindagi Texas universitetida tilshunoslik fanlari nomzodi ilmiy darajasini oldi. Ilmiy darajasini olgandan so'ng ishlamoqchi bo'lgan Schank dastlab Stenford universitetida, so‘ngra Yale universitetida professor va o'qituvchi lavozimlarida ishladi[5]. 1974-yilda u Yale universitetida kompyuter fanlari va psixologiya sohalarida professor lavozimini egalladi. 1981- yilda Schank Yaledagi kompyuter fanlari bo'limi raisi va Yale sun'iy intellekt loyihasi direktori bo'ldi[6].

1989-yilda Schankka Andersen Consulting tomonidan tadqiqot va ishlanmalari uchun o'n yillik majburiyat sifatida 30 million dollarlik mukofot berildi. Bu esa unga Yaleni tark etish va Chikagodagi Northwestern universitetida Learning Sciences institutini (ILS) tashkil etish imkonini berdi va o'zining Yaledagi 25 nafar tadqiqotchi hamkasblarini olib kelishga imkoniyat yaratdi[7] [8]. ILS IBM va Ameritech kabi boshqa korporativ homiylarni, shuningdek, AQSh armiyasi, EPA va Milliy gvardiya kabi hukumat homiylarini jalb qildi[9]. Ayniqsa, ta'lim dasturlarini ishlab chiqish[5] va xodimlarni o'qitishga e'tiborini qaratdi[9]. Keyinchalik ILS School of Education maktabi tomonidan alohida bo'lim sifatida qabul qilindi.

2002-yilda Carnegie Mellon universitetining Silicon Valley campusi tashkil etilgan vaqtda, Schank institutda bosh o‘quv direktori lavozimida edi[10]. U 1990-yilda Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligencening asoschisi bo'lgan[11].

Tadbirkorligi

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1979-yilda olim hali Yale universitetida faoliyat yuritardi, ayni shu vaqtlarda Schank 1986-yilda ommaga taqdim etilgan Cognitive Systems kompaniyasiga asos solindi va sunʼiy intellekt boʻyicha “kutilayotgan keskin ko''tarilishni sarmoyalashtirish”da[12] birinchilardan boʻldi. Schank 1988- yilda ayrim sabablarga ko'ra rais va bosh ijrochi direktor lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi, ammo boshqaruv kengashi a'zosi va maslahatchisi sifatida esa o'z ishini davom ettirdi[13].

1994-yilda Schank ILSda ishlab chiqilgan dasturiy ta'minotni bozorga chiqarish uchun Cognitive Arts Corporation[10] (dastlabki nomi Learning Sciences Corporation)ga asos soldi va 2003-yilgacha ya'ni ushbu korporatsiya sotilgunga qadar uni boshqardi.

2005-yildan 2007-yilgacha Schank Trump universitetining o'quv bo'limi boshlig'i bo'lgan[14].

2001-yilda u biznesmen va maktablarga elektron ta'lim dasturlarini sotuvchi Socratic Arts kompaniyasiga asos solgan[9].

2008-yilda Schank MBA talabalariga o'z bizneslarini ochish yoki ishga borishni o'rgatish uchun Barselonadagi Ramon Llull universiteti La Salle xalqaro oliy maktabining biznes muhandislik maktabida hikoyaga asoslangan o'quv dasturini (SCC) yaratdi[9].

2012-yilda Schank XTOL (Experiential Training Online)ga asos soldi, ushbu markaz "universitet, korporatsiya va professional tashkilotlar foydalanishi uchun tajribali qisqa kurslarni, shuningdek, butun dunyo boʻylab ilmiy daraja beruvchi universitetlar bilan hamkorlikda magistrlik dasturlarini ishlab chiqadi"[15].

Ta'lim islohoti

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Schank ta'lim tizimi tubdan isloh qilish va mavjud dasturiy taminotlarni, an'anaviy o'qitish usullarini yangidan yaratish kerakligiga ishondi[16]. Bu tizimni yaxshilashga harakat qilish maqsadida u 2001-yilda boshlang‘ich va o‘rta maktablar uchun o‘quv dasturlari ishlab chiqadigan va amalga oshiradigan[9], shu bilan bir qatorda Virtual International Science and Technology Academy ga (VISTA) mezbonlik qiluvchi notijorat tashkilot Engines for Education tashkilotiga asos soldi.

Xizmatlari

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1969-yilda Schank tabiiy tilni tushunish uchun conseptual dependency (kontseptual qaramlik) nazariyasini taqdim etdi[17]. Qisman Sidney Lambning ishiga asoslangan ushbu model Yale universitetidagi Schankning Robert Wilensky, Wendy Lehnert va Janet Kolodner kabi talabalari tomonidan tabiiy tilni qayta ishlashning bir qator modellarida keng qo'llanilgan[18].

Case-based reasoning (CBR) (vaziyatga asoslangan fikrlash) Schankning dinamik xotira modeliga asoslangan[19] va eng qadimgi CBR tizimlari uchun asos bo'lgan: Janet Kolodnerning CYRUS[20] va Michael Lebowitsning IPP[21].

1980-yillarda CBR ning boshqa maktablari va u bilan o'xshash sohalar paydo bo'lib, ular huquqiy fikrlashdagi CBR, xotiraga asoslangan fikrlash (ommaviy parallel mashinalardagi misollardan fikr yuritish usuli) va CBRni boshqa fikrlash usullari bilan birlashtirish kabi mavzularni o'rgandilar. 1990-yillarda CBRga boʻlgan qiziqish ortdi, buni 1995-yilda vaziyatga asoslangan mulohaza yuritish boʻyicha xalqaro konferensiya, shuningdek, Yevropa, Germaniya, Britaniya, Italiya va boshqa CBR boʻyicha seminarlar tashkil etilganligi tasdiqlaydi.

Shaxsiy hayoti va o'limi

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Schank ikki marta oila qurgan bo'lib, uning Diane Levin bilan bo'lgan birinchi nikohi 1998-yilda rasman ajrashish bilan tugadi; ikkinchi marotaba u 1999-yillar atrofida Annie Payeurga uylandi[3] [22]. Uning ikki farzandi bor edi. [3]

Schankning Palm Beach, Florida va Quebecda uylari bor edi. Floridada u Jeffrey Epstein bilan qo'shni bo'lgan. Epstein 2008-yilda jinsiy jinoyatlarda ayblangan. Bundan 6 yil oldin esa ya'ni, 2002-yilda o'z orolida homiylik qilgan sun'iy intellekt konferensiyasida qatnashgan[23] [24].Suddan keyin Schank uni jamoatchilik tomonidan qo'llabquvvatladi[3].

Bir muncha vaqt sog'lig'i yomonlashganidan so'ng, Schank 2023-yil 29-yanvarda 76 yoshida Shelburne (Vermont) hospiskasi (o'lim to'shagidagilar shifoxonasi)da yurak yetishmovchiligidan vafot etdi[3][22].

Asarlari

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  • Schank, Roger. Teaching Minds: How Cognitive Science Can Save Our Schools. New York: Teachers College Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-8077-5266-1 (paper) and ISBN 978-0-8077-5267-8 (hardcover).
  • Schank, Roger, Dimitris Lyras and Elliot Soloway. The Future of Decision Making: How Revolutionary Software Can Improve the Ability to Decide. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. ISBN 978-0-230-10365-8ISBN 978-0-230-10365-8
  • Schank, Roger. Lessons in Learning, e-Learning, and Training: Perspectives and Guidance for the Enlightened Trainer. Pfeiffer, 2005. ISBN 0-7879-7666-0ISBN 0-7879-7666-0.
  • Schank, Roger. Scrooge Meets Dick and Jane. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001, ISBN 0-8058-3877-5.
  • Schank, Roger. Dynamic Memory Revisited, 2nd Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63398-2.
  • Schank, Roger, Virtual Learning: A Revolutionary Approach to Building a Highly Skilled Workforce. New York: McGraw Hill 1997. ISBN 0-7863-1148-7ISBN 0-7863-1148-7
  • Schank, Roger and Gary Saul Morson. Tell Me A Story: Narrative and Intelligence. Northwestern Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8101-1313-9ISBN 0-8101-1313-9.
  • Schank, Roger and Chip Cleary, Engines for Education. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995.
  • Schank, Roger. The Connoisseur's Guide to the Mind: How we think, How we learn, and what it means to be intelligent. Summit Books, 1991.
  • Schank, Roger. Tell Me A Story: A new look at real and artificial memory. Scribner's, 1990.
  • Schank, Roger and Peter Childers. The Creative Attitude: Learning to Ask and Answer the Right Questions. MacMillan Publishing Company, 1988, ISBN 0-02-607170-3.
  • Schank, Roger. The Cognitive Computer: On Language, Learning and Artificial Intelligence. Reading: Addison Wesley, 1984.
  • Schank, Roger. Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Learning in Computers and People. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
  • Schank, Roger. Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. New Jersey: Erlbaum, 1977. ISBN 0-470-99033-3. 
  • Schank, Roger. Conceptualizations underlying natural language. In Computer Models of Thought and Language, R. Schank & K. Colby, eds. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1973.

Yana qarang

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  • Robert P. Abelson

Manbalar

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Havolalar

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Andoza:Mathgenealogy
  2. ↑ Hunter, Lawrence E. (1989). Knowledge acquisition planning: Gaining expertise through experience (PhD thesis). Yale University. hdl:10079/bibid/9838922. OCLC 24116492. ProQuest 303852846.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Lohr, Steve. „Roger C. Schank, Theorist of Artificial Intelligence, Dies at 76“. The New York Times (2023-yil 20-fevral). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 20-fevral. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Lohr" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Freedman, David. „The Schank Tank“. Wired. Qaraldi: 7 April 2018.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Freedman, David H. (August 1994). „The Schank Tank“. Wired. 2-jild, № 8. Qaraldi: 2011-10-04. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "freedman" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ „Biography: Part 1 of 2“. RogerSchank.com (2009). 2011-yil 6-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 9-oktyabr.
  7. ↑ Henderson, Harold. „Northwestern's New A.I. Hotshot“. Chicago Reader (1989-yil 14-dekabr).
  8. ↑ Rifkin, Glenn. „Andersen Consulting's Culture of 'Clones'“. New York Times (1992-yil 6-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 28-sentyabr.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 „Biography: Part 2 of 2“. RogerSchank.com (2009). 2011-yil 6-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 9-oktyabr. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "bio2" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 „Roger Schank“. Socratic Arts. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 9-oktyabr. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "socratic" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ „Elected AAAI Fellows“ (en-US). AAAI. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 31-dekabr.
  12. ↑ Pollack, Andrew. „Selling artificial intelligence“. New York Times (1982-yil 13-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 6-oktyabr.
  13. ↑ „Top officer resigns at Cognitive Systems“. New York Times (1988-yil 24-iyun). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 27-sentyabr.
  14. ↑ „Trump University; I was there; state accreditation is not the issue“.
  15. ↑ „XTOL (Experiential Training Online)“. XTOL Corp. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 21-yanvar.
  16. ↑ Green, Joshua. „No Lectures or Teachers, Just Software“. New York Times (2000-yil 11-avgust). Qaraldi: 2011-yil 10-oktyabr.
  17. ↑ Schank, Roger (1969). "A conceptual dependency parser for natural language". Proceedings of the 1969 conference on Computational linguistics. Sång-Säby, Sweden. pp. 1–3. 
  18. ↑ Schank, Roger C; Leake, David B (2006-01-15), Nadel, Lynn (muh.), „Natural Language Processing: Models of Roger Schank and his Students“, Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (inglizcha), Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, doi:10.1002/0470018860.s00057, ISBN 978-0-470-01619-0, qaraldi: 2023-06-23
  19. ↑ Roger Schank, Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Learning in Computers and People (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982)
  20. ↑ Janet Kolodner, "Reconstructive Memory: A Computer Model", Cognitive Science 7 (1983): 4.
  21. ↑ Michael Lebowitz, "Memory-Based Parsing", Artificial Intelligence 21 (1983), 363–404.
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 „Dr. Roger Schank“. Paperman & Sons. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 20-fevral. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Death" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ Engber. „The "Girls" Were Always Around: What it was like to be a scientist in Jeffrey Epstein's circle“ (2019-yil 2-avgust).
  24. ↑ „Jeffrey Epstein's Prison Party“, New York Magazine, August 12, 2008 
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