Geyger-Nuttall qonuni

Yadro fizikasida Geiger-Nuttall qonuni yoki Geiger-Nuttall qoidasi radioaktiv izotopning parchalanish konstantasini chiqarilgan alfa zarrachalarining energiyasi bilan bog'laydi. Taxminan aytganda, qisqa umr ko'radigan izotoplar uzoq umr ko'radiganlarga qaraganda ko'proq energetik alfa zarrachalarini chiqaradi.

Aloqa shuni ko'rsatadiki, yarim umrning parchalanish energiyasiga eksponensial bog'liqdir, shuning uchun yarim umrdagi juda katta o'zgarishlar parchalanish energiyasida va shuning uchun alfa zarracha energiyasida nisbatan kichik farqlarni keltirib chiqaradi. Amalda, bu shuni anglatadiki, barcha alfa chiqaradigan izotoplardan olingan alfa zarralari yarim yemirilish davridagi ko'plab kattalikdagi farqlarga qaramay, barchasi bir xil parchalanish energiyasiga ega.

1911 yilda Hans Geyger va Jon Mitchell Nuttall tomonidan parchalanish konstantasi va havodagi alfa zarrachalar diapazoni o'rtasidagi bog'liqlik sifatida ishlab chiqilgan ^[1] zamonaviy ko'rinishida ^[2] Geiger-Nuttall qonuni.

\log _{10}T_{1/2}={\frac {A(Z)}{\sqrt {E}}}+B(Z)

qayerda $T_{1/2}$ yarim yemirilish davri, E umumiy kinetik energiya (alfa zarrasi va qiz yadrosi), A va B esa izotopning atom raqami Z ga bog'liq bo'lgan koeffitsientlardir. Qonun atom raqami va hatto atom massasiga ega bo'lgan yadrolar uchun eng yaxshi ishlaydi. Juft-toq, toq-juft va toq-toq yadrolar uchun tendentsiya hali ham mavjud, ammo unchalik aniq emas.

Ushbu maqola Mirzo Ulug'bek nomidagi O'zbekisto Milliy Universiteti Fizika fakulteti talabasi Do'stmuhamedova Shahzoda tomonidan wikita'lim loyihasi doirasida ingliz tilidan tarjima qilindi.

Klaster parchalanadi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Geiger-Nuttall qonuni hatto geliydan kattaroq atom yadrolari, masalan, kremniy va uglerod ajralib chiqadigan klaster parchalanishini ^[3] parchalanishni tasvirlash uchun kengaytirilgan.

Chiqarish[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Ushbu qonunni chiqarishning oddiy usuli atom yadrosidagi alfa zarrachani qutidagi zarracha sifatida ko'rib chiqishdir. Zarracha kuchli o'zaro ta'sir potentsiali mavjudligi sababli bog'langan holatda . U doimiy ravishda bir tomondan ikkinchisiga sakrab o'tadi va potentsial to'siq orqali to'lqin tomonidan kvant tunnel qilish imkoniyati tufayli, har safar u sakrab o'tib, uning qochishi uchun kichik ehtimollik bo'ladi.

Ushbu kvant mexanik ta'sirini bilish ushbu qonunni, shu jumladan koeffitsientlarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hisoblash orqali olish imkonini beradi.^[4] Bu hisob birinchi marta 1928 yilda fizik Jorj Gamov tomonidan amalga oshirilgan ^[5]

Ma'lumotnomalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

↑ H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1911) "The ranges of the α particles from various radioactive substances and a relation between range and period of transformation," Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 22, no. 130, pages 613-621. See also: H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1912) "The ranges of α particles from uranium," Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 23, no. 135, pages 439-445.
↑ Qi, C; Andreyev, A. N.; Huyse, M.; Liotta, R. J.; Van Duppen, P.; Wyss, R. (2014). „On the Validity of the Geiger-Nuttall Alpha-Decay Law and its Microscopic Basis“. Phys. Lett. B. 734-jild. 203–206-bet. arXiv:1405.5633. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2014.05.066.
↑ Ren, Zhongzhou; Xu, Chang; Wang, Zaijun (2004). „New perspective on complex cluster radioactivity of heavy nuclei“. Phys. Rev. C. 70-jild. 034304-bet. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.70.034304.
↑ „Gamow theory of alpha decay“. www.phy.uct.ac.za. 2009-yil 24-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 14-yanvar.
↑ G. Gamow (1928) "Zur Quantentheorie des Atomkernes" (On the quantum theory of the atomic nucleus), Zeitschrift für Physik, vol. 51, pages 204-212.

[1] H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1911) "The ranges of the α particles from various radioactive substances and a relation between range and period of transformation," Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 22, no. 130, pages 613-621. See also: H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1912) "The ranges of α particles from uranium," Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 23, no. 135, pages 439-445.

[2] Qi, C; Andreyev, A. N.; Huyse, M.; Liotta, R. J.; Van Duppen, P.; Wyss, R. (2014). „On the Validity of the Geiger-Nuttall Alpha-Decay Law and its Microscopic Basis“. Phys. Lett. B. 734-jild. 203–206-bet. arXiv:1405.5633. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2014.05.066.

[3] Ren, Zhongzhou; Xu, Chang; Wang, Zaijun (2004). „New perspective on complex cluster radioactivity of heavy nuclei“. Phys. Rev. C. 70-jild. 034304-bet. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.70.034304.

[4] „Gamow theory of alpha decay“. www.phy.uct.ac.za. 2009-yil 24-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 14-yanvar.

[5] G. Gamow (1928) "Zur Quantentheorie des Atomkernes" (On the quantum theory of the atomic nucleus), Zeitschrift für Physik, vol. 51, pages 204-212.

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