Gandharan buddist matnlari

Gandharan buddist matnlari hali topilgan eng qadimiy buddist qo'lyozmalari bo'lib, miloddan avvalgi 1-asrdan milodiy 3-asrgacha bo'lgan davrga oid. ^[1]^[2]^[3] Ular hozirgi shimoli-g'arbiy Pokiston va Sharqiy Afg'onistondagi Gandharan buddizm adabiyotini ifodalaydi va Gandhariyda yozilgan.

Ular Yevropa va Yaponiya institutlari va shaxslariga sotilgan va hozirda bir nechta universitetlar tomonidan qayta tiklanmoqda va o'rganilmoqda. Gandharan matnlari sezilarli darajada yomonlashgan shaklda (ularning omon qolishi g'alati), ammo qayta qurish haqidagi bilimli taxminlar bir necha hollarda zamonaviy saqlash usullari va an'anaviy matnshunoslik yordamida, matnlarning ilgari ma'lum bo'lgan Pali va Buddist gibrid sanskrit versiyalarini solishtirganda mumkin bo'lgan. Boshqa Gandhar buddist matnlari -"bir necha va ehtimol ko'p"-so'nggi ikki asr davomida topilgan, ammo yo'qolgan yoki yo'q qilingan ^[4].

Matnlar ushbu sohadagi yetakchi olim Richard Salomon tomonidan Dharmaguptaka mazhabiga tegishli ^[5] va Britaniya kutubxonasi varaqlari "bu kutubxonada saqlanib qolgan, ehtimol, ancha kattaroq matnlar to'plamining tasodifiy, ammo oqilona vakillik qismini ifodalaydi. Nagaraxaradagi Dxarmaguptaka sektasining monastiri" ^[6].

Yana qarang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Ilk buddist maktablari
Ilk buddist matnlari
Gandharan buddizmi
Yunon-buddizm
Pali Canon
Afg'onistondagi islomdan oldingi yozuvlar
Buddizm maktablari
Palma barglari qo'lyozmasi

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

↑ Salomon, Richard, (2018). The Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandhara: An Introduction with Selected Translations (Classics of Indian Buddhism) , Wisdom Publications, p.1: "...Subsequent studies have confirmed that these and other similar materials that were discovered in the following years date from between the first century BCE and the third century CE..."
↑ University of Washington. "The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project": "...These manuscripts date from the first century BCE to the third century CE, and as such are the oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts as well as the oldest manuscripts from South Asia..." Retrieved 18 September 2021.
↑ Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen. "Buddhist Manuscripts from Gandhara": "...The discovery of the earliest Buddhist manuscripts – written in Gāndhārī language and Kharoṣṭhī script and dating from the 1st c. BCE to the 4th c. CE – has revolutionized our understanding of this formative phase of Buddhism..." Retrieved 18 September 2021.
↑ Olivelle 2006.
↑ Fumio 2000.
↑ Salomon 1999.

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Fumio, Enomoto (2000), „The Discovery of 'the Oldest Buddhist Manuscripts“, The Eastern Buddhist, 32-jild, № 1, 157–166-bet, JSTOR 44362247
Baums, Stefan (2014), Quenzer, Jörg; Bondarev, Dmitry; Sobisch, Jan-Ulrich (muh.), Manuscript Cultures: Mapping the Field (PDF), ISBN 9783110225631
Melzer, Gudrun (2014), Quenzer, Jörg; Bondarev, Dmitry; Sobisch, Jan-Ulrich (muh.), Manuscript Cultures: Mapping the Field, ISBN 9783110225631
Olivelle, Patrick (2006), Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-530532-9
Salomon, Richard (1999), Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharosthī Fragments, University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0295977690
Salomon, Richard. A Gāndhārī Version of the Rhinoceros Sūtra: British Library Kharoṣṭhī Fragment 5B (en). University of Washington Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-295-98035-5.
Salomon, Richard (2003), „The Senior Manuscripts: Another Collection of Gandhāran Buddhist Scrolls“ (PDF), Journal of the American Oriental Society, 123-jild, № 1, doi:10.2307/3217845, JSTOR 3217845, May 23, 2020da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi
Allon, Mark (2004), „Wrestling with Kharosthi Manuscripts“, BDK Fellowship Newsletter, 7-jild
Salomon, Richard (2018), The Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandhāra: An Introduction with Selected Translations, Wisdom Publications, ISBN 978-1-61429-168-8

Havolalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Gandhari.org Gandhariy matnlarining to'liq korpusi, katalogi, bibliografiyasi va lug'ati
Gandhari Dxarmapada
Vashington universitetining " Erta buddist qo'lyozmalari" loyihasidan "Britaniya kutubxonasi Kharoṣṭhī Fragments" .

[1] Salomon, Richard, (2018). The Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandhara: An Introduction with Selected Translations (Classics of Indian Buddhism) , Wisdom Publications, p.1: "...Subsequent studies have confirmed that these and other similar materials that were discovered in the following years date from between the first century BCE and the third century CE..."

[2] University of Washington. "The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project": "...These manuscripts date from the first century BCE to the third century CE, and as such are the oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts as well as the oldest manuscripts from South Asia..." Retrieved 18 September 2021.

[3] Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen. "Buddhist Manuscripts from Gandhara": "...The discovery of the earliest Buddhist manuscripts – written in Gāndhārī language and Kharoṣṭhī script and dating from the 1st c. BCE to the 4th c. CE – has revolutionized our understanding of this formative phase of Buddhism..." Retrieved 18 September 2021.

[FOOTNOTEOlivelle2006-4] Olivelle 2006.

[FOOTNOTEFumio2000-5] Fumio 2000.

[FOOTNOTESalomon1999-6] Salomon 1999.

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