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„Broccoli“ sahifasi tarjima qilib yaratildi
(Farq yoʻq)

27-Noyabr 2022, 16:23 dagi koʻrinishi

  Brokkoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) karamdoshlar oilasiga (Brassicaceae oilasi, Brassica turkumi) kiruvchi yashil oʻsimlik boʻlib, uning katta gullaydigan boshi, poyasi va mayda bogʻlangan barglari sabzavot sifatida isteʼmol qilinadi. Brokkoli Brassica oleracea turlarining Italica navlari guruhiga kiradi. Brokkoli katta gul boshlariga ega. Gul boshlari barglar bilan o'ralgan.

U xom yoki pishirilgan holda iste'mol qilinadi. Brokkoli vitamin C va K vitaminining boy manbaidir. Tarkibida oltingugurt, glyukozinolat birikmalari bor, izotiosiyanatlar va sulforafan qaynatilganda kamayadi, ammo bug'da pishirish, mikroto'lqinli pechda yoki aralashtirib qovurish orqali yaxshiroq saqlanadi[1].

Ba'zan

Pitomnikda brokkoli o'simliklari
Brokkoli gullarining yaqindan suratlari (kattalashtirish uchun bosing)

Etimologiya

Brokkoli so'zi italyancha broccolo so'zidan kelib chiqqan , bu " karamning gullaydigan cho'qqisi" degan ma'noni anglatadi[2]. Brokkoli oilasi, a'zolari Albert R. Brokkoli va Barbara Brokkoli bo'lgan va XX XXI asrda <i id="mwSQ">Jeyms Bond</i> filmlarini ishlab chiqarish bilan tanilgan, ular sabzavot ajdodlar Carrara sharafiga nomlanganini doimo ta‘kiflab kelishgan[3][4].

Brassica oleracea ning boshqa nav guruhlari

Brassica oleracea ning boshqa navli guruhlariga karam (Kapitata guruhi), gulkaram va Romanesko brokkoli (Botrytis guruhi), kale (Acephala guruhi), yoqa (Viridis guruhi), kohlrabi (Gongylodes guruhi), Bryussel karami (Gemmifera guruhi) va kai- lan kiradi[5][6]. Brokkoli navlari Janubiy va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda keng tarqalgan "tropik gulkaram" ning genetik asosini tashkil qiladi[7][8].

Brokkoli ishlab chiqarish - 2019

(gulkaramni o'z ichiga oladi)

Mamlakat Ishlab chiqarish
millionlab tonna
 Xitoy 10.6
Hindiston bayrogʻi Hindiston 9.1
Qo'shma Shtatlar 1.2
 Ispaniya 0,7
 Meksika 0,7
Dunyo 26.9
Manba: Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining FAOSTAT [9]

Turlari

Brokkolining uch xil turi keng tarqalgan[8]. Eng keng tarqalgani Kalabrese brokkoli bo'lib, ko'pincha oddiygina "brokkoli" deb ataladi, Italiyadagi Kalabriya nomi bilan atalgan. Uning katta (10-20 sm) yashil boshlari va qalin poyalari bor. Bu bir yillik ekin hisoblanadi. Oq brokkoli (oq yoki binafsha) ko'plab ingichka sopi bilan ko'proq boshga ega[10]. Binafsha rangli karam yoki binafsha bargli karam Yevropa va Shimoliy Amerikada yetishtiriladigan brokkoli turi hisoblanadi. Uning boshi gulkaramga o'xshaydi, lekin ko'plab mayda gul kurtaklaridan iborat[11].

Boshqa mashhur navlar Belstar, Blue Wind, Coronado Crown, Destiny, DiCicco, Green Goliath, Green Magic, Purple Sprouting, Romanesco, Sun King va Waltham 29 kiradi[12][13].

Kultivatsiya

Brokkoli navlarining aksariyati salqin ob-havo ekinlari bo'lib, ular yozning issiq havosiga chidamsiz. Brokkoli kunlik o'rtacha harorat 18 and 23 °C (64 and 73 °F) gacha bo'lganida yaxshi o'sadi[14][15]. Brokkoli "boshi" deb ham ataladigan gullar to'dasi o'simlikning markazida paydo bo'ladi. Brokkoli boshi yorqin sariq gullar paydo bo‘lishidan oldin yig'ib olinishi kerak[16].

Ishlab chiqarish

2019-yilda global brokkoli ishlab chiqarish (gulkaram bilan ishlab chiqarish hisobotlari uchun birgalikda) 27 million tonnani tashkil etdi[9]. Har biri yiliga bir million tonna ishlab chiqaruvchilar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari, Ispaniya va Meksika edi.

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida brokkoli yil davomida Kaliforniyada yetishtiriladi. 2018-yilda shtat milliy hosilning 92 foizini ishlab chiqargan[17].

Brokkolini mashinalar yordamida yig'ib bo'lmaydi, ya'ni uni qo'lda yig'ib olish kerak[18].

Ozuqaviy qiymati

100 grammlik xom brokkoli porsiyasi 34 kkal beradi va C (107% DV) va K vitamini (97% DV) ning boy manbaidir ( kunlik qiymatining 20% yoki undan yuqori). Xom brokkoli tarkibida kam miqdorda B vitaminlari va marganets minerali bor. Xom brokkoli 89% suv, 7% uglevodlar, 3% protein va arzimas yog'ni o'z ichiga oladi.

Ovqat pishirish

Qaynatish brokkoli glyukozinolatlari darajasini sezilarli darajada kamaytiradi, bug'da pishirish, mikroto'lqinli pechda pishirish va qovurish glyukozinolat darajasiga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatmaydi[1].

Ta'mi

Brokkoli kabi sabzavotlarning achchiqligi glyukozinolatlar va ularning gidroliz mahsulotlari, xususan, izotiosiyanatlar va boshqa oltingugurt o'z ichiga olgan birikmalardan kelib chiqadi[19]. Dastlabki tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, TAS2R38 geni orqali genetik meros brokkolidagi achchiq ta'm uchun qisman javobgar bo'lishi mumkin[20].

Zararkunandalar

Brokkolining keng tarqalgan zararkunandalariga Shimoliy Amerika, Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiyaga tasodifan kiritilgan "karam qurtlari", Pieris rapae lichinkalari[21].

Brokkoli yetishtirish uchun keng tarqalgan qo'shimcha zararkunandalarga quyidagilar kiradi[22]:

  • Shira
  • Karam qurti
  • Koʻndalang chiziqli karam qurti
  • Olmosli kuya
  • Import qilingan karam qurti
  • Harlequin karam hasharoti

Galereya

Ma'lumotnomalar

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Nugrahedi, Probo Y.; Verkerk, Ruud; Widianarko, Budi; Dekker, Matthijs (2015). "A Mechanistic Perspective on Process-Induced Changes in Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Vegetables: A Review". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 55 (6): 823–838. doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.688076. ISSN 1040-8398. PMID 24915330. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262977227.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Nugrahedi" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ "broccoli". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th nashri). 2004. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5. https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/156. Qaraldi: 9 April 2014. 
  3. ↑ Murray, Tom. „The Broccoli family behind James Bond also claim to be behind the vegetable“ (en). The Independent (2022-yil 23-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 23-sentyabr.
  4. ↑ Culhane, John. „'Broccoli . . . Cubby Broccoli' : How a Long Island vegetable farmer became the man who produced all of the real James Bond movies“. Los Angeles Times (1989-yil 9-iyul). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 23-sentyabr.
  5. ↑ Dixon, G.R.. Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers. Wallingford: CABI, 2007. ISBN 978-0-85199-395-9. 
  6. ↑ Stansell, Zachary; Farnham, Mark; Björkman, Thomas (2019). "Complex Horticultural Quality Traits in Broccoli Are Illuminated by Evaluation of the Immortal BolTBDH Mapping Population" (en). Frontiers in Plant Science 10: 1104. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01104. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 31620146. PMC 6759917. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6759917. 
  7. ↑ Bjorkman, T.; Pearson, K. J. (1 January 1998). "High temperature arrest of inflorescence development in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.)". Journal of Experimental Botany 49 (318): 101–106. doi:10.1093/jxb/49.318.101. ISSN 0022-0957. 
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Stansell, Zachary; Björkman, Thomas (1 October 2020). "From landrace to modern hybrid broccoli: the genomic and morphological domestication syndrome within a diverse B. oleracea collection" (en). Horticulture Research 7 (1): 159. doi:10.1038/s41438-020-00375-0. ISSN 2052-7276. PMID 33082966. PMC 7528014. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7528014. Stansell, Zachary; Björkman, Thomas (1 October 2020). Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 „Broccoli (and cauliflower) production in 2019, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)“. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) (2020). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 10-fevral. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "fao" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ „Broccoli“. Royal Horticultural Society. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 24-mart.
  11. ↑ Branca, Ferdinando (2008), Prohens, Jaime; Nuez, Fernando (muh.), „Cauliflower and Broccoli“, Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae, Handbook of Plant Breeding (inglizcha), New York, NY: Springer, 1: 151–186, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_5, ISBN 978-0-387-30443-4
  12. ↑ „The Best Broccoli Varieties to Grow Your Own“. Gardener's Path (2018-yil 28-iyun).
  13. ↑ Stansell, Zachary; Hyma, Katie; Fresnedo-Ramírez, Jonathan; Sun, Qi; Mitchell, Sharon; Björkman, Thomas; Hua, Jian (1 July 2018). "Genotyping-by-sequencing of Brassica oleracea vegetables reveals unique phylogenetic patterns, population structure and domestication footprints" (en). Horticulture Research 5 (1): 38. doi:10.1038/s41438-018-0040-3. ISSN 2052-7276. PMID 29977574. PMC 6026498. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6026498. 
  14. ↑ Smith. „HGIC 1301 Broccoli“. Clemson University (1999-yil iyun). Qaraldi: 2009-yil 25-avgust.
  15. ↑ Branham, Sandra E.; Stansell, Zachary J.; Couillard, David M.; Farnham, Mark W. (1 March 2017). "Quantitative trait loci mapping of heat tolerance in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) using genotyping-by-sequencing" (en). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 130 (3): 529–538. doi:10.1007/s00122-016-2832-x. ISSN 1432-2242. PMID 27900399. 
  16. ↑ Liptay, Albert (1988). "Broccoli". Broccoli. 
  17. ↑ „Broccoli“. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, US Department of Agriculture (2018-yil 1-iyun). Qaraldi: 2019-yil 27-iyun.
  18. ↑ „Broccoli production“. Pennsylvania State University, Extension Service (2005-yil 20-iyun). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 10-fevral.
  19. ↑ Bell, Luke; Oloyede, Omobolanle O.; Lignou, Stella; Wagstaff, Carol; Methven, Lisa (2018-04-30). "Taste and flavor perceptions of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and related compounds". Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 62 (18): 1700990. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700990. ISSN 1613-4125. PMID 29578640. https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76654/1/mnfr.201700990.pdf. 
  20. ↑ "Human bitter perception correlates with bitter receptor messenger RNA expression in taste cells". Am J Clin Nutr 98 (4): 1136–43. 2013. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.066688. PMID 24025627. PMC 3778862. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3778862. 
  21. ↑ Heitzman, J. Richard. Butterflies and moths of Missouri, Rathert, Jim (principal photographer) Love: , Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Dept. of Conservation, 1996. ISBN 1-887247-06-8. 
  22. ↑ „Cabbage, Broccoli & Other Cole Crop Insect Pests“ (en-US). Home & Garden Information Center. Clemson University (2020-yil 4-may). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 28-noyabr. 
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