Joseph Black: Versiyalar orasidagi farq
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10-Noyabr 2022, 16:38 dagi koʻrinishi
Jozef Blek (1728-yil 16-aprel - 1799-yil 6-dekabr) shotland fizigi va kimyogari bo'lib, magniy, yashirin issiqlik, o'ziga xos issiqlik va karbonat angidridni kashf etgani bilan tanilgan. U 1756-yildan 10-yil davomida Glazgo universitetida anatomiya va kimyo professori, 1766 yildan esa Edinburg universitetida tibbiyot va kimyo professori boʻlib, u yerda 30 yildan ortiq dars bergan va maʼruza qilgan.
Edinburg universiteti va Glazgo universitetlaridagi kimyo binolari Blek nomi bilan atalgan.
Erta hayot va ta'lim
Blek Fransiyaning Bordo shahrida " Garonna daryosi qirg'og'ida" tug'ilgan, Margaret Gordon (1747-yilda vafot etgan) va Jon Blekning 12 farzandining oltinchisi. Uning onasi vino biznesi bilan aloqasi bo'lgan Aberdinshire oilasidan, otasi esa Irlandiyaning Belfast shahridan bo'lib, vino savdosida omil bo'lib ishlagan[1]. U 12 yoshigacha uyda ta'lim olgan, keyin Belfastdagi gimnaziyada o'qigan. 1746-yilda 18-yoshida u Glazgo universitetiga o'qishga kirdi va u erda to'rt yil o'qidi va yana to'rt yilni Edinburg universitetida o'qidi va tibbiy tahsilini oshirdi. O'qish davrida u magniy karbonat tuzi bilan buyrak toshlarini davolash bo'yicha doktorlik dissertatsiyasini yozgan[2].
Ish
Kimyoviy tamoyillar
XVIII-asrning aksariyat eksperimentalistlari singari, Blekning kimyo kontseptsiyasi materiyaning beshta "tamoyiliga" asoslangan: suv, tuz, er, olov va metall[3]. Uning tajribalari karbonat angidrid mavjudligini aniq tasdiqlaganida, u "havo" tamoyilini qo'shib qo'ydi, u "sobit havo" deb atadi. Blekning tadqiqoti turli xil shakl va aralashmalarda "tamoyillar" bir-biri bilan qanday uyg'unlashgani haqidagi savollarga asoslangan edi. U bunday kombinatsiyalarni birlashtirgan kuchni tasvirlash uchun "yaqinlik" atamasidan foydalangan[4]. Faoliyati davomida u Edinburg universiteti talabalariga turli xil eksperimentlar orqali "yaqinlikni" qanday boshqarishni o'rgatish uchun turli diagrammalar va formulalardan foydalangan[5].
Analitik balans
Taxminan 1750-yilda, hali talaba bo'lganida, Blek xanjar shaklidagi tayanch nuqtasida muvozanatlangan engil nurga asoslangan analitik muvozanatni ishlab chiqdi. Har bir qo'l namuna yoki standart og'irliklar qo'yilgan panani olib yurardi. U o'sha davrdagi boshqa har qanday muvozanatning aniqligidan ancha oshib ketdi va ko'pchilik kimyo laboratoriyalarida muhim ilmiy asbobga aylandi[6].
Yashirin issiqlik
1757-yilda Blek Glazgo universitetida tibbiyot amaliyoti bo'yicha Regius professori etib tayinlandi.
1761-yilda u erish nuqtasida muzga issiqlik qo'llanilishi muz/suv aralashmasi haroratining ko'tarilishiga emas, balki aralashmadagi suv miqdorining oshishiga olib keladi degan xulosaga keldi. Bundan tashqari, Blek qaynoq suvga issiqlik qo'llanilishi suv/bug 'aralashmasi haroratining ko'tarilishiga olib kelmasligini, aksincha, bug' miqdori oshishiga olib kelishini ta'kidladi. Ushbu kuzatishlardan u qo'llaniladigan issiqlik muz zarralari va qaynoq suv bilan qo'shilib, yashirin bo'lishi kerak degan xulosaga keldi[7].
Yashirin issiqlik nazariyasi termodinamikaning boshlanishini belgilaydi[8]. Blekning yashirin issiqlik nazariyasi uning eng muhim ilmiy hissalaridan biri bo'lib, uning ilmiy shon-shuhratiga asoslanadi. Shuningdek, u turli moddalarning turli xil o'ziga xos issiqlikka ega ekanligini ko'rsatdi.
Oxir oqibat, nazariya nafaqat mavhum fanning rivojlanishida, balki bug 'dvigatelining rivojlanishida muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'ldi[9]. Blek va Jeyms Vatt taxminan 1757-yilda Glazgoda bo'lganlarida uchrashgandan so'ng do'st bo'lishdi. Blek Vattning bug' quvvati sohasidagi dastlabki tadqiqotlari uchun katta moliyaviy va boshqa yordam ko'rsatdi. Blekning suvning yashirin issiqligi haqidagi kashfiyoti Vattga[10] qiziq boʻlardi, bu uning Tomas Nyukomen ixtiro qilgan bugʻ dvigatelining samaradorligini oshirish va termodinamika fanini rivojlantirishga urinishlari haqida maʼlumot berdi.
Karbonat angidrid
Blek shuningdek, turli reaktsiyalarda hosil bo'lgan gazning xususiyatlarini o'rgandi. U ohaktoshni ( kaltsiy karbonat ) qizdirish yoki kislotalar bilan ishlov berish orqali u "qattiq havo" deb atagan gazni olish mumkinligini aniqladi. U sobit havo havodan zichroq ekanligini va na olovni, na hayvonlar hayotini qo'llab-quvvatlamasligini kuzatdi. Blek shuningdek, ohakning suvli eritmasi ( kaltsiy gidroksid ) orqali ko'piklanganda kaltsiy karbonatni cho'ktirishini aniqladi. U bu hodisani karbonat angidridni hayvonlarning nafas olishi va mikrobial fermentatsiya natijasida hosil bo'lishini ko'rsatish uchun ishlatgan.
Professorlik
1766-yilda do'sti va Glazgo universitetining sobiq o'qituvchisi izidan borib, Blek Uilyam Kallendan keyin Edinburg universitetida tibbiyot va kimyo professori lavozimini egalladi (Kullen 1755-yilda Edinburgga ko'chib o'tgan edi). Glazgo universitetidagi lavozimini Aleksandr Stivenson egallagan[11].
Bu vaqtda u tadqiqotdan voz kechdi va o'zini faqat o'qituvchilikka bag'ishladi. Bunda u muvaffaqiyatga erishdi va o'ttiz yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida o'z ma'ruzalarida tinglovchilar soni ortib bormoqda. Uning ma'ruzalari kimyoni ommalashtirishda kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatdi va ularga qatnashish hatto moda o'yin-kulgiga aylandi.
Blek universitetdagi eng mashhur o'qituvchilardan biri sifatida keng tan olingan. Uning kimyo kursi muntazam ravishda juda ko'p talabalarni jalb qildi, ko'pchilik ikki yoki uch marta qatnashdi. Eng ilg'or mavzularni muntazam ravishda joriy etish va vizual ta'sirchan tajribalarni sinchkovlik bilan tanlash bilan bir qatorda, Blek kimyoni o'quvchilariga (ularning ko'pchiligi 14 yoshda bo'lgan) kirishga imkon beradigan ko'plab muvaffaqiyatli o'qitish vositalaridan foydalangan[12][13].Uning shogirdlari Buyuk Britaniyadan, uning mustamlakalaridan va Yevropadan kelishgan va ularning yuzlablari universitetni tark etgandan keyin uning ma'ruzalarini o'z daftarlarida saqlab qolishgan va uning g'oyalarini tarqatishgan.
He became one of the principal ornaments of the University; and his lectures were attended by an audience which continued increasing from year to year, for more than thirty years. It could not be otherwise. His personal appearance and manners were those of a gentleman, and peculiarly pleasing. His voice in lecturing was low, but fine; and his articulation so distinct, that he was perfectly well heard by an audience consisting of several hundreds. His discourse was so plain and perspicuous, his illustration by experiment so apposite, that his sentiments on any subject never could be mistaken even by the most illiterate; and his instructions were so clear of all hypothesis or conjecture, that the hearer rested on his conclusions with a confidence scarcely exceeded in matters of his own experience[14].
1783-yil 17-noyabrda Edinburg Qirollik jamiyatining asoschilaridan biri bo'ldi[15]. 1788-yildan 1790-yilgacha u Edinburgdagi Qirollik shifokorlar kollejining prezidenti bo'lgan[16]. U kollejning 1774, 1783 va 1794-yillardagi Farmakopeya Edinburgensis nashrlarini qayta ko'rib chiqish komissiyasining a'zosi edi. Blek Shotlandiyada qirol Jorj III ning bosh shifokori etib tayinlangan.
Blekning sog'lig'i yomonligi sababli tadqiqot va o'qitish qisqardi. 1793-yildan boshlab uning sog'lig'i yanada yomonlashdi va u asta-sekin o'qituvchilik vazifasini tark etdi. 1795-yilda Charlz Xop o'zining professori bo'yicha yordamchisi etib tayinlandi va 1797-yilda u oxirgi marta ma'ruza qildi.
Shaxsiy hayot
Qora The Poker Club a'zosi edi. U 1767-yilda jiyani Ketrin Bernettga uylangan Adam Fergyuson FRSEning birinchi amakivachchasi, buyuk do'sti va hamkasbi bo'lgan va Devid Xum, Adam Smit va Shotlandiya ma'rifatparvari bilan aloqador edi. U, shuningdek, kashshof geolog Jeyms Xattonga yaqin edi[17].
1773-yilda u Eski shaharning janubiy tomonidagi College Wynd'da yashovchi sifatida ro'yxatga olingan[18].
Qora hech qachon turmushga chiqmagan. U 1799-yilda Edinburg janubidagi Nikolson ko'chasidagi[19] uyida 71 yoshida tinchgina vafot etdi va Greyfriars Kirkyardda dafn qilindi. Katta yodgorlik janubi-g'arbiy tomonda, Kelishuv qamoqxonasi deb nomlanuvchi muhrlangan qismda joylashgan.
2011-yilda Edinburg universitetida olib borilgan arxeologik qazish jarayonida Blekga tegishli deb hisoblangan ilmiy asbob-uskunalar topilgan[20].
Uning uyi, Nikolson ko'chasi, 12-uyda, Old kollejga juda yaqin joylashgan, hali ham mavjud, ammo uning mavjudligini ko'rsatadigan hech qanday lavha yo'q.
Shuningdek qarang
- Kalorimetriya
- Issiqlik
- Pnevmatik kimyo
- Termokimyo
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Jozef Blekning kimyo elementlari bo'yicha ma'ruzalari I jildining 1807 yil nusxasi
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Jozef Blekning " Kimyo elementlari bo'yicha ma'ruzalari "ning 1-jildining 1807 yil nusxasining birinchi sahifasi
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Alembics Jozef Blekga tegishli, Shotlandiya Milliy muzeyi
Ma'lumotnomalar
- ↑ Lenard, Philipp. Great Men of Science. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1950 — 129 bet. ISBN 0-8369-1614-X. (Translated from the second German edition.)
- ↑ Antonis Modinos. From Aristotle to Schrödinger: The Curiosity of Physics. Springer International Publishing, 15 October 2013 — 134 bet. ISBN 978-3-319-00749-6.
- ↑ Eddy, Matthew Daniel. John Walker, Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School, 1750-1800. London: Routledge, 2008.
- ↑ Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2014). "How to See a Diagram: A Visual Anthropology of Chemical Affinity". Osiris 29: 178–196. doi:10.1086/678093. PMID 26103754. https://www.academia.edu/4588508.
- ↑ Eddy, Matthew Daniel. "Useful Pictures: Joseph Black and the Graphic Culture of Experimentation". In Robert G. W. Anderson (Ed.), Cradle of Chemistry: The Early Years of Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2015), 99-118.. https://www.academia.edu/6346321.
- ↑ „Equal Arm Analytical Balances“. 2017-yil 13-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 8-mart.
- ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911) "Black, Joseph" Encyclopædia Britannica 4 (11chi nashri) Cambridge University Press
- ↑ Ogg, David. Europe of the Ancien Regime: 1715–1783. Harper & Row, 1965 — 117 and 283 bet.
- ↑ Ogg, David. Europe of the Ancien Regime: 1715–1783. Harper & Row, 1965 — 283 bet.
- ↑ James Patrick Muirhead. The Life of James Watt, with selections from his correspondence (2nd edition, revised), 1859 — 78 bet.
- ↑ Medical and Philosophical Commentaries 1792
- ↑ Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2014). "How to See a Diagram: A Visual Anthropology of Chemical Affinity". Osiris 29: 178–196. doi:10.1086/678093. PMID 26103754. https://www.academia.edu/4588508.
- ↑ Eddy, Matthew Daniel. 'Useful Pictures: Joseph Black and the Graphic Culture of Experimentation', in Robert G. W. Anderson (Ed.), Cradle of Chemistry: The Early Years of Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: John Donald — 99–118 bet.
- ↑ The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge Vol III, (1847), London, Charles Knight, p.382.
- ↑ „Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783-2002 Biographical Index“. Royal Society of Edinburgh. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 13-noyabr.
- ↑ „College Fellows: curing scurvy and discovering nitrogen“. Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh (2014-yil 14-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 4-noyabr.
- ↑ Records of the Clan and Name of Ferguson 1895 p.138 note 1 accessed 22 Dec 2018
- ↑ Edinburgh Post Office directory 1773
- ↑ Williamsons Edinburgh Directory 1798
- ↑ „Dig finds treasured tools of leading 18th century scientist“. The Scotsman (2011-yil 28-iyun). 2012-yil 18-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Ramsay, William. The Life and Letters of Joseph Black. London: Constable, 1918.
- "JOSEPH BLACK and the discovery of carbon dioxide". The Medical Journal of Australia 44 (23): 801–2. June 1957. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1957.tb59881.x. PMID 13440275.
- "Joseph Black—rediscoverer of fixed air". JAMA 196 (4): 362–3. April 1966. doi:10.1001/jama.1966.03100170104038. PMID 5325596.
- Breathnach CS (October 1999). "Irish links of the multinational chemist Joseph Black (1728–1799)". Journal of the Irish Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons 28 (4): 228–31. PMID 11624012.
- Breathnach CS (August 2000). "Joseph Black (1728–1799): an early adept in quantification and interpretation". Journal of Medical Biography 8 (3): 149–55. doi:10.1177/096777200000800305. PMID 10954923.
- Buchanan WW, Brown DH (June 1980). "Joseph Black (1728–1799): Scottish physician and chemist". The Practitioner 224 (1344): 663–6. PMID 6999492.
- Buess H (1956). "[Joseph Black (1728–1799) and the original chemical experimental research in biology and medicine]" (de). Gesnerus 13 (3–4): 165–89. doi:10.1163/22977953-0130304004. PMID 13397909.
- Donovan A (November 1978). "James Hutton, Joseph Black and the chemical theory of heat". Ambix 25 (3): 176–90. doi:10.1179/000269878790223935. PMID 11615707.
- Eklund JB, Davis AB (October 1972). "Joseph Black matriculates: medicine and magnesia alba". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 27 (4): 396–417. doi:10.1093/jhmas/xxvii.4.396. PMID 4563352.
- FOREGGER R (1957). "Joseph Black and the identification of carbon dioxide". Anesthesiology 18 (2): 257–64. doi:10.1097/00000542-195703000-00011. PMID 13411612.
- FRACKELTON WG (November 1953). "Joseph Black and some aspects of medicine in the eighteenth century". The Ulster Medical Journal 22 (2): 87–99. PMID 13136576. PMC 2479821. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2479821.
- GUERLAC H (December 1957). "Joseph Black and fixed air. II". Isis 48 (154): 433–56. doi:10.1086/348610. PMID 13491209.
- Lenard, Philipp. Great Men of Science. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1950 — 129 bet. ISBN 0-8369-1614-X.
- Perrin CE (November 1982). "A reluctant catalyst: Joseph Black and the Edinburgh reception of Lavoisier's chemistry". Ambix 29 (3): 141–76. doi:10.1179/000269882790224551. PMID 11615908.
- Ramsay, William. The Gases of the Atmosphere. London: Macmillan, 1905.
Tashqi havolalar
- Blekning ishqoriy moddalar bo'yicha tajribalari
- Jozef Blek - Biografik ma'lumot
- Edinburg universitetida kimyo elementlari bo'yicha ma'ruzalar (1804)
- Works by Joseph Black
- Works by or about Joseph Black