Sharqiy Osiyo tillari

Sharqiy Osiyo tillari 2001-yilda Stanley Starosta tomonidan taklif qilingan til oilasi (muqobil ravishda makrofamily yoki superphylum) guruhini tashkil qiluvchi tillar jamoasi. Bu taklif George van Driem tomonidan qabul qilingan.

Tasniflar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Dastlabki takliflar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Sharqiy Osiyo tillari oilasining turli xil tasniflari ishlab chiqilgan. Quyida bu oilaga kiruvchi tillarning dastlabki tasniflanishi keltirilgan:

Avstroosiyo, Austronesian , Kra-Dai, Tibet-Burman : August Conrady (1916, 1922)^[1]^[2] va Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)^[3]^[4] lar tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.
Avstroosiyo, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien : Paul K. Benedict (1942)^[5], Robert Blust (1996)^[6], Ilia Peiros (1998)^[7] lar tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.
Avstriya-Osiyo, Avstroneziya, Kra-Dai, Tibet-Burman, Xmong-Mien : Stanley Starosta (2001) tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif.

Sharqiy Osiyo taklifining prekursorlari:

Avstriya-Tai (Kra-Dai va Avstroneziya): Gustave Shlegel (1901, 1902),^[8]^[9] Weera Ostapirat (2005)^[10]
Avstriya (Avstroosiyo va Avstroneziya): Wilhelm Schmidt (1906)^[11] va Lawrence Reid (1994, 2005) tomonidan taklif qilingan tasnif^[12]^[13].

Starosta (2005)[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Stanley Starostaning (2005)^[14] Sharqiy Osiyo til oilalari taklifi Sharqiy Osiyo superphylumini shakllantirish uchun Avstroosiyo va Hmong-Miendan iborat „Yangzian“ filialini oʻz ichiga oladi. Biroq, Starosta oʻzi taklif qilgan Yangzianni avstroneziya tili emas, balki Xitoy-Tibet tillari bilan toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri qardosh deb hisoblaydi, bu Xitoy-Tibet-Yangzianning qardoshi sifatida Xitoy-Tibet tillari bilan uzoqroq bogʻliq. Uning xulosasiga koʻra, proto-Sharqiy Osiyo eramizdan avvalgi 6500—6000-yillarda Shimoliy Xitoy tekisligidagi (xususan Han daryosi, Wei daryosi va markaziy Sariq daryosi hududlari) Peiligang madaniyati va Cishan madaniyati dehqon jamoalari tomonidan soʻzlashilgan til hisoblanadi^[15].

Sharqiy Osiyo
- avstroneziya
  - (turli xil Formosan filiallari)
  - Ekstra-Formosan
    - Tai-Kaday
    - Malayo-Polineziya
- Xitoy-Tibet-Yangzian
  - Xitoy-Tibet
  - Yangzian
    - avstroasiatik
    - Hmong-Mien

Starosta (2005) quyidagi Proto-Sharqiy Osiyo morfologik affikslarini taklif qiladi, ular Proto-Tibet-Burman va Proto- Austroneziya tillarida, shuningdek, Nikobarik kabi baʼzi morfologik konservativ avstroasiatik tarmoqlarda uchraydi^[16].

*m (V) — „V-ing agenti“
*-Vn „V-ing bemori“
*sV- „V-ing asbobi“
* n (V) — „mukammal“

van Driem (2012)[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Sharqiy Osiyo til oilasining quyidagi daraxti (makrofamily) George van Driem tomonidan 2012-yilda Benaras Hindu universitetida oʻtkazilgan 18-Himoloy tillari simpoziumida taklif qilingan.

Sharqiy Osiyo
- Avstriya-Tai
  - Kradai
  - avstroneziya
- avstroasiatik
- Himoloy-Yangtzean
  - Trans-Himoloy
    - Xitoy-Bodic
    - Burmo-Qianjic
    - Brahmaputran
    - Gongduk va boshqalar.
    - Kiranti va boshqalar.
  - Yantzean
    - Hmong-Mien

Van Driemning soʻzlariga koʻra, Sharqiy Osiyo tillari uchun lingvistik dalillar Y-DNK Haplogroup O dan olingan genetik dalillarga mos keladi. (Qoʻshimcha maʼlumot: Ota tili gipotezasi)

Larish (2006, 2017)[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Michael D. Larishning fikricha, Janubi-Sharqiy va Sharqiy Osiyo tillari bir proto-tildan (u „proto-osiyo“ deb ataydi) kelib chiqqan. Yapon tili koreys tili bilan birga proto-osiyo oilasining bir tarmogʻi sifatida guruhlangan. Boshqa tarmoq avstroneziya, avstroasiatik, kra-dai, Hmong-mien va xitoy-tibet tillaridan iborat^[17]^[18].

Sharqiy Osiyo
- Yapon-Koreys
  - yaponcha
  - koreyscha
- Avstriya-Osiyo
  - avstroneziya
  - avstroasiatik
  - Kra-Dai
  - Hmong-Mien
  - Xitoy-Tibet

Lugʻatni taqqoslash[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Quyida Sharqiy Osiyodagi barcha 5 til oilasining proto-tillari uchun asosiy lugʻat elementlarini taqqoslash keltirilgan.; Manbalar

Proto-Tibet- Burman: Matisoff (2015)
Proto-Hmong-Mien : Ratliff (2010)^[19]
Proto-Avstroosiyo : Sidvell va Rau (2015)^[20]
Proto- Astroneziya: Blust & Trussel (2020)^[21]
Proto-Tai : Pittayaporn (2009)^[22]
Proto-Hlai : Norquest (2007)
Proto-Kra : Ostapirat (2000)

	Xitoy-Tibetan	Hmong-Mien	Avstroosiyo	Austroneziya	Kra-Dai
Soʻzlar	Proto-Tibet-Burman	Proto-Hmong-Mien	Proto-Avstroosiyo	Proto-Austroneziya	Proto-Tai	Proto-Hlai	Proto-Kra
soch	*(t)sam	*pljei	suk, sɔːk	*bukeS	*prɤm^A	*hnom	*m-səm^A
koʻz	*s-myak	*mu̯ɛjH	*mat	*maCa	*p.taː^A	*tʃʰaː	*m-ʈa^A
quloq	*r/g-na	*mbræu	*-toːr	*Caliŋa	*krwɯː^A	*ljəy	*k-ra^A
burun	s-na ~ s-naːr	*mbruiH	mɔːh, muːh, *muːs	*ujuŋ	*ɗaŋ^A	*kʰət	*hŋət^D
tish	*s/p-wa	*hmjinʔ	lmVɲ, sraŋ, *p (i)əŋ	lipen, n/ŋipen	*wan^A	*fjən	*l-pən^A
tomoq	m/s-lay ~ s-ley	*mblet	*lntaːk	Sema, lidam	*liːn^C	*hliːnʔ	*l-ma^A
qoʻl	lak ~ C-yak	*-bɔuʔ	*tiːʔ	*kamay	*mwɯː^A	*C-mɯː	*mja^A
suyuk	*s/m/g-rus	*tshuŋʔ	*cʔaːŋ	*CuqelaN	*C̥.duk^D	*Cuɾɯːk	*dək^D
qon	*s-hywəy-t	*ntshjamʔ	saːm, ɟhaːm, *(b/m)haːm	*daRaq	*lɯət^D	*alaːc	*plat^D
fuqaro	*m-sin	*-hri̯ən	kləːm, ris	*qaCay	*tap^D	*ɗəy	*təp^D
goʻsht	*sya-n	P-Mienic *ʔa^B	*sac	*Sesi	*n.mɤː^C	*rəmʔ	*ʔaɯ^C
it	*d-kʷəy-n	P-Hmongic *hmaŋ^C	*cɔːʔ	*asu	*ʰmaː^A	*hmaː	*x-ma^A
qush	*s-ŋak	*m-nɔk	ciːm, ceːm	*manuk 'chickenʼ	*C̬.nok^D	*səc	*ɳok^D
baliq	*s-ŋya	*mbrəuʔ	*kaʔ	*Sikan	*plaː^A	*hlaː	*p-la^A
bit	*s-r (y)ik	*ntshjeiʔ	*ciːʔ	*kuCux	*traw^A	*tʃʰwəw	*C-ʈu^A
barg	*lay	P-Hmongic mblɔŋ^A, P-Mienic* *nɔm^A	*slaʔ	*waSaw	*ɓaɰ^A	*ɓɯː	*ɖiŋ^A
quyosh	*s-nəy	P-Mienic *hnu̯ɔi^A	*tŋiːʔ	waRi, qajaw	*ŋwan^A	*hŋwən	*(l-/h)wən^A
oy	*s/g-la	*hlaH	*khaj	bulaN, qiNaS	*ɓlɯən^A	*C-ɲaːn	*(C-)tjan^A
suv	m-t (w)əy-n ~ m-ti-s	*ʔu̯əm	ɗaːk; Pal. ʔoːm	*daNum	*C̬.nam^C	*C-nəmʔ	*ʔuŋ^C
yomgʻir	*r/s/g-wa	P-Hmongic *m-noŋ^C	*gmaʔ	*quzaN	*C̥.wɯn^A	*fun	*jəl^A
olov	*mey	*douʔ	ʔuːs, ʔɔːs	*Sapuy	*wɤj^A	*fiː	*pui^A
ism	*r-mi (ŋ/n)	*mpɔuH	*-məh	*ŋajan	*ɟɤː^B	*pʰaːŋ	*n (ʒ)i^A
yemoq	*m-dz (y)a-k/n/t/s	P-Mienic *ɲən^C	*caːʔ	*kaen	*kɯɲ^A	*kʰən	*kan^A
oʻlim	*səy	*dəjH	*kceːt	*ma-aCay	*p.taːj^A	*hlaːwɦ	*pɣon^A
men	ŋa-y ~ ka	P-Hmongic *kɛŋ^B	*ʔaɲ	-ku	*kuː^A	*ɦuː	*ku^A
siz	*na-ŋ	*mu̯ei	*miːʔ	-mu	*mɯŋ^A	*C-mɯː	*mə^A/B

Tarqatishlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Xitoy-Tibet tillarining tarqalishi
Kra–Dai tillarining tarqalishi
Avstroosiyo tillarining tarqalishi
Hmong–Mien tillarining tarqalishi
Avstroneziya tillarining tarqalishi

Yana qarang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Ota tili gipotezasi
Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tillari uchun tasnif sxemalari
- Xitoy-Avstroneziya tillari
- avstriya tillari
- Avstriya-Tay tillari
Materik Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo lingvistik hududi
Gaplogrup O (Y-DNK)
Sharqiy Osiyo tillari
Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo tillari
Xitoy tillari

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

↑ Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.
↑ Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.
↑ Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
↑ Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
↑ Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.
↑ Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
↑ Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
↑ Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. Tʼoung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.
↑ Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. Tʼoung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.
↑ Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.
↑ Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.
↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.
↑ Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.
↑ Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.
↑ Starosta, Stanley „Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific“,. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics Sagart: . London: Routledge Curzon, 2005 — 182–197 bet. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.
↑ Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). „Morphological evidence for Austric“ (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 33-jild, № 2. 323–344-bet. doi:10.2307/3623132. JSTOR i285831. 15–avgust 2017–yilda asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 10–avgust 2020–yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
↑ Larish, Michael D. (2006-yil yanvar). "Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages". Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Archived from the original on 8-yanvar 2019-yil. https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf. Qaraldi: 7-yanvar 2019-yil.
↑ Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
↑ Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong-Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-615-7.
↑ Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). „Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview.“ In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
↑ Blust. „Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition“ (2020-yil 21-iyun). 6-avgust 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 10-noyabr 2020-yil.
↑ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.

Havolalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

George van Driem tomonidan Sharqiy Osiyo tillari boʻyicha maqolalar (Wayback Machine saytida 9-avgust 2020-yil sanasida arxivlangan)

[1] Conrady, August. 1916. Eine merkw rdige Beziehung zwischen den austrischen und den indochinesischen Sprachen. Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte vornehmlich des Orients: Ernst Kuhn zum 70. Geburtstage am 7. Februar 1916 gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern, 475-504. München: Verlag von M. & H. Marcus.

[2] Conrady, August. 1922. Neue austrisch-indochinesische Parallelen. Asia Major: Hirth Anniversary Volume, 23-66. London: Robsthan and Company.

[3] Wulff, Kurt. 1934. Chinesisch und Tai: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.

[4] Wulff, Kurt. 1942 [posthumous]. Über das Verhältnis des Malay-Polynesischen zum Indochinesischen. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

[5] Benedict, Paul King. 1942. Thai, Kadai and Indonesia: A new alignment in southeastern Asia. American Anthropologist 44:576-601.

[6] Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H. Goodenough, 117-160. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

[7] Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

[8] Schlegel, Gustave. 1901. Review: ‘Elements of Siamese Grammar by O. Frankfurter, Ph.D., Bangkok: Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press, Leipzig, Karl W. Hiersemann, 1900’. Tʼoung Pao (Série II), II:76-87.

[9] Schlegel, Gustave. 1902. Siamese Studies. Tʼoung Pao, New Series II, Volume II, Supplement. Leiden.

[10] Ostapirat, Weera. 2013. Austro-Tai revisited. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 29 May 2013.

[11] Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon-Khmer Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentral-Asiens und Austronesiens. Archiv für Anthropologie Neue Folge V:59-109.

[12] Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33.2:323-344.

[13] Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: a review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, 132-160. London: Routledge Curzon, London.

[14] Since Starosta died on July 18, 2002, his paper, originally written in 2001, was published posthumously.

[Origin-15] Starosta, Stanley „Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific“,. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics Sagart: . London: Routledge Curzon, 2005 — 182–197 bet. ISBN 978-0-415-32242-3.

[16] Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). „Morphological evidence for Austric“ (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 33-jild, № 2. 323–344-bet. doi:10.2307/3623132. JSTOR i285831. 15–avgust 2017–yilda asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 10–avgust 2020–yil.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()

[17] Larish, Michael D. (2006-yil yanvar). "Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages". Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Archived from the original on 8-yanvar 2019-yil. https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045904/https://sil-philippines-languages.org/ical/papers/larish-proto_asian.pdf. Qaraldi: 7-yanvar 2019-yil.

[18] Larish, Michael. 2017. Proto-Asian and its branches: An archeolinguistic approach for the history of Eastern Asia. Linguistic Society of the Philippines.

[19] Ratliff, Martha. 2010. Hmong-Mien language history. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-615-7.

[20] Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). „Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview.“ In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.

[ACD-21] Blust. „Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition“ (2020-yil 21-iyun). 6-avgust 2020-yilda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 10-noyabr 2020-yil.

[22] Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.

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