Menspleyning

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya
Gender tenglik va qurolsizlanish platformasi yigʻilishi, 2017-yil 14-sentyabr. Slaydda: Pol Tadlokning „Sinfdoshlar“ haykalining fotosurati, uni internet foydalanuvchilari „Haykal menspleyningi“[1][2] deb atashgan.

Menspleyning – bu ayollarga erkaklar tomonidan biron bir narsa yoki hodisani haddan tashqari soddalashtirilgan va kamsituvchi uslubda sharhlab berish yoki tushuntirish degan maʼnoni anglatuvchi atama[3][4][5][6].

Oʻzining dastlabki qoʻllanilishida menspleyning erkaklarning ayollarga nisbatan qiladigan kamsituvchi harakatlaridan farq qilar edi, chunki bu tushuncha erkak ayoldan koʻra koʻproq bilimli boʻladi degan tushunchaga asoslangan[7]. Biroq, u keyinchalik kengroq qoʻllanila boshladi. Bu atama biror kishi boshqa biron kishiga yoshi va jinsidan qatʼiy nazar, nimanidir tushuntirishda kamsituvchi ohangni ishlatganda qoʻllaniladi: „menspleyning“ har qanday kishiga nisbatan, jinsidan qatʼiy nazar ishlatilishi mumkin[8].

2013-yilda Dictionary.com oʻz lugʻatiga mansplain va -splain soʻzlarini qoʻshayotganini eʼlon qildi[9]. Uning eʼlonida shunday deyilgan: „Ijodiy boʻlishiga qaramasdan bu atamaning “splaining" qismi 2013-yilda birlashtiruvchi shakl (yoki oʻzak) sifatida juda ajoyib ekanligi isbotlandi.“ Ushbu qismi Mansplaining, womansplaining, whitesplaining, rightsplaining[10], goysplaining[11] va Damonsplaining kabi parallel konstruktsiyalarning yaratilishiga sabab boʻlgan[12][13].

Bu soʻz ommalashib borgani sari bir qancha tadqiqotchilar har xil insonlarning turlicha oʻzlashtirishi soʻzning asl maʼnosini yoʻqotishiga sabab boʻlayotganidan shikoyat qilishdi[14]. Joshua Sealy-Harrington va Tom McLaughlin The Globe and Mail gazetasida bu atama munozaralarni toʻxtatish uchun ad hominem (falsafiy argument) sifatida ishlatilayotganligini yozgan[15].

Etimologiya[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Splain feʼli 200 yildan ortiq vaqtdan buyon qoʻllanilib kelingan. Avval soddalashtirilgan ingliz tilida tushuntirish soʻzining soʻzlashuvdagi talaffuzi sifatida foydalanilgan. Lekin keyinchalik uning kamsituvchi maʼnoda qoʻllanilish holatlari koʻpaya boshlagan[16][17]. Dictionary.com sayti taʼkidlashicha, „mansplain“ soʻzining maʼnosi 2009-yildan beri biroz oʻzgargan[3].

Tahlili[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Googleda amalga oshirilgan qidiruvlar. Google Trends maʼlumotlariga koʻra „menspleyning“ atamasining qanchalik koʻp izlanilinishi.

Mensplayning konsepsiyasi turli xil xatti-harakatlar aralashmasini oʻz ichiga oladi, ularda soʻzlovchining tinglovchiga nisbatan nafratlanishi, tinglovchining ayol ekanligi va shuning uchun erkaklarnikiga qaraganda tushunish qobiliyatining ancha past boʻlishligi aytiladi. Bu konsepsiya, shuningdek, erkak suhbatni faqat maqtanish va tinglayotgan ayoldan koʻra madaniyatliroq koʻrinish uchun monopoliya tarzida davom ettirishini ham oʻz ichiga oladi.

Rebecca Solnitning inshosi konsepsiyani manspleyning keltirib chiqaradigan oqibatlarga ekstrapolyatsiya qildi: natijada ayol tomonidan bildirilgan fikrlar (professional yoki biron bir sohadagi ekspert sifatida keng jamoatchilikka bildirilgan) muntazam ravishda yuqori baholanmaydi yoki erkakning yordamiga muhtoj boʻlishi tasdiqlangan. Bu haqiqat keng tarqalgan ayrim xatti-harakatlarning alomati boʻlib, ayollarni ochiqchasiga gapirishdan yoki jur’at qilib soʻzlaganlarida ularni eshitmasdan, shashtidan qaytaradi. Bu xatti-harakatlar yosh ayollarni sukut saqlashga mahkum qiladi, chunki ular (koʻchadagi taʼqiblar tufayli sodir boʻladi) bu ularning dunyosi emas degan xulosaga kelib qolishadi. Bu ayollarga xos savol-javob qilishi va koʻp jihatdan cheklanishga oʻrgatadi, shu bilan birga erkaklarning asossiz ravishda ishonchini oshirib yuboradi.

Qoʻllanilishi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Menspleyning atamasi Rebekka Solnit tomonidan yozilgan va TomDispatch.com saytida 2008-yil 13-aprelda chop etilgan „Men Explain Things to Me: Facts Didnʼt Get in Their Way“ inshosida qoʻllanilgan. Inshoda Solnit hazilomuz tarzda bir hikoyani eslab oʻtgan. Bir bazmda qaysidir tadbir qatnashchisi Solnitning yangi chiqqan kitoblari haqida gapiradi. Solnit esa asarlari haqida gap boshlaydi. Shu payti bazmdagi bir erkak uning gapini shartta boʻlib undan muallifi boshqa boʻlgan asar haqida soʻrab ketadi. Solnit inshoda menspleyning soʻzini ishlatmagan, lekin u bu hodisani „har bir ayol ichidan sezgan boʻlardi“ deb taʼriflagan[18][19].

Oradan bir oy oʻtgach, bu soʻz LiveJournal ijtimoiy tarmogʻidagi sharhda paydo boʻldi[20]. U feministik blogerlar orasida asosiy munozaralarga kirishdan oldinroq mashhur boʻldi[20][21]. Solnit menspleyning hodisasini „erkakning haddan tashqari oʻziga ishonchi va tushunishni xoxlamasligi“ bilan bogʻladi. The Atlantic jurnalidan boʻlgan Lily Rothman bu tushunchani „tushuntiruvchi shaxsning tushuntiriluvchi shaxsdan koʻra koʻproq bilishini ifodalash holati deb ataydi va bu holat odatda erkak tomonidan ayolga tomon qilinayotganligi hisobga olinmaydi“ deb taʼriflagan[22]. Keyinchalik Solnit ijtimoiy muammolar va inson huquqlari mavzulariga bagʻishlangan Men Explain Things to Me (2014) insholar toʻplamini nashr etdi. U insholarida ayol boʻlgan professionallar va ekspertlarning ishlari muntazam ravishda erkaklarnikiga qaraganda kamroq ishonchli deb hisoblanishini, baʼzi mamlakatlarda erkaklar tomonidan tasdiqlanmasa ayollarning qonuniy guvohliklari ham qabul qilinmasligini yozgan. Uning taʼkidlashicha, bu keng tarqalgan hodisaning alomatlaridan biridir.

2010-yilda u New York Times tomonidan „Yil soʻzlari“ qatoriga kiritilgan[23]. Bu soʻz 2012-yilda Amerika dialekt jamiyatining „yilning eng ijodiy soʻzi“ mukofotiga nomzod boʻlgan[24][25]. 2014-yilda mazkur soʻz Oksfordning onlayn lugʻatlariga ham qoʻshildi[26].

Jurnalistlar bu soʻzni 2012-yilgi Respublikachilar partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzod boʻlgan Mitt Romney, prezident Donald Tramp[27], Texas gubernatori Rick Perry[28], MSNBC xosti Lawrence O'Donnell[29], HBOning The Newsroom nomli serialidagi turli qahramonlar[30][31][32], musiqachi Jimmy Iovine[33], Avstraliya Bosh vaziri Malkolm Ternbull ; [34] aktyor Matt Damon[35] va isteʼmolchilar huquqlari himoyachisi Ralph Nader[36] kabilarni tasvirlash uchun foydalanishgan[37]. 2016-yil fevral oyida bu atama Avstraliya Senati qoʻmitasining ikki aʼzosi oʻrtasida janjalni keltirib chiqargan, oʻshanda leyboristlar senatori Katy Gallagher aloqa vaziri Mitch Fifildga shunday degan edi: „Men odamlarni ayblashni yaxshi koʻraman va bundan zavq olaman“[38].

Tanqidlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

MPR News nashriyotining xodimlari bu atamaning foydali ekanligini aytib koʻp marotaba bahslashishgan. Lesley Kinzel bu soʻzni jinsga xosligi va salbiy maʼnosini hisobga olgan holda, uni tabiatan noxolis deb taʼriflagan[39]. 2016-yil The Washington Postning maqolasida ham bu soʻz haqida yozilgan[40][41]. Meghan Daum, 2015-yilda Los Angeles Times gazetasida yozgan maqolasida, „Erkaklar ayollarga qaraganda aqlliroq deyish, erkakning hamma aytganlarini bir soʻzda qabul qilish jumlasi bilan bir xil maʼno beradi“[42][43].

Jurnalist Ketie Young oʻzining „Patriarxiya oʻlganmi?“ (Is The Patriarchy Dead?) maqolasida „mensplayning“ atamasini „jinsga asoslangan ahmoqona va takabbur bahslar uchun“ deb atagan[44]. Young muharrir va blogger, „Yangi Respublika“ bosh muharriri Nora Kaplan-Bricker haqida gapirgan, Nora ham „menspalying“da ayblangan. Ketie Young taʼkidlaganidek, bu atama endi ayollarga nisbatan ham qoʻllanila boshlandi. Bu misol „menspleying“ soʻzining asta-sekin asl maʼnosini yoʻqotayotganini koʻrsatadi.

Genderlektlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Asosiy maqola: Genderlekt

Erkaklar va ayollar koʻpincha bir-biridan butunlay farq qiladigan boshqa-boshqa tillarda gaplashadigan xalqlar mavjud. Masalan, baʼzi mamlakatlarda turli jins vakillarining nutqida turli xil lugʻat, grammatika va soʻzlash uslublarni uchratish mumkin. Bunday hodisalar genderlekt deb ataladi. Masalan, yapon tilidagi gender farqlari mavjud boʻlib, bunda ayollar maxsus „ayol soʻzlari“ dan, erkaklar esa „erkak“ soʻzlardan foydalanib suhbatlashadilar. Yapon tilidagi „erkak“ soʻzlari turli xil yakunlanish holatlariga ega. Erkak nutqi koʻproq qoʻpol va haqoratli soʻzlardan tarkib topgan boʻladi. Shunga oʻxshash xususiyatlarni Argentinadagi ispan tilining fonetik innovatsiyalarida, Venesuela Ispaniyasining And xilma-xilligi va Kolumbiya dialektlarida ham uchratish mumkin.

Yana qarang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  1. ↑ Anon. „Classmates, San Antonio, Texas by Paul Tadlock“. atlasobscura.com. Atlas Obscura (2018). — „What was meant as an innocent piece of art has earned a reputation as the 'mansplaining sculpture.'“. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 27-iyun.
  2. ↑ Salazar. „UIW Statue Gets National Attention Thanks To Feminism And Twitter“. San Antonio Current (2015-yil 28-may). — „The bronze statue is called 'Classmates,' and was sculpted by SA artist Paul Tadlock, according to the Times. But it's now known as 'Mansplaining The Statue,' thanks to people on the internet […].“. 2021-yil 27-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 27-iyun.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 „mansplain“. Dictionary.com. — „[T]o explain something to a woman in a condescending, overconfident, and often inaccurate or oversimplified manner, typically to a woman already knowledgeable about the topic[.]“.
  4. ↑ „History of Mansplaining“. Merriam-Webster.com. — „It's what occurs when a man talks condescendingly to someone (especially a woman) about something he has incomplete knowledge of, with the mistaken assumption that he knows more about it than the person he's talking to does.“.
  5. ↑ Steinmetz, Katy (18 November 2014). „Clickbait, Normcore, Mansplain: Runners-Up for Oxford's Word of the Year“. Time. Qaraldi: 24 November 2014. „[T]o explain something to someone, typically a man to woman, in a manner regarded as condescending or patronizing.“
  6. ↑ Zimmer. „Tag, You're It! "Hashtag" Wins as 2012 Word of the Year“. Visual Thesaurus (2013-yil 5-yanvar). — „[W]hat happens when a man condescendingly explains something to female listeners[.]“. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 30-oktyabr.
  7. ↑ Jaschik, Scott. „Calling Out Academic 'Mansplaining'“. Inside Higher Ed (2012-yil 16-oktyabr). „[S]ome men explain things to women with condescension, frequently ignoring the reality that the women may already understand whatever is being explained (in many cases, better than do the men).“.
  8. ↑ „History of Mansplaining“. Merriam-Webster.com. — „It's what occurs when a man talks condescendingly to someone (especially a woman) about something he has incomplete knowledge of, with the mistaken assumption that he knows more about it than the person he's talking to does.“.
  9. ↑ Solomon. „Word Watch 2013: -splain“. Dictionary.com (2013-yil 6-dekabr). — „The possibilities are seeming endless on the -splain front. This gives Dictionary.com reason to believe that -splain is not just a temporary fad, but rather a stable new addition to English along with its libfix cousins like -gate, -pocalypse, and -zilla.“. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 24-noyabr.
  10. ↑ Zimmer, Benjamin; Carson, Charles C. (2013). "Among The New Words". American Speech 88 (2): 196–214. doi:10.1215/00031283-2346771. http://americanspeech.dukejournals.org/content/87/2/190.full.pdf+html. 
  11. ↑ Marcus, Marcus (March 30, 2015). "The Art of Goysplaining". The Forward. https://forward.com/life/217607/the-art-of-goysplaining/. "Goysplaining is an outgrowth of people thinking that they know a lot about Judaism. […] The people who goysplain think that because they went to the trouble of reading an article, watching a documentary, or Googling something, they now understand an entire faith and should be congratulated for it." 
  12. ↑ „'Damonsplaining': Matt Damon accused of insensitivity“. BBC News (2015-yil 16-sentyabr). — „One user defined the term as '#Damonsplaining – over talking and/or shouting down a person of colour to explain something about their own race or culture'.“.
  13. ↑ Moyer, Justin Wm.. „Matt Damon has more 'Damonsplaining' to do — this time about alleged anti-gay comments“. The Washington Post (2015-yil 29-sentyabr). „Damon later walked back what was sarcastically hash-tagged 'Damonsplaining,' saying he believes 'deeply that there need to be more diverse filmmakers making movies.'“.
  14. ↑ Hart, Benjamin. „RIP "mansplaining": How the Internet killed one of our most useful words“. Salon (2014-yil 20-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 30-oktyabr. „But along the way, mansplaining has morphed from a useful descriptor of a real problem in contemporary gender dynamics to an increasingly vague catchall expression that seems to be inflaming the Internet gender wars more than clarifying them.“.
  15. ↑ McLaughlin, Tom; Sealy-Harrington, Joshua. „Arguments should not be silenced because of their author's race or sex“. The Globe and Mail (2014-yil 15-aprel). „The use of terms such as 'mansplaining' (and its racial counterpart, 'whitesplaining') can cause disengagement. […] Without such engagement, these terms become unconstructive ad hominem attacks that sidestep meaningful debate when an opponent conveniently possesses privilege.“.
  16. ↑ „mansplain“. Dictionary.com. — „[T]o explain something to a woman in a condescending, overconfident, and often inaccurate or oversimplified manner, typically to a woman already knowledgeable about the topic[.]“.
  17. ↑ Peters. „'Mansplaining' Spawns a New Suffix“. Vocabulary.com. — „[M]ansplain is such a useful word that -splain has taken on a life of its own.“.
  18. ↑ Solnit, Rebecca „Men Explain Things to Me: Facts Didn't Get in Their Way“. TomDispatch (2023-yil 13-aprel). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 26-dekabr.
  19. ↑ Solnit, Rebecca. „Men who explain things“. Los Angeles Times. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 26-dekabr.
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Rothman, Lily. „A Cultural History of Mansplaining“. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 1-noyabr.
  21. ↑ Doyle, Sady (1–may 2013). „Mansplaining, Explained“. In These Times.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
  22. ↑ Rothman, Lily. „A Cultural History of Mansplaining“. The Atlantic (2012-yil 1-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 20-avgust. „This election season, the idea of 'mansplaining'—explaining without regard to the fact that the explainee knows more than the explainer, often done by a man to a woman—has exploded into mainstream political commentary.“.
  23. ↑ Sifton, Sam; Barrett, Grant. „The Words of the Year“. The New York Times (2010-yil 18-dekabr). 2011-yil 22-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. „A man compelled to explain or give an opinion about everything—especially to a woman. He speaks, often condescendingly, even if he doesn't know what he's talking about or even if it's none of his business.“.
  24. ↑ „American Dialect Society 2012 Words of the Year“. americandialect.org (2013-yil 4-yanvar). — „[A] man's condescending explanation to a female audience[.]“.
  25. ↑ Zimmer. „Tag, You're It! "Hashtag" Wins as 2012 Word of the Year“. Visual Thesaurus (2013-yil 5-yanvar). — „[W]hat happens when a man condescendingly explains something to female listeners[.]“. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 30-oktyabr.
  26. ↑ „New words added to OxfordDictionaries.com today include binge-watch, cray, and vape“. Oxforddictionaries.com (2014-yil avgust). — „[To] explain something to someone, typically a woman, in a manner regarded as condescending or patronizing[.]“. 2014-yil 18-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 30-oktyabr.
  27. ↑ Kaplan, Ilana (20 October 2018). „Stephen Colbert accuses Trump of trying to 'mansplain the Midterms' to female voters“. Rolling Stone. Qaraldi: 23 August 2019. „Did Trump just try to mansplain the midterms to women? 'Look, look, ladies, I know you don't like me, but here's why you're wrong—shhh, I'm talking. […]'“
  28. ↑ Weigel, David. „Mansplaining the Mansplainer: Rick Perry's Accidental Abortion Honesty“. Slate (2013-yil 27-iyun). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 20-avgust. „Davis has condemned Perry, as has half of Twitter, for the crime of Mansplaining.“.
  29. ↑ Ioffe, Julia (8 August 2013). „Dear Lawrence O'Donnell, Don't Mansplain to Me About Russia“. The New Republic. Qaraldi: 20 August 2013. „That O'Donnell interrupted and harangued and mansplained […] is not what I take issue with, however.“
  30. ↑ Stuever, Hank. „'The Newsroom' vs. 'Honey Boo Boo': Which one really gives us more to think about?“. The Washington Post (2013-yil 11-iyul). 2015-yil 19-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 20-avgust. „[I]t will soon enough be the summer of 2012 in Will McAvoy's world, and he may very well find a way to derisively drop a Honey Boo Boo reference into one of his monologues, perhaps while mansplaining journalistic and documentary ethics […].“.
  31. ↑ Weigel, David. „Trying to Tolerate The Newsroom, Week Four“. Slate (2013-yil 5-avgust). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 20-avgust. „I also love how he mansplains the history of the civil rights movement to her.“.
  32. ↑ Greenwald, Andy. „Death by Newsroom“. Grantland (2013-yil 16-iyul). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 20-avgust. „There was sloppy slapstick and torrents of mansplaining.“.
  33. ↑ „Dear Jimmy Iovine: Women Don't Need You to Mansplain Music to Them“. Observer (2015-yil 19-noyabr). — „So, Mr. Iovine, just so you know: we women don't need you to mansplain music discovery to us.“. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 20-dekabr.
  34. ↑ „PM accused of 'mansplaining' ... but what does it mean?“. The Sydney Morning Herald (2015-yil 16-sentyabr). — „Ms Plibersek said: 'Mr Speaker, I'd rather have an answer than the mansplaining by the Prime Minister.'“. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 20-dekabr.
  35. ↑ „Matt Damon Mansplaining Diversity On 'Project Greenlight' Is Frustrating, But There Is A Silver Lining“. www.bustle.com. — „Damon, however, didn't really get it, and descends into some mansplaining I hate to say came from someone I enjoy so much as an actor and filmmaker.“. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 20-dekabr.
  36. ↑ „Ralph Nader Mansplains Monetary Policy to Janet Yellen“. Daily Intelligencer. — „Perhaps sometime Nader could sit down with a monetary economist to learn about the complexities of interest-rate policy, and maybe to learn a thing or two about gender politics too.“. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 20-dekabr.
  37. ↑ Cogan, Marin. „The Mittsplainer: An Alternate Theory of Mitt Romney's Gaffes“. GQ (2012-yil 1-avgust). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 20-avgust. „The two of them will spend the fall trying to mansplain their way to the White House, shunning the charisma-based campaign Obama tried in 2008 in favor of right-sounding if vague platitudes about getting the economy back on track[.]“.
  38. ↑ Ireland. „'What?': Katy Gallagher explains mansplaining to Mitch Fifield during fiery estimates showdown“. The Sydney Morning Herald (2016-yil 11-fevral). — „'I love the mansplaining. I'm enjoying it,' Gallagher said, mixing fatigue with just a hint of provocation.“.
  39. ↑ „Do we need a different word for 'mansplaining'?“. MPR News (2017-yil 11-avgust). Qaraldi: 2024-yil 3-yanvar.
  40. ↑ Kinzel, Lesley. „Why You'll Never Hear Me Use the Term 'Mansplain'“. XoJane (2012-yil 16-avgust). 2018-yil 13-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 22-avgust.
  41. ↑ Solnit, Rebecca. Men Explain Things to Me. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014 — 14 bet. „I have doubts about the word and don't use it myself much; it seems to me to go a little heavy on the idea that men are inherently flawed this way, rather than that some men explain things they shouldn't and don't hear things they should.“ 
  42. ↑ Young, Cathy. „Feminists treat men badly. It's bad for feminism“ (2016-yil 30-iyun).
  43. ↑ Daum, Meghan „Mansplaining? Windbags come in both genders“. Los Angeles Times (2015-yil 8-yanvar). — „To suggest that men are more qualified for the designation than women is not only sexist but almost as tone deaf as categorizing everything that a man says as mansplaining. So maybe this will be the year we start to phase it out.“. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 20-avgust.
  44. ↑ Cathy Young. „Is The Patriarchy Dead?“ (en). Reason.com (2013-yil 29-sentyabr). 2020-yil 9-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 19-dekabr. 
"https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menspleyning&oldid=3998597" dan olindi