Masuma Esmati-Vardak
Masuma Esmati-Vardak afgʻon yozuvchisi va siyosatchisi edi. U Afg'oniston parlamentida ishlagan birinchi ayollardan biri bo'lib, ta'lim vaziri bo'lib ishlagan.
1953 yilda Kobul ayollar kollejini tamomlagan va 1958 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlarda biznes bo'yicha diplom olgan[1]
1959-yilda u Kubra Nurzay bilan Afg‘onistonda qirolicha Humayra Begum o‘zining kiyimini yechganidan so‘ng birinchilardan bo‘lib omma oldiga ro‘molsiz chiqqan ayollardan biri bo‘ldi va Bosh vazir Muhammad Dovud Xonning ayollarning ixtiyoriy ravishda ro‘molini yechishga chaqirishini qo‘llab-quvvatladi[2] .
1964-yilda qirol Muhammad Zohir Shoh uni ayollarga saylash va saylanish huquqini beruvchi 1964 yilgi konstitutsiya[3] loyihasini ko'rib chiqadigan maslahat qo'mitasiga tayinladi. 1965 yilda u parlament xalqi palatasida Qandahor vakili etib saylandi va ayollar huquqlarining yetakchi himoyachisiga aylandi.[1][4] U 1965-yilda saylangan to‘rt nafar ayoldan yagonasi bo‘lib, 1969- yilda qayta saylanish uchun o‘z nomzodini qo‘ygan, ammo o‘z o‘rnini yo‘qotgan.[5]
1987 yilda Afg'oniston ayollari kengashi raisi bo'ldi.[1]
1990 yil may oyida u Muhammad Najibulloh hukumatida Ta'lim va ta'lim vaziri etib tayinlandi.[6]
Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: D-K. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 786. ISBN 978-0-02865-771-4. Manba xatosi: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "mattar" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Tamim Ansary (2012) Games without Rules: The Often-Interrupted History of Afghanistan
- ↑ Sarfraz Khan (2013) Politics of policy and legislation affectin g women in Afghanistan: One step forward two steps back[sayt ishlamaydi] Central Asia Journal, Number 73
- ↑ Skaine, Rosemarie (2001). The Women of Afghanistan Under the Taliban. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-78648-174-3.
- ↑ Louis Dupree (2014) Afghanistan Princeton University Press, p653
- ↑ Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002