Kashmir

Pir Panjal tizmasi va Kashmir vodiysi koʻrsatilgan Kashmir mintaqasining siyosiy xaritasi

Kashmir (kashmircha: कॅशीर, کٔشیٖر; dogri: कश्मीर; ladaxi: ཀཤམིར; balti: کشمیر; годжри: کشمیر; punchi/chibxali: کشمیر; Shina: کشمیر; uygʻurcha: كەشمىر‎‎; devanagari: कश्मीर) – Hindiston yarim orolining shimoli-gʻarbida joylashgan, tarixan Himolay togʻlaridagi sobiq viloyat boʻlgan bahs-munozarali hudud. Kashmirning boʻlinishi rasmiy chegara bitimlari bilan tasdiqlangan emas. Kashmir oʻzi uni egallab turgan mamlakatlar, ayniqsa Hindiston va Pokiston oʻrtasidagi ziddiyat manbai hisoblanadi.

Kashmir shimolda Afgʻoniston, sharqda Xitoyning Shinjon-Uygʻur va Tibet muxtor rayonlari, janubda Hindistonning Ximachalpradesh va Panjob shtatlari, gʻarbda esa Pokiston bilan chegaradosh.

Bugungi kunda Kashmir amalda quyidagi hududlarga boʻlingan: Hindistonning ikkita ittifoqdosh hududi – Jammu va Kashmir hamda Ladakh (umumiy maydoni 101 387 km², aholisi 12,5 million kishi); oʻzini oʻzi eʼlon qilgan, xalqaro miqyosda tan olinmagan Ozod Kashmir davlati („erkin Kashmir“ deb ham ataladi, maydoni 13 000 km², aholisi 3,6 million kishi); Pokiston nazoratidagi Gilgit-Baltiston viloyati („shimoliy hududlar“ sifatida ham tanilgan, maydoni 72 500 km², aholisi 1 million kishi); va Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi boshqaruvida boʻlgan Aksaychin hududi (maydoni 37 555 km², aholisi bir necha ming kishi). Kashmirning jami maydoni 222 236 km²ni tashkil etadi.

Adabiyotlar

Umumiy tarix

• Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2003), Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy, London and New York: Routledge, 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 304, ISBN 978-0-415-30787-1.
• Brown, Judith M. (1994), Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 474, ISBN 978-0-19-873113-9.
• Copland, Ian (2002), The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-89436-4, 17 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 January 2017
• Khan, Yasmin (2007), The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 250 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3
• Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, 4th edition. Routledge, Pp. xii, 448, ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0.
• Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372, ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1.
• Ramusack, Barbara (2004), The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 324, ISBN 978-0-521-03989-5
• Stein, Burton (2001), A History of India, New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiv, 432, ISBN 978-0-19-565446-2.
• Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), The Partition of India, Cambridge University Press. Pp. xviii, 206, ISBN 978-0-521-76177-2
• Wolpert, Stanley (2006), Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 272, ISBN 978-0-19-515198-5.

Kashmir tarixi

• Bose, Sumantra (1997), The Challenge in Kashmir: Democracy, Self-Determination and a Just Peace, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-0-8039-9350-1, 17 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 January 2017
• Bose, Sumantra (2003), Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01173-1, 17 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 January 2017
• Keenan, Brigid (2013), Travels in Kashmir, Hachette India, ISBN 978-93-5009-729-8
• Korbel, Josef (1966) [1954], Danger in Kashmir (second-nashr), Princeton University Press, ISBN 9781400875238, 17 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 27 September 2016
• Lamb, Alastair (1991) [first published 1991 by Roxford Books], Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-577423-8, 17 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 January 2017
• Lamb, Alastair (2002) [first published 1997 by Roxford Books], Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute, 1947–1948, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195797671, 17 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 January 2017
• Stepanov Ya., Konflikt v Indostane i soglasheniye v Tashkente, M., 1966; GopalSingx, Geografiya Indii, M., 1980; Sdasyuk G. V., Shtati Indii, M, 1981. Temur Gʻiyosov.
• Malik, Iffat (2005), Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict, International Dispute, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-579622-3, 17 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 January 2017
• Panikkar, K. M. (1930), Gulab Singh, London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd
• Rai, Mridu (2004), Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 978-1850656616, qaraldi: 15 September 2020
• Rao, Aparna, muh. (2008), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, Manohar Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-81-7304-751-0, 17 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 January 2017
  • Evans, Alexander (2008), „Kashmiri Exceptionalism“, in Rao, Aparna (muh.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, 713–741-bet
  • Kaw, Mushtaq A. (2008), „Land Rights in Rural Kashmir: A Study in Continuity and Change from Late-Sixteenth to Late-Twentieth Centuries“, in Rao, Aparna (muh.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, 207–234-bet
  • Khan, Mohammad Ishaq (2008), „Islam, State and Society in Medieval Kashmir: A Revaluation of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani's Historical Role“, in Rao, Aparna (muh.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, 97–198-bet
  • Madan, T. N. (2008), „Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashmiriyat: An Introductory Essay“, in Rao, Aparna (muh.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, 1–36-bet
  • Reynolds, Nathalène (2008), „Revisiting Key Episodes in Modern Kashmir History“, in Rao, Aparna (muh.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, 563–604-bet
  • Witzel, Michael (2008), „The Kashmiri Pandits: Their Early History“, in Rao, Aparna (muh.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, 37–96-bet
  • Zutshi, Chitraleka (2008), „Shrines, Political Authority, and Religious Identities in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-century Kashmir“, in Rao, Aparna (muh.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, 235–258-bet
• Schaffer, Howard B. (2009), The Limits of Influence: America's Role in Kashmir, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-8157-0370-9, 17 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 January 2017
• Schofield, Victoria (2003) [2000], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 978-1860648984
• Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), „Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War“, Modern Asian Studies, 5 (1): 35–59, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00002845, JSTOR 311654, S2CID 145500298
• Zutshi, Chitralekha (2004), Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85065-700-2, qaraldi: 15 September 2020

Tarixiy manbalar

• Blank, Jonah. „Kashmir–Fundamentalism Takes Root“, Foreign Affairs, 78.6 (November/December 1999): 36–42.
• Drew, Federic. 1877. The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations; 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971.
• Evans, Alexander. Why Peace Wonʼt Come to Kashmir, Current History (Vol 100, No 645) April 2001 p. 170–175.
• Hussain, Ijaz. 1998. „Kashmir Dispute: An International Law Perspective“, National Institute of Pakistan Studies.
• Irfani, Suroosh, ed „Fifty Years of the Kashmir Dispute“: Based on the proceedings of the International Seminar held at Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir 24–25 August 1997: University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, AJK, 1997.
• Joshi, Manoj Lost Rebellion: Kashmir in the Nineties (Penguin, New Delhi, 1999).
• Khan, L. Ali The Kashmir Dispute: A Plan for Regional Cooperation (Wayback Machine saytida 17 January 2023 sanasida arxivlangan) 31 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 31, p. 495 (1994).
• Knight, E. F. 1893. Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Ch’eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971.
• Knight, William, Henry. 1863. Diary of a Pedestrian in Cashmere and Thibet. Richard Bentley, London. Reprint 1998: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.
• Köchler, Hans. The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik. Reflections on a Negotiated Settlement (Wayback Machine saytida 2 April 2010 sanasida arxivlangan). Keynote speech delivered at the „Global Discourse on Kashmir 2008.“ European Parliament, Brussels, 1 April 2008.
• Moorcroft, William and Trebeck, George. 1841. Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara… from 1819 to 1825, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.
• Neve, Arthur. (Date unknown). The Touristʼs Guide to Kashmir, Ladakh, Skardo &c. 18th Edition. Civil and Military Gazette, Ltd., Lahore. (The date of this edition is unknown – but the 16th edition was published in 1938).
• Stein, M. Aurel. 1900. Kalhaṇaʼs Rājataraṅgiṇī–A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr, 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. 1900. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
• Younghusband, Francis and Molyneux, Edward 1917. Kashmir. A. & C. Black, London.
• Norelli-Bachelet, Patrizia. „Kashmir and the Convergence of Time, Space and Destiny“, 2004; ISBN 0-945747-00-4. First published as a four-part series, March 2002 – April 2003, in 'Prakash', a review of the Jagat Guru Bhagavaan Gopinath Ji Charitable Foundation. Kashmir and the Convergence of Time Space and Destiny by Patrizia Norelli Bachelet (Wayback Machine saytida 28 September 2007 sanasida arxivlangan)
• Muhammad Ayub. An Army; Its Role & Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947–1999). Pittsburgh: Rosedog Books, 2005. ISBN 0-8059-9594-3.

Havolalar

• United Nations Military Observers Group in Kashmir