Jurnalistik hukumat

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Jurnalistik hukumat (Government by Journalism) ingliz gazetasi muharriri William Thomas Stead tomonidan asos solingan yangi jurnalistikaning bir shakli[1] boʻlib, u jurnalistikani shunchaki maʼlumot berish pozitsiyasidan koʻproq narsa deb oʻylay boshladi, ammo gazeta orqali jurnalist yoki muharrir hukmdor boʻlishi mumkin edi[2][3].

Lord Cromer va jurnalistika tomonidan hukumat[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

1883-yilda Stead salib yurishini boshladi, natijada general Gordon Sudanga yuborildi va u yerda oʻldirildi[4] Steadning tarjimai holi Greys Eklining soʻzlariga koʻra, bu Steadning „jurnalistlik qobiliyati“ koʻrgazmasi edi[5]  Stead „Lord Cromer va Jurnalistika tomonidan hukumat“[6] sarlavhali maqola chop etdi, bu ish haqida oʻz nuqtai nazarini batafsil bayon[7].

Zamonaviy Bobilning qizlik marosimi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

„Zamonaviy Bobilning Qizlar hurmati“ „Jurnalistika boʻyicha hukumat“ga misol boʻladi, chunki u 1885-yildagi Jinoyat qonuniga oʻzgartirishlar kiritish toʻgʻrisidagi qonunning[8] qabul qilinishiga olib keldi, „Stead Act“ yoki „Stead Act“ deb ham nomlanadi[9].

WT Stead „Tribute“ seriyasi va „Jurnalistika boʻyicha hukumat“ oʻrtasidagi bogʻliqlik haqida oʻzining The Review of Reviews nashrida shunday yozgan: „Ammo Pall Mall Gazette qoʻlini ushlab turdi. Uning maqsadi yangi qonun qabul qilishdan iborat boʻlib, shaxslarni haqorat qilish emas, ism-shariflarni tilga olishning hojati yoʻq edi[10]“

Tanqid[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

1887-yilda Metyu Arnold „Yangi jurnalistika“ iborasini yaratgan, bu atama gazeta tarixining butun janrini, xususan, Lord Nortkliffning asr boshidagi matbuot imperiyasini belgilaydi. Biroq, oʻsha paytda, Arnoldning gʻazablanish maqsadi Nortkliff emas, balki Pall Mall Gazette muharriri WT Steadning shov-shuvli jurnalistikasi edi[11]. U shafqatsiz Steadni qatʼiyan maʼqullamadi va Stead davrida „PMG, uning xizmatlari qanday boʻlishidan qatʼi nazar, tezda adabiyot boʻlishni toʻxtatmoqda“ deb eʼlon qildi.

Havolalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Fourth Estate — Reference to the indirect social influence of press and news media
  • Muckraking

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  1. ↑ Baylen, J.O. (December 1972). „The 'New Journalism' in Late Victorian Britain“. Australian Journal of Politics & History. 18-jild, № 3. 367–385-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1972.tb00602.x.
  2. ↑ Soderlund, Gretchen. Sex Trafficking, Scandal, and the Transformation of Journalism, 1885-1917. University of Chicago Press, 3-Jun 2013-yil. ISBN 9780226021676. „Stead had always been attracted to the idea of the journalist as preacher, but while serving his sentence in Holloway Prison, he began to think about the idea of the journalist as ruler.“ 
  3. ↑ Stead. „Government by Journalism“. The Contemporary Review (1886). — „The very conception of journalism as an instrument of government is foreign to the mind of most journalists. Yet, if they could but think of it, the editorial pen is a sceptre of power, compared with which the sceptre of many a monarch is but a gilded lath.“.
  4. ↑ Bennett, David. The General: William Booth, Volume 2. Xulon Press, 1-Dec 2003-yil. ISBN 978-1287730040. 
  5. ↑ Eckley, Grace. Maiden Tribute: A Life of W.T. Stead. Xlibris Corporation, 8-Mar 2007-yil. ISBN 978-1425727086. 
  6. ↑ Stead. „Lord Cromer and Government by Journalism“. The Contemporary Review (1908).
  7. ↑ Robinson, W. Sydney. Muckraker: The Scandalous Life and Times of W. T. Stead, Britain's First Investigative Journalist. Biteback Publishing, 12-may 2012-yil. ISBN 978-1849545853. 
  8. ↑ Pearce, Jenny. Young People and Sexual Exploitation: 'It's Not Hidden, You Just Aren't Looking'. Routledge, 10-Sep 2009-yil. ISBN 978-0415407168. „...contributed to the drive for changes within The Criminal Law amendment Act of 1885, commonly known as Stead's Act...“ 
  9. ↑ Bell, Ernest. Some Observations in Europe, 1912. 
  10. ↑ Stead. „W. Randolf Hearst“. The Review of Reviews (1908).
  11. ↑ "We have had opportunities of observing a new journalism which a clever and energetic man has lately invented. It has much to recommend it; it is full of ability, novelty, variety, sensation, sympathy, generous instincts; its one great fault is that it is feather-brained." Mathew Arnold, The Nineteenth century No. CXXIII. (May 1887) pp. 629-643. Available online at http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/related/easter.php (Wayback Machine saytida 2014-08-26 sanasida arxivlangan)

Havolalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

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