Ispaniya fuqarolar urushidagi xorijiy muxbirlar ro‘yxati

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Ispaniya fuqarolar urushidagi xorijiy muxbirlarning quyidagi ro'yxati Ispaniya fuqarolar urushining (1936-1939) qaysidir bosqichida Ispaniyada bo'lgan ko'p sonli jurnalistlar va fotosuratchilarning alifbo tartibida ro'yxati. U faqat keyinchalik o'z tajribalarini yozgan yozuvchilardan farqli o'laroq, maxsus akkreditatsiyadan o'tganlarni o'z ichiga oladi, jumladan Gustav Regler, George Orwell va boshqalar.

Urush haqidagi xorijiy matbuot keng qamrovlga ega bo'lib, Ispaniyadan mingga yaqin xorijiy gazeta muxbirlari ishlagan[1].

Ba'zi jurnalistlar bir nechta gazeta uchun yozgan va bir nechta gazetalarda bir vaqtning o'zida yoki turli vaqtlarda Ispaniyada bir nechta jurnalistlar bo'lgan. Ba'zi hollarda ular Ispaniyaga borganlarida allaqachon tajribali urush muxbirlari bo'lishgan. Ulardan bir nechtasi, masalan, Jey Allen, urush boshlanganda allaqachon Ispaniyada yashagan va ularning ba'zilari, xuddi Allen kabi, turli vaqtlarda Chicago Daily Tribune, News Chronicle va The New York Times uchun xabarlar yozgan.

Ba'zi muxbirlar isyonchilar ishini qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lsa-da[1], ayniqsa, William Karni, Edward Knoblaugh va HR Knikerboker, ispanist Pol Prestonning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Muxbirlarning asosiy qismi, qisman dahshatli voqealar tufayli respublikaga sodiq bo'lishdi. tinch aholini bombardimon qilish kabi ko'rgan, lekin bundan ham ko'proq, chunki ular Ispaniyada sodir bo'layotgan narsa hammaning kurashi ekanligini his qilishgan[2].

Bunga misol qilib, Parij-Soir uchun isyonchilar zonasini yoritish uchun yuborilgan katolik muxbiri Lui Delaprening o'z samolyoti Parijga qaytayotganda urib tushirilishi natijasida halok bo'lgan edi. Maqolalar, chunki u "yuz ispan bolalarining qirg'ini Simpson xonimning xo'rsinishdan ko'ra qiziqroq emas"[3].

Yana bir katolik muxbir, Daily Express gazetasining avstraliyalik jurnalisti Noel Monks edi, u dastlab Frankoga xayrixoh bo'lib, keyinchalik Gernikaga tashrif buyuradigan va "dabdabali hukmlar chiqaradigan ingliz mutaxassislari" haqida tanqidiy yozgan: Gernika qizillar tomonidan yoqib yuborilgan, — Mening ularga javobim chop etib bo‘lmaydi. . . Agar "qizillar" Gernikani vayron qilgan bo'lsa, men butun voqeani puchga chiqargan bo'lardim. . . Agar rost bo'lganda edi, qanday qilib puflagan bo'lardim!"[4]

A B D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Y Z Oʻ Gʻ Sh Ch


Jurnalistlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

A[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • James Abbe[5]
  • Barbro Alving (Bang) – Dagens Nyheter[6]
  • Jey Allen[2] - Chicago Tribune va News Chronicle[7]

B[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Sam Baron - Sotsialistik chaqiriq[8]
  • Vernon Bartlett - Yangiliklar yilnomasi[1]
  • Jorj Berniard - Le Petit Jironde[9]
  • Daniel Berthet
  • Burnett Bolloten - Associated Press[10] yoki United Press[11]
  • Frans Borkenau - London Daily Express, avstriyalik jurnalist, The Spanish Cockpit yozishni davom ettirdi.
  • Georges Botto - Havas agentligi[9]
  • Rene Brut[12]
  • Henry Bakli - Daily Telegraph va Observer[1]
  • MJ Bakli - Cork imtihonchisi [13]

C[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Xarold Kardozo - Daily Mail[2]
  • William P. Carney - New-York Times gazetasining millatchilar tarafidan xabar bergan muxbirlaridan biri edi[14][15][16]
  • Claud Cockburn (Frank Pitcairn taxallusi ostida) - Daily Worker va The Week[17]
  • Mathieu Corman[18] - Ce Soir
  • Felix Correia - the PortugueseDiario de Lisboa[1]
  • Vrginia – Hearst nashrlari[19]
  • Geoffrey Cox - Yangiliklar yilnomasi[20] va Daily Express [21]
  • Marce Dany
  • Frances Davis - Chikagodagi kundalik yangiliklar[19]
  • Louis Delapree - Parij-Soir
  • Sefton Delmer – London Daily Express[22]
  • Jean D'Kasalxona[22] - Havas agentligi
  • Shiela Grant Duff - Chikagodagi kundalik yangiliklar[23]
  • Gertrude Gaffney – Irish Independent[26]
  • O. D. Gallagher – London Daily Express[17]
  • Cecil Gerahty – Special Correspondent for the Daily Mail[11]
  • Martha Gellhorn – Collier's Weekly, accompanied by her future husband Ernest Hemingway
  • Floyd Gibbons – International News Service[17]
  • Henry Tilton 'Hank' Gorrell – United Press[17][27]
  • Gerda Grepp – Arbeiderbladet
  • Nordahl Grieg[28] xj kdsefinnuunj8h98jjo .,

H[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

J[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Frank Jellinek – Manchester Guardian [13]
  • Bredish Jonson - Newsweek va The Spur, Teruel yaqinida portlagan qobiq tufayli halok bo'ldi, [32]
  • Bertrand de Jouvenel – Parij-Suar

K[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Jon Lengdon-Davies - Yangiliklar yilnomasi [35]
  • Roman Lexter - Polsha Naje Presse
  • Lise Lindbek - Dagbladet
  • Rupert Lokvud Melburn Herald gazetasining akkreditatsiyalangan muxbiri edi [36]

M[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Gault MacGowan – Nyu-York Sun [17]
  • Anri Malet-Dauban [1] Havas agentligi
  • Richard Massock - Associated Press [9]
  • Maks Massot – Le Journal [9]
  • Gerbert Metyus Nyu-York Tayms [7] gazetasining respublikachilar tomonidagi muxbiri edi
  • Frensis MakKullag - Irlandiya mustaqil [37]
  • Webb Miller - United Press [17]
  • Jeyms M. Minifie – New York Herald-Tribune [38]
  • Noel Monks - London Daily Express [17]
  • Il Messaggero uchun Indro Montanelli [1]
  • Alan Murxed - London Daily Express [36]
  • Kurio Mortari – La Stampa [1]

N[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Edvard J. (Eddie) Neil - Associated Press, Teruel yaqinida portlagan qobiq tufayli o'ldirilgan, [32] dekabr 1937 yil
  • Mário Neves - portugaliyalik Diario de Lisboa - Neves 15 avgust kuni erta tongda shahar qulaganidan keyin Daniel Berthet va Marsel Dany bilan birga Badajozga kirdi. [1]
  • Robert Nevill - New York Herald-Tribune [29]
  • Jozef Nort - Kundalik ishchi va yangi massa [33]
  • Leopoldo Nunes – Seculo [1]

P[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

R[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Gustav Regler - Deutsche Zentral-Zeitung
  • FA Rays - Morning Post
  • Karl Robson - Daily Express [1]
  • Edvin Rolf - Kundalik ishchi va yangi massa [33]
  • Esmond Romilli - Yangiliklar yilnomasi [23]
  • Kaysa Rotman – Karlstads-Tidningen [1]

S[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Sedrik Salter - Daily Telegraph, News Chronicle va Daily Mail [17]
  • Viktor Shiff - Daily Herald [30]
  • K. Skott-Uotson Keyt Skott Uotsonni KO'RING
  • Jorj Seldes [40] - New York Post [1]
  • Ernest Sheepshanks - Reuters, Teruel yaqinida portlagan snaryaddan halok bo'ldi, [32]
  • Aleks Smol [41] - Chicago Tribune
  • Sidney Smit - Daily Express [30]
  • The Times gazetasidan Jorj Steer [11] Guernica portlashiga guvoh bo'lgan va xabar bergan. [42] The Daily Telegraph [17] ga qo'shilish uchun qoldi
  • Uilyam F. Stirling The Times gazetasining vaqtinchalik muxbiri edi. [1]
  • Leland Stou - Herald Tribune [17]
  • Jozef Svayr [39]
  • Roland Strunk - Völkischer Beobachter [43]

T[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Nayjel Tangye - Kechki yangiliklar
  • Edmond Teylor – Chicago Tribune [1][29]
  • Simone Teri - fransuz jurnalisti, hurmat bilan [44]

V[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

V[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Keyt Skott Uotson – Daily Herald [30] va The Star [39]
  • Dennis Uiver [38] - Yangiliklar yilnomasi
  • Jon T. Uitaker – Nyu-York Herald Tribune [17]
  • Karl H. Von Wiegand – Xalqaro yangiliklar xizmati [17]
  • Elizabet Uilkinson - Kundalik ishchi [23]
  • Tom Vintringem - Daily Worker va Picture Post [46]

Y[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Yan H. Yindrich [39] United Press

Z[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Lester Ziffren – Yunayted Press [47]

Fotosuratchilar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Fotosuratchilar orasida Robert Kapa, Gerda Taro (1937-yil iyulida Brunetda vafot etgan), [48] Devid Seymur, Xans Namut va Georg Raysner bor edi. [49] Asosiy mijozlar Vu, Life va Picture Post kabi fotojurnalistik jurnallar edi. Vu birinchi bo'lib Kapaning " Qulayotgan askar" nomi bilan tanilgan Federiko Borrell Garsiyaning mashhur fotosuratini nashr etadi. [49] Urush paytida Taro, Capa va Seymur tomonidan olingan 4500 ta yo'qolgan negativlarni o'z ichiga olgan uchta quti 2007 yilda qayta topilgan. " Meksikalik chamadon" (2011) hujjatli filmi hozirda Nyu-Yorkdagi Xalqaro fotosuratlar markazida saqlanayotgan negativlar haqida hikoya qiladi. [50]

Muxbirlar ishtirokidagi voqealar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Gerda Taro 1937-yil 26-iyulda Brunete, Ispaniyadagi jangda "baxtsiz hodisa"dan keyin vafot etdi.
  • 1937-yil dekabrida Teruel yaqinida The Times gazetasining millatchi kuchlar bo‘yicha akkreditatsiyadan o‘tgan maxsus muxbiri Kim Filbi Associated Press muxbirlari Edvard J. (Edi) Nil, Bredish Jonson bilan birga ketayotgan mashina oldida snaryad portladi. Newsweek va Ernest Sheepshanks Reuters . [6] Filbi boshidan engil jarohat olgan bo'lsa-da, Jonson to'g'ridan-to'g'ri o'ldirilgan va Nil va Sheepshanks tez orada yaralaridan vafot etgan.
  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 1,17 1,18 1,19 Preston, Paul. We Saw Spain Die: Foreign Correspondents in the Spanish Civil War. Constable. 2008
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 „"Spain civil war exhibition probes role of reporters" Reuters“. Reuters (2007-yil 23-aprel). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  3. ↑ Preston, Paul. We Saw Spain Die: Foreign Correspondents in the Spanish Civil War., p. 43. Constable. 2008
  4. ↑ Preston, Paul. We Saw Spain Die: Foreign Correspondents in the Spanish Civil War., p. 69. Constable. 2008
  5. ↑ „James Abbé: Un mito de la fotografía que también visitó Toledo / TOLEDO OLVIDADO“ (2018).
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 "When Reporters Chose Sides: Spain Looks Back at Its Civil War" The New York Times
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Payne, Stanley G.. Fascism in Spain, 1923-1977. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-299-16564-2. 2014-yil 20-noyabrda qaraldi. „knoblaugh.“ 
  8. ↑ „"War in Spain: Sore Socialists" TIME November 29, 1937“. TIME.com (1937-yil 29-noyabr). 2012-yil 25-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 „Thomas, Hugh "Heinkels over Guernica"“. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  10. ↑ „Bolloten at WAIS Stanford“. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Southworth, Herbert Rutledge Conspiracy and the Spanish Civil War: the brainwashing of Francisco Franco Routledge, 2002 ISBN 9780415227810
  12. ↑ Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named boston
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Stradling, R. A. The Irish and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-39: crusades in conflict Manchester University Press, 1999 ISBN 978-1-901341-13-3
  14. ↑ „"A Call to Arms" The Economist“. The Economist (2008-yil 18-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  15. ↑ „"War in Spain - Famine" TIME October 31, 1938“. TIME.com (1938-yil 31-oktyabr). 2010-yil 26-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  16. ↑ „"Spain Checks Army Rising as Morocco Forces Rebel; 2 Cities in Africa Bombed" New York Times July 18, 1936“. The New York Times. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  17. ↑ 17,00 17,01 17,02 17,03 17,04 17,05 17,06 17,07 17,08 17,09 17,10 17,11 17,12 17,13 17,14 17,15 17,16 17,17 Roth, Mitchel P. Historical dictionary of war journalism Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997 ISBN 978-0-313-29171-5
  18. ↑ Patterson, Ian Guernica and total war Harvard University Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-674-02484-7
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Sorel, Nancy Caldwell. The women who wrote the war. Arcade Publishing, 1999. ISBN 978-1-55970-493-9. 2014-yil 20-noyabrda qaraldi. 
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Obituary: Times
  21. ↑ Graham, Helen The Spanish Republic at war, 1936-1939 Cambridge University Press, 2002 ISBN 9780521459327
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cervantes
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Jackson, Angela. British women and the Spanish Civil War. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-415-27797-6. 2014-yil 20-noyabrda qaraldi. 
  24. ↑ „"Unrest Reported in Franco's Forces; Captured Spanish Rebels Are Quoted as Predicting Early Change in Command" The New York Times September 23, 1938“ (1938-yil 23-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  25. ↑ Horgan, John. Irish media: a critical history since 1922. Routledge, 2001. ISBN 978-0-415-21641-8. 2014-yil 20-noyabrda qaraldi. 
  26. ↑ McGarry, Fearghal Irish politics and the Spanish Civil War Cork University Press, 1999 ISBN 978-1-85918-239-0
  27. ↑ Henry T. Gorrell's wartime memoir, Soldier of the Press, Covering the Front From Europe to North Africa, 1936–1943 was completed in 1943 but published for the first time in 2009 by the University of Missouri Press. The first chapters cover Gorrell's experiences in and around Madrid.„Soldier of the press: Covering the front in europe and north africa, 1936-1943 by henry t. Gorrell. Edited by kenneth gorrell“. 2010-yil 18-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 28-fevral.
  28. ↑ Haslund, Fredrik Juel (2014-08-28). "Nordahl Grieg". in Helle, Knut (no). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. https://nbl.snl.no/Nordahl_Grieg. Qaraldi: 25 January 2015. 
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 29,3 29,4 Gannes, Harry & Repard, Theodore Spain in Revolt 1936 Left Book Club Edition, Victor Gollancz Ltd
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 Buchanan, Tom The impact of the Spanish Civil War on Britain: war, loss and memory Sussex Academic Press, 2007 ISBN 978-1-84519-127-6
  31. ↑ Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 „"Foreign News: A Bar of Chocolate" Time January 10, 1938“. TIME.com (1938-yil 10-yanvar). 2010-yil 26-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 Edwin Rolfe: a biographical essay and guide to the Rolfe archive at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Library University of Illinois Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-252-06179-0. 2014-yil 20-noyabrda qaraldi. 
  34. ↑ Hemingway, Ernest & Federal Bureau of Investigation Ernest Hemingway: The FBI Files[sayt ishlamaydi] Filiquarian Publishing, LLC., 2007 ISBN 978-1-59986-244-6
  35. ↑ „Reportage Press – Behind the Spanish Barricades – John Langdon-Davies“. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 „Cahill, R. "Rupert Lockwood abroad, 1935-38: genesis of a Cold War journalist" in Conference Proceedings, Australian Society for the Study of Labour History“. 2012-yil 12-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  37. ↑ Studies Issue 390, vol.98, Summer 2009
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 38,2 Bowers, Claude G. My Mission to Spain Simon and Schuster New York 1954 Claude G. Bowers, former United States Ambassador to Spain
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 39,2 39,3 „Catalogue at National Library of Australia“. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  40. ↑ Guttenplan, John. „Obituary in The Independent“. The Independent (1995-yil 14-iyul). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  41. ↑ „TIME June 10, 1940“. TIME.com (1940-yil 10-iyun). 2009-yil 7-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  42. ↑ Review of Telegram from Guernica: the extraordinary life of George Steer, war correspondent in the New Statesman 24 March 2003.
  43. ↑ Esenwein, George Richard The Spanish Civil War: a modern tragedy Routledge, 2005 ISBN 978-0-415-20417-0
  44. ↑ Kershaw, Angela. Forgotten Engagements: Women, Literature and the Left in 1930s France (en). Rodopi, 2007 — 12 bet. ISBN 978-9042021693. 
  45. ↑ Levy, Jonathan. The Intermarium: Wilson, Madison, & East Central European Federalism. Universal-Publishers, 2007. ISBN 978-1-58112-369-2. 2014-yil 20-noyabrda qaraldi. 
  46. ↑ „Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London Index summary“. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  47. ↑ Bernstein, Adam. „Boston Globe Obituary“. The Boston Globe (2007-yil 21-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  48. ↑ Source: The Digital Journalist Internet site.
  49. ↑ 49,0 49,1 „Whelan, Richard. "Proving that Robert Capa's "Falling Soldier" is Genuine: A Detective Story"“. PBS (2006-yil 28-may). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 20-noyabr.
  50. ↑ „The Mexican Suitcase: Rediscovered Spanish Civil War Negatives by Capa, Chim, and Taro“. International Center of Photography. 2015-yil 3-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 10-sentyabr. 
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