Budda
Gautama Budda Shakyamuni | |
---|---|
Siddharta Gautama | |
![]() Buddaning birinchi vaʼzini aytayotgan haykali — Sarnath, milodiy 5-asr[izoh 1] | |
Shaxsiy maʼlumotlar | |
Tavalludi |
Sidharta Gautama tax. 563 yoki 480 milodiy |
Vafoti |
tax. 483 yoki 400 milodiy (80 yoshda)[1][2][3] Kushinagar, Malla Respublikasi (buddaviy anʼanalarga ko‘ra) |
Dini | Buddizm |
Turmush oʻrtoq(lar)i | Yaśodharā |
Farzandlari | Rāhula |
Ota-onasi |
|

![]() Buddizm |
---|
Madaniyati |
Tarixi |
Buddistlar |
Maktablar |
Ibodatxonalar |
Matnlar |
Portal |
Budda (sanskritcha – xotirjam, nurlangan, oliy haqiqatga erishgan) – buddizmda bir necha bor qayta tugʻilishlar jarayonida mutlaq haqiqatga yetishgan va boshqalarga diniy najot yoʻlini koʻrsatishga qodir zot. Keng maʼnoda – har bir inson juda koʻp ezgulik qilish, bu dunyoning barcha sevimli narsalari foydasiz ekanini anglash orqali Buddaga aylanishi mumkin. Buddizm panteonida yuzlab turli Buddalar bor.
Tor maʼnoda esa – buddizm asoschisi, bu dunyo tashvishlarini tark etib, „oliy haqiqatga erishgan“ Siddhartha Gautama (miloddan avvalgi 623-544)ning ismi. Buddizmga taalluqli kitoblarda Gautama barcha xudolar, ruxlar va tabiat kuchlari ustidan hukmron buyuk va qudratli zot sifatida taʼriflanar ekan, uning bosib oʻtgan yoʻli bir emas, bir necha hayotlardan iborat boʻlgan deb uqtiriladi. Rivoyatlarga koʻra, Gautamani Hindiston va Nepal chegarasidagi Kapilavastu shahri podshohining xotini Mahamayya ilohiy homiladorlikdan tuqqan. Dunyoga kelgan farzand shu zahotiyoq: „Men barcha jonli maxluqlarning eng buyugiman. Bu mening oxirgi tugilishim“, deb xitob kiladi. Buddizm diniy kitoblarida aytilishicha, Mahamayya oʻgʻli Gautama tugʻilgach, yetti kundan soʻng vafot qilgan va xudolar osmonlaridan birida qayta tugilgan.
Shahzoda Gautama pahlavon boʻlib oʻsa boradi. 16 yoshida uni Yashodharaga uylantiradilar. Ammo toʻq, farovon turmush uni qoniqtirmaydi, 29 yoshida Gautama xotini va yaqindagina tugilgan oʻgʻlini tark etib, sayyor darvishlar – shramanlarga qoʻshiladi. U 6 yil Ganga daryosi qirgʻoqlarida zoxdplik bilan hayot kechiradi va tana faolligini sundirish aklning ozishiga olib kelishini anglagach, 35 yoshida 4 hafta (yoki 7 hafta) davomida meditatsiya (butun ongini oliy haqiqatga erishish goyasiga qaratish) holatiga kiradi. Nihoyat, u maqsadiga erishadi va koinotning barcha sirasroridan voqif boʻlgan Buddaga aylanadi. Budda insoniyat boshiga tushadigan azobuqubatlar sabablarini oʻrganish va insoniyatni ulardan xalos qilish uchun harakat qildi. Shundan soʻng Budda 45 yil davomida qad. hind davlatlari Koshala va Magadxa boʻylab oʻz taʼlimotini targʻib qiladi va 80 yoshida vafot etadi.
Budda taʼlimotining asosiy mazmuni Banorasda qilingan xutbada „toʻrt oliy haqiqat“ shaklida bayon etilgan. Buddaning shogirdlari yer yuzida birinchi rohiblar jamoasini tashkil etganlar. 1956-yil Budda vafotining 2500-yilligi tantanali ravishda nishonlandi. Podsho Ashoka (miloddan avvalgi 268—231 yillar) amri bilan toshtaxtachalarga oʻyib yozdirilgan matnlarda Budda haqida baʼzi maʼlumotlar uchraydi. Budda va uning taʼlimotlari bir necha asr davomida ogʻizdanogʻizga oʻtib kelgan va asosan miloddan avvalgi 1-asrda yozib olingan „Tripitaka“ nomli muqaddas kitoblar majmuasida oʻz aksini topgan[4].
Izohlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑
Budda lotus holatida oyoqlarini chalkashtirib o‘tirgan. Asosiy relyef markazida Buddaviy qonun g‘ildiragi bo‘lgan dharmachakra tasviri joylashgan, uning har ikki tomonida yotgan kiyiklar tasvirlangan bo‘lib, bu voqea sodir bo‘lgan kiyiklar bog‘ini ifodalaydi. Uning qo‘llari barmoqlari taʼlim holatini ifodalamoqda.
- Sahni (1914, ss. 70–71, B (b) 181-bob): "Gautama Buddaning haykali (balandligi 5 fut 3 dyuym, aylanasi 2 fut 7 dyuym), Sarnathda birinchi vaʼzini o‘qiyotgan holatda, qalin yostiq ustida oyoqlarini chalkashtirib o‘tirgan. O‘rindiq oyoqlari bezakli tarzda ishlangan."
- Eck (1982, s. 63): "Sarnath muzeyidagi eng mashhur haykallardan birida Budda oyoqlarini chalkashtirib o‘tirgan, uning tana qismlari o‘sha davr ikonografiyasiga muvofiq mukammal proporsiyalarda ishlangan. Qo‘llari taʼlim holatida, ko‘zlari pastga qaratilgan va yarmi ochiq, xuddi meditatsiya holatida. Boshi orqasida nafis naqshlar bilan bezatilgan doira — nimbus mavjud."
- Mani (2012, ss. 66–67): "O‘tirgan holatdagi Budda haykali, B(b) 181 — Budda taʼlim holatida oyoqlarini chalkashtirib o‘tirgan, Gupta davri sanʼatining eng nafis asarlaridan biri sanaladi. Nimbusi ikkita osmoniy mavjudot va an’anaviy uslubdagi o‘simlik naqshlari bilan bezatilgan."
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Cousins (1996), ss. 57–63.
- ↑ Norman (1997), s. 33.
- ↑ Prebish (2008).
- ↑
„Budda“, Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi. (B-harfi). Toshkent: „Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi“ Davlat ilmiy nashriyoti, 2000–2006-yillar.
Adabiyotlar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil
- Abrahams, Matthew (2021), „In Defense of "Enlightenment". "Awakening" has become the preferred English term for the Buddha's attainment. But has something gotten lost in translation? Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi in conversation with Matthew Abrahams“, TriCycle
- Alexander, James (2019), „The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics“, in Kos, Eric S. (muh.), Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State, Springer
- Anālayo, Bhikkhu (2006). "The Buddha and Omniscience". Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 7: 1–20.
- Anālayo, Bhikkhu. A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90, 2011. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 13-oktyabr.
- Analayo (2013c), Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization, Windhorse Publications
- Anālayo, Bhikkhu. The Foundation History of the Nun's Order. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg, 2016. ISBN 978-3-89733-387-1.
- Anālayo, Bhikkhu. Early Buddhist Meditation Studies. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies, 2017a. ISBN 978-1-5404-1050-4.
- Anālayo, Bhikkhu. Buddhapada and the Bodhisattva Path, Hamburg Buddhist Studies. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg, 2017b. ISBN 978-3-89733-415-1. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 13-mart.
- Anderson, Carol (1999), Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon, Routledge
- Armstrong, Karen (2000), Buddha, Orion, ISBN 978-0-7538-1340-9
- Asvaghosa (1883), The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king, a life of Buddha, Beal, Samuel tomonidan tarjima qilingan, Oxford: Clarendon
- Bareau, André (1963), Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens (fransuzcha), Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient
- Baroni, Helen J. (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism, Rosen
- Bary, William Theodore de. The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 16 March 2011 — 8-bet. ISBN 978-0-307-77879-6. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 2-may.
- Beal, Samuel (1875), The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra), London: Trübner
- Bechert, Heinz, muh. (1991–1997), The dating of the historical Buddha (Symposium), vol. 1–3, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
- The Dating of the Historical Buddha. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1991.
- Die Datierung des historischen Buddha, Symposien zur Buddhismusforschung, IV (de). Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1992.
- Beckwith, Christopher I.. Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press, 2015. ISBN 9781400866328. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 13-noyabr.
- Bhikkhu, Mettanando; von Hinüber, Oskar (2000), „The Cause of the Buddha's Death“ (PDF), Journal of the Pali Text Society, XXVI: 105–118, 9 April 2015da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi
- Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005), In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon, Simon and Schuster
- Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005a), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, Simon and Schuster
- Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2020), „On Translating "Buddha"“, Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, 13 September 2022da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 18 June 2022
- Boisvert, Mathieu (1995), The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, ISBN 978-0-88920-257-3
- Bronkhorst, Johannes (1993), The Two Traditions of Meditation In Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass
- Bronkhorst, Johannes (2011), Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism, BRILL
- Bucknell, Robert S. (1984), „The Buddhist path to liberation: An analysis of the listing of stages“, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 23 October 2022da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 23 October 2022
- Buddhadasa (2017), Under the Bodhi Tree: Buddha's Original Vision of Dependent Co-arising, Wisdom Publications
- Buswell, Robert E., muh. (2003), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 1-jild, US: Macmillan Reference, ISBN 978-0-02-865910-7
- Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., muh. (2014), The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3
- Carrithers, M. (2001), The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-02-865910-7, 11 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 October 2018
- Cohen, Robert S. (2006), Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity, Routledge
- Collins, Randall (2009), The Sociology of Philosophies, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-02977-4, 11 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 13 February 2016, 1120 pp.
- Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-84697-4
- Conze, Edward, trans. (1959), Buddhist Scriptures, London: Penguin
- Cousins, L.S. (1996). "The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 3 6 (1): 57–63. doi:10.1017/s1356186300014760. ISSN 1356-1863. http://indology.info/papers/cousins. Qaraldi: 4 April 2006.Budda]]
- Cowell, Edward Byles, transl. (1894), „The Buddha-Karita of Ashvaghosa“, in Müller, Max (muh.), Sacred Books of the East, XLIX-jild, Oxford: Clarendon
- Cox, Collett (2003), „Abidharma“, in Buswell, Robert E. (muh.), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib., ISBN 0028657187
- Davidson, Ronald M. (2003), Indian Esoteric Buddhism, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-12618-2
- de Bary, William. The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan, February 1972, xvii: Vintage Books, 1969 — xvii-bet. ISBN 0-394-71696-5.
- Dhammika, Shravasti. The Buddha & his disciples. Singapore: Buddha Dhamma Mandala Society, n.d.. ISBN 981-00-4525-5. OCLC 173196980.
- ——— (1993), The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering, The Wheel Publication, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, ISBN 978-955-24-0104-6, 28 October 2013da asl nusxadan arxivlandi
- Doniger, Wendy, muh. (1993), Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-1381-0
- Dundas, Paul (2002), The Jains (2nd-nashr), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-26606-2, qaraldi: 25 December 2012
- Dyson, Tim (2019), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press
- Eck, Diana L. (1982), Banāras, City of Light, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 63-bet, ISBN 0-394-51971-X
- Fausböll, V. (1878), Buddhist birth-stories (Jataka tales), T.W. Rhys Davids tomonidan tarjima qilingan, (new & rev. ed. by C.A. Rhys Davids), London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
- Flood, Gavin D.. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
- Fogelin, Lars. An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism. Oxford University Press, 1 April 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-026692-9. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 2-may.
- Fowler, Mark (2005), Zen Buddhism: beliefs and practices, Sussex Academic Press
- Frauwallner, Erich (1973), „Chapter 5. The Buddha and the Jina“, History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system, Motilal Banarsidass
- Gethin, Rupert, M.L. (1998), Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press
- Gimello, Robert M. (2003), „Bodhi (awakening)“, in Buswell, Robert E. (muh.), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 1-jild, US: Macmillan Reference, ISBN 978-0-02-865910-7
- Gombrich, Richard F. (1988), Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge and Kegan Paul
- Andoza:Harvc.
- ——— (1997), How Buddhism Began, Munshiram Manoharlal
- ——— (2000), „Discovering the Buddha's date“, in Perera, Lakshman S (muh.), Buddhism for the New Millennium, London: World Buddhist Foundation, 9–25-bet.
- Gombrich, Richard F.. How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings. Routledge, 2006a. ISBN 978-1-134-19639-5. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 30-oktyabr.
- ——— (2006b), Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices Series, Routledge and Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-1-134-21718-2, 11 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 14 March 2021
- ——— (2009), What the Buddha thought, Equinox
- Gombrich, Richard F. „Recent discovery of "earliest Buddhist shrine" a sham?“. Tricycle (2013-yil 12-dekabr). 2021-yil 25-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 13-mart.
- Gopal, Madan (1990), K.S. Gautam (muh.), India through the ages, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 73-bet
- Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang (2007), Introduction to Buddhism An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life, Tharpa, ISBN 978-0-9789067-7-1
- Hamilton, Sue (2000), Early Buddhism: A New Approach: The I of the Beholder, Routledge
- Andoza:Harvc
- Hiltebeitel, Alf (2013) [2002], „Hinduism“, in Kitagawa, Joseph (muh.), The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-87597-7, 11 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 7 November 2015
- Hirakawa, Akira (1990), A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna, University of Hawaii Press, hdl:10125/23030, ISBN 0-8248-1203-4, 8 March 2021da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 17 January 2021
- Hultzsch, E.. Inscriptions of Asoka (sa), 1925 — 164-bet.
- Huntington, John C. (September 1986), „Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, part V“ (PDF), Orientations, 17 (9): 46–58, 28 November 2014da asl nusxadan arxivlandi (PDF)
- Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), Lord Mahāvīra and His Times, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0805-8, 11 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 22 April 2017
- Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge (1st-nashr), London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
- Jones, J.J. (1952), The Mahāvastu, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, 2-jild, London: Luzac & Co.
- ——— (1956), The Mahāvastu, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, 3-jild, London: Luzac & Co.
- Jong, JW de (1993), „The Beginnings of Buddhism“, The Eastern Buddhist, 26 (2)
- Jurewicz, Joanna (2000), „Playing with Fire: The pratityasamutpada from the perspective of Vedic thought“ (PDF), Journal of the Pali Text Society, 26: 77–103, 9 April 2015da asl nusxadan arxivlandi (PDF), qaraldi: 9 April 2015
- Kalupahana, David (1992), A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities, University of Hawaii Press
- Karetzky, Patricia (2000), Early Buddhist Narrative Art, Lanham, MD: University Press of America
- Keay, John. India: A History. Grove Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-8021-9550-0.
- Keown, Damien, muh. (2003), „Buddha (Skt; Pali)“, A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-860560-9
- Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S (2013), Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Routledge
- Larson, Gerald (1995), India's Agony Over Religion, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2411-7, 11 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 24 May 2021
- Laumakis, Stephen (2008), An Introduction to Buddhist philosophy, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85413-9
- Leidy, Denise Patty. The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History & Meaning. Shambhala Publications, 2008.
- Lopez, Donald S. (1995), Buddhism in Practice, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-04442-2
- Ludden, David (1985), India and South Asia
- Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony (1900), „Andoza:Ws“, A History of Sanskrit Literature, New York: D Appleton & Co
- Mahāpātra, Cakradhara (1977), The real birth place of Buddha, Grantha Mandir, 11 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 6 May 2020
- Malalasekera, G.P. (1960), Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol. 1, London: Pali Text Society/Luzac, ISBN 9788120618237
- Mani, B. R. (2012) [2006], Sarnath: Archaeology, Art, and Architecture, New Delhi: The Director General: Archaeological Survey of India, 66–67-bet
- Marshall, John. A Guide To Sanchi, 1918.
- Marshall, John. The Buddhist art of Gandhāra: the story of the early school, its birth, growth and decline, Memoirs of the Department of archaeology in Pakistan, 1960.
- Meeks, Lori (27 June 2016), „Imagining Rāhula in Medieval Japan“ (PDF), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 43 (1): 131–151, doi:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131-151, 5 November 2018da asl nusxadan arxivlandi (PDF), qaraldi: 14 November 2018
- Mohāpātra, Gopinath (2000), „Two Birth Plates of Buddha“ (PDF), Indologica Taurinensia, 26: 113–119, 4 October 2012da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi
- Monier-Williams, Monier (1899), A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (PDF), London: Oxford University Press, 25 May 2020da asl nusxadan arxivlandi (PDF), qaraldi: 13 November 2022
- Mershman, Francis (1907). "Barlaam and Josaphat". in Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Muller, F. Max (2001), The Dhammapada and Sutta-nipata, Routledge (UK), ISBN 0-7007-1548-7
- Nakamura, Hajime (1980), Indian Buddhism: a survey with bibliographical notes, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0272-8
- Narada (1992), A Manual of Buddhism, Buddha Educational Foundation, ISBN 978-967-9920-58-1
- Narain, A.K. (1993), „Book Review: Heinz Bechert (ed.), The dating of the Historical Buddha, part I“, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 16 (1): 187–201, 10 July 2015da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 21 October 2014
- The Date of the Historical Śākyamuni Buddha. New Delhi: BR Publishing, 2003. ISBN 8176463531.
- Nath, Vijay (2001), „From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition“, Social Scientist, 29 (3/4): 19–50, doi:10.2307/3518337, JSTOR 3518337
- Norman, K.R. (1997), A Philological Approach to Buddhism, The Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures 1994, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)
- ——— (2003), „The Four Noble Truths“, K.R. Norman Collected Papers, II-jild, Oxford: Pali Text Society, 210–223-bet
- Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992), The Life of the Buddha: According to the Pali Canon, Buddhist Publication Society
- OED (2013), „Buddha, n.“, Oxford English Dictionary (3-nashr), Oxford University Press
- Omvedt, Gail. Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste. SAGE, 2003. ISBN 978-0-7619-9664-4.
- Penner, Hans H. (2009), Rediscovering the Buddha: The Legends and Their Interpretations, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-538582-3, 11 January 2023da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 6 May 2020
- Prebish, Charles S. (2008), „Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism“ (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 15: 1–21, ISSN 1076-9005, 28 January 2012da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi
- Rawlinson, Hugh George (1950), A Concise History of the Indian People, Oxford University Press
- Ray, Reginald A. (1999), Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations, Oxford University Press
- Reynolds, Frank E.; Hallisey, Charles (2005), „Buddha“, in Jones, Lindsay (muh.), MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.2, MacMillan
- Roy, Ashim Kumar (1984), A history of the Jains, New Delhi: Gitanjali, 179-bet, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.132.6107
- Ruegg, Seyford (1999), „A new publication on the date and historiography of Buddha's decease (nirvana): a review article“, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 62 (1): 82–87, doi:10.1017/s0041977x00017572, S2CID 162902049
- Sahni, Daya Ram (1914), „B (b) 181.“, Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath, Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, 70–71-bet, OCLC 173481241
- Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press
- Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), „On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism“, in von Klaus, Bruhn; Wezler, Albrecht (muh.), Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf) [Studies on Jainism and Buddhism (Schriftfest for Ludwig Alsdorf)] (nemischa), Wiesbaden, 199–250-bet
- ——— (1990), Buddhism and Nature, Tokyo, OCLC 697272229
- Schober, Juliane (2002), Sacred biography in the Buddhist traditions of South and Southeast Asia, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003), The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1817-0
- Sharma, R.S. (2006), India's Ancient Past, Oxford University Press
- Shulman, Eviatar (2008), „Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination“ (PDF), Journal of Indian Philosophy, 36 (2): 297–317, doi:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8, S2CID 59132368, 23 October 2022da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi, qaraldi: 23 October 2022
- Shults, Brett (2014), „On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts“, Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, 6: 106–140, 27 April 2016da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 22 April 2016
- Siderits, Mark (2019), „Buddha“, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 21 May 2022da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 24 January 2020
- Srivastava, K.M. (1979), „Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location“, East and West, 29 (1/4): 61–74
- ——— (1980), „Archaeological Excavations at Priprahwa and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu“, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 3 (1): 103–110, 26 June 2015da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 15 April 2015
- Skilton, Andrew (2004), A Concise History of Buddhism
- Smith, Vincent (1924), The Early History of India (4th-nashr), Oxford: Clarendon
- Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2012), A History of India, Oxford-Wiley
- Strong, J.S. (2001), The Buddha: A Beginner's Guide, Oneworld Publications, ISBN 978-1-78074-054-6
- ——— (2007), Relics of the Buddha, Motilal Banarsidass
- ——— (2015), Buddhisms: An Introduction, Oneworld Publications, ISBN 978-1-78074-506-0
- Swearer, Donald (2004), Becoming the Buddha, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
- Thapar, Romila (2002), The Penguin History of Early India: From Origins to AD 1300, Penguin
- Thapar, Romila (2004), Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300, University of Californian Press, ISBN 0-520-24225-4
- Trainor, Kevin (2010), "Kapilavastu", in: Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. Encyclopedia of Buddhism, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1
- Tripathy, Ajit Kumar (Jan 2014), „The Real Birth Place of Buddha. Yesterday's Kapilavastu, Today's Kapileswar“ (PDF), The Orissa Historical Research Journal, Orissa State museum, 47 (1), 18 March 2012da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi
- Tuladhar, Swoyambhu D. (November 2002), „The Ancient City of Kapilvastu – Revisited“ (PDF), Ancient Nepal (151): 1–7, 9 January 2016da asl nusxadan arxivlandi (PDF), qaraldi: 15 April 2015
- Turpie, D (2001), Wesak And The Re-Creation of Buddhist Tradition (PDF) (master's thesis), Montreal, QC: McGill University, 15 April 2007da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi
- Twitchett, Denis, muh. (1986), The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8
- Upadhyaya, KN (1971), Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 95-bet, ISBN 978-81-208-0880-5
- Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, Brill
- von Hinüber, Oskar (2008). "Hoary past and hazy memory. On the history of early Buddhist texts". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29 (2): 193–210. https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8977/2870. Qaraldi: 15 November 2017.Budda]]
- Waley, Arthur (July 1932), „Did Buddha die of eating pork?: with a note on Buddha's image“, Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques: 1931–1932, NTU: 343–354, 3 June 2011da asl nusxadan arxivlandi
- Walshe, Maurice (1995), The Long Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Digha Nikaya, Boston: Wisdom Publications
- Warder, A.K. „Lokayata, Ajivaka, and Ajnana Philosophy“, . A Course in Indian Philosophy, 2nd, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1998. ISBN 978-81-208-1244-4.
- ——— (2000), Indian Buddhism, Buddhism Series (3rd-nashr), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Warder, A.K.. Indian Buddhism, reprint, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2004. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 13-oktyabr.
- Wayman, Alex (1971), „Buddhist Dependent Origination“, History of Religions, 10 (3): 185–203, doi:10.1086/462628, JSTOR 1062009, S2CID 161507469
- Wayman, Alex (1984a), Dependent Origination - the Indo-Tibetan Vision in Wayman (1984)
- Wayman, Alex (1984b), The Intermediate-State Dispute in Buddhism in Wayman (1984)
- Wayman, Alex (1984), George R. Elder (muh.), Budddhist Insight: Essays by Alex Wayman, Motilall Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0675-7
- Wayman, Alex (1997), Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1321-2
- Weise, Kai (2013), The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace (PDF), Paris: UNESCO, ISBN 978-92-3-001208-3, 30 August 2014da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi
- Willemen, Charles, transl. (2009), Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts (PDF), Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, ISBN 978-1-886439-42-9, 27 August 2014da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi
- Williams, Paul. Buddhist Thought. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-415-20701-0.
- Wynne, Alexander (2004), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation, Routledge
- ——— (2007), The Origin of Buddhist Meditation (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-96300-5, 20 October 2020da asl nusxadan arxivlandi (PDF), qaraldi: 2 January 2015
- Yusuf, Imitiyaz (2009). "Dialogue Between Islam and Buddhism through the Concepts Ummatan Wasaṭan (The Middle Nation) and Majjhima-Patipada (The Middle Way)". Islamic Studies 48 (3): 367–394. doi:10.52541/isiri.v48i3.4144. ISSN 0578-8072. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839172. Qaraldi: 16 July 2021.Budda]]
Havolalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]![]() |
Wikimedia Commonsda Budda mavzusiga oid fayllar bor. |
![]() |
Vikiiqtibosda Buddaga tegishli iqtiboslar mavjud. |
![]() |
Vikimanbada bu maqolaga oid asl matn mavjud: |
![]() | Ushbu maqolada Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi (2000-2005) maʼlumotlaridan foydalanilgan. |
![]() | Ushbu maqola chaladir. Siz uni boyitib, Vikipediyaga yordam berishingiz mumkin. Bu andozani aniqrogʻiga almashtirish kerak. |