Budda

Gautama Budda Shakyamuni
Siddharta Gautama
Buddaning birinchi vaʼzini aytayotgan haykali — Sarnath, milodiy 5-asr
Shaxsiy maʼlumotlar
Tavalludi	Sidharta Gautama tax. 563 yoki 480 milodiy
Vafoti	tax. 483 yoki 400 milodiy (80 yoshda) Kushinagar, Malla Respublikasi (buddaviy anʼanalarga ko‘ra)
Dini	Buddizm
Turmush oʻrtoq(lar)i	Yaśodharā
Farzandlari	Rāhula
Ota-onasi	Śuddhodana (otasi) Maha Maya (onasi)

Buddizm
Madaniyati
Tarixi
Buddistlar
Maktablar
Ibodatxonalar
Matnlar
Portal

Budda (sanskritcha – xotirjam, nurlangan, oliy haqiqatga erishgan) – buddizmda bir necha bor qayta tugʻilishlar jarayonida mutlaq haqiqatga yetishgan va boshqalarga diniy najot yoʻlini koʻrsatishga qodir zot. Keng maʼnoda – har bir inson juda koʻp ezgulik qilish, bu dunyoning barcha sevimli narsalari foydasiz ekanini anglash orqali Buddaga aylanishi mumkin. Buddizm panteonida yuzlab turli Buddalar bor.

Tor maʼnoda esa – buddizm asoschisi, bu dunyo tashvishlarini tark etib, „oliy haqiqatga erishgan“ Siddhartha Gautama (miloddan avvalgi 623-544)ning ismi. Buddizmga taalluqli kitoblarda Gautama barcha xudolar, ruxlar va tabiat kuchlari ustidan hukmron buyuk va qudratli zot sifatida taʼriflanar ekan, uning bosib oʻtgan yoʻli bir emas, bir necha hayotlardan iborat boʻlgan deb uqtiriladi. Rivoyatlarga koʻra, Gautamani Hindiston va Nepal chegarasidagi Kapilavastu shahri podshohining xotini Mahamayya ilohiy homiladorlikdan tuqqan. Dunyoga kelgan farzand shu zahotiyoq: „Men barcha jonli maxluqlarning eng buyugiman. Bu mening oxirgi tugilishim“, deb xitob kiladi. Buddizm diniy kitoblarida aytilishicha, Mahamayya oʻgʻli Gautama tugʻilgach, yetti kundan soʻng vafot qilgan va xudolar osmonlaridan birida qayta tugilgan.

Shahzoda Gautama pahlavon boʻlib oʻsa boradi. 16 yoshida uni Yashodharaga uylantiradilar. Ammo toʻq, farovon turmush uni qoniqtirmaydi, 29 yoshida Gautama xotini va yaqindagina tugilgan oʻgʻlini tark etib, sayyor darvishlar – shramanlarga qoʻshiladi. U 6 yil Ganga daryosi qirgʻoqlarida zoxdplik bilan hayot kechiradi va tana faolligini sundirish aklning ozishiga olib kelishini anglagach, 35 yoshida 4 hafta (yoki 7 hafta) davomida meditatsiya (butun ongini oliy haqiqatga erishish goyasiga qaratish) holatiga kiradi. Nihoyat, u maqsadiga erishadi va koinotning barcha sirasroridan voqif boʻlgan Buddaga aylanadi. Budda insoniyat boshiga tushadigan azobuqubatlar sabablarini oʻrganish va insoniyatni ulardan xalos qilish uchun harakat qildi. Shundan soʻng Budda 45 yil davomida qad. hind davlatlari Koshala va Magadxa boʻylab oʻz taʼlimotini targʻib qiladi va 80 yoshida vafot etadi.

Budda taʼlimotining asosiy mazmuni Banorasda qilingan xutbada „toʻrt oliy haqiqat“ shaklida bayon etilgan. Buddaning shogirdlari yer yuzida birinchi rohiblar jamoasini tashkil etganlar. 1956-yil Budda vafotining 2500-yilligi tantanali ravishda nishonlandi. Podsho Ashoka (miloddan avvalgi 268—231 yillar) amri bilan toshtaxtachalarga oʻyib yozdirilgan matnlarda Budda haqida baʼzi maʼlumotlar uchraydi. Budda va uning taʼlimotlari bir necha asr davomida ogʻizdanogʻizga oʻtib kelgan va asosan miloddan avvalgi 1-asrda yozib olingan „Tripitaka“ nomli muqaddas kitoblar majmuasida oʻz aksini topgan.

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