Vaccinium myrtillus

Vaccinium myrtillus
Ilmiy tasniflash
	Oʻsimliklar
	Yuksak oʻsimliklar
	Gulli oʻsimliklar
	Ikki urugʻpallalilar
	Asterids
	Ericales
	Ericaceae
	Vaccinium
	Vaccinium subg. Vaccinium
	Vaccinium sect. Myrtillus
	V. myrtillus
Binar nomi
	Vaccinium myrtillus; ; L. 1753
Sinonimlar
	Myrtillus niger Gilib.; Myrtillus sylvaticus Drejer; Vaccinium oreophilum Rydb.; Vitis-idaea myrtillus (L.) Moench;

Vaccinium myrtillus yoki yevropa koʻk mevasi - bu koʻk rangdagi isteʼmol qilish mumkin boʻlgan mevalarni beruvchibutalarning golarktik^[1]. Vacciniumning boshqa qarindoshlaridan farqlash uchun uni oddiy qaragʻay yoki koʻk boʻtqa deyiladi.

Tavsif[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Vaccinium myrtillus boʻyi 4-18 sm ga yetadigan kichik bargli buta. Kuzda qizil rangga aylangan och yashil barglari bor^[2]. Barglarining uzunligi 1-3 sm tuxumsimon, lansetsimon yoki keng elliptik shaklga ega^[2].

Umumiy nomlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Umumiy nomlariga blaeberry (Shotlandiya), urts or hurts (Kornwall va Devon)^[3], hurtleberry, myrtleberry^[4], wimberry, whinberry, winberry^[5] va fraughan kiradi^[6].

Tarqalishi va yashash joyi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Vaccinium myrtillus golarktik tur boʻlib, Shimoliy Yevropa qitʼasi, Britaniya orollari, Shimoliy Osiyo, Yaponiya, Grenlandiya, Islandiya, Gʻarbiy Kanada va Gʻarbiy Qoʻshma Shtatlarda oʻsadi. U shilimshiq kislotali tuproqlarida, botqoqliklarda, buzilgan oʻtloqlarda, ochiq oʻrmonlar va bogʻlarda, yon bagʻirlari va morenalarida uchraydi^[7]^[8]. Qaragʻay va tegishli V. uliginosum iqlim oʻzgarishidan taʼsirlanmagan^[9].

Foydalanish[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Mevalarni isteʼmol qilish paytida qoʻllar, tishlar va tillar koʻk yoki binafsha rangga boʻyaladi. Shuning uchun u Britaniyada anʼanaviy ravishda oziq-ovqat va kiyim-kechak uchun boʻyoq sifatida ishlatilgan^[10].

Meva[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Vaccinium myrtillus asrlar davomida anʼanaviy tibbiyotda, ayniqsa anʼanaviy Avstriya tibbiyotida turli kasalliklarni davolashda choy yoki likyor sifatida ishlatilgan^[11]. Bilberry qoʻshimchalari Qoʻshma Shtatlarda sotiladi, ammo bu mahsulotlarning sogʻliq yoki kasalliklarga taʼsiri haqida dalillar juda kam^[1]. Mevasi odatda pirog, tort va flan, kek, murabbo, kekslar, pechene, siroplar, sharbatlar va shakarlamalar uchun ishlatiladi^[1].

Barglar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Anʼanaviy tibbiyotda barglari asosan teri kasalliklarini davolash uchun ishlatilgan^[1]. Barglarni isteʼmol qilish xavfli boʻlishi mumkin^[1].

Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium myrtillus

Oʻrim-yigʻim[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Shimoliy Yevropadagi mevaga talab katta boʻlsa-da mevalar sunʼiy yetishtirilmaydi, barcha mevalar yovvoyi tabiatda yigʻib olinadi. Baʼzi mualliflarning taʼkidlashicha, agar umumiy qishloq xoʻjaligi usullaridan foydalangan holda etishtirilsa, hosilni yaxshilash uchun imkoniyatlar mavjud^[12].

Kimyo[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

V. uliginosum va V. myrtillus ham lignin ishlab chiqaradi, chunki ular himoya kimyoviy moddalar sifatida ishlatiladi^[13]. Garchi koʻpgina oʻsimliklar iqlim oʻzgarishining stressini yengish uchun lignin ishlab chiqarishni oʻzgartirsalar ham, Vacciniumning ikkala turining lignin darajasiga taʼsir qilmagan koʻrinadi^[14]. V. myrtillus triterpenlarning yuqori konsentratsiyasini oʻz ichiga oladi^[15].

Yana qarang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 „Bilberry“. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health (1-avgust 2020-yil). Qaraldi: 4-oktabr 2022-yil.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 „Vaccinium myrtillus“. www.fs.usda.gov. Qaraldi: 13-sentabr 2022-yil.
↑ Phillipps, K. C.. A Glossary of the Cornish Dialect. Padstow: Tabb House, 1993 — 57 bet. ISBN 0-907018-91-2.
↑ „Bilberry, Blaeberry, Whortleberry, Whinberry, Windberry, Myrtle Berry, Vaccinium myrtillus“ (inglizcha). Wild Food UK. Qaraldi: 31-iyul 2020-yil.
↑ Henley, Jon. Bilberries: the true taste of northern England, The Guardian, Monday 9 June 2008
↑ „Fraughan is an anglicisation of the Irish word Fraochán (or heather fruit, as the plant is often found growing with heather)“. téarma.ie.
↑ „Vaccinium myrtillus Linnaeus“. Flora of North America. Qaraldi: 21-sentabr 2021-yil.
↑ „Vaccinium myrtillus L.“. USDA Plants Database. Qaraldi: 21-sentabr 2021-yil.
↑ Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.
↑ „Make Traditional Dyes – Bilberry Dye“. Barley Hall. York Archaeological Trust, Arts Council England and VisitEngland. 2012-yil 21-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
↑ „Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine--an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs“. J Ethnopharmacol. 149-jild, № 3. 25–mart 2013–yil. 750–71-bet. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()
↑ Nestby, Rolf; Percival, D.; Martinussen, Inger S.; Opstad, Nina; Rohloff, Jens (8–avgust 2017–yil). „The European Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and the Potential for Cultivation. A Review“. Qaraldi: 2020-05-08. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (yordam)CS1 maint: date format ()
↑ Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.
↑ Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 50 (11): 1339–1354. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.
↑ Szakiel, Anna; Pączkowski, Cezary; Pensec, Flora; Bertsch, Christophe (2012). „Fruit cuticular waxes as a source of biologically active triterpenoids“. Phytochemistry Reviews. 11-jild, № 2–3. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 263–284-bet. doi:10.1007/s11101-012-9241-9. ISSN 1568-7767.

[nihgov-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 „Bilberry“. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health (1-avgust 2020-yil). Qaraldi: 4-oktabr 2022-yil.

[:0-2] 2,0 ^2,1 „Vaccinium myrtillus“. www.fs.usda.gov. Qaraldi: 13-sentabr 2022-yil.

[3] Phillipps, K. C.. A Glossary of the Cornish Dialect. Padstow: Tabb House, 1993 — 57 bet. ISBN 0-907018-91-2.

[4] „Bilberry, Blaeberry, Whortleberry, Whinberry, Windberry, Myrtle Berry, Vaccinium myrtillus“ (inglizcha). Wild Food UK. Qaraldi: 31-iyul 2020-yil.

[henley-5] Henley, Jon. Bilberries: the true taste of northern England, The Guardian, Monday 9 June 2008

[6] „Fraughan is an anglicisation of the Irish word Fraochán (or heather fruit, as the plant is often found growing with heather)“. téarma.ie.

[7] „Vaccinium myrtillus Linnaeus“. Flora of North America. Qaraldi: 21-sentabr 2021-yil.

[8] „Vaccinium myrtillus L.“. USDA Plants Database. Qaraldi: 21-sentabr 2021-yil.

[9] Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.

[10] „Make Traditional Dyes – Bilberry Dye“. Barley Hall. York Archaeological Trust, Arts Council England and VisitEngland. 2012-yil 21-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.

[11] „Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine--an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs“. J Ethnopharmacol. 149-jild, № 3. 25–mart 2013–yil. 750–71-bet. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date format ()

[Nestby-12] Nestby, Rolf; Percival, D.; Martinussen, Inger S.; Opstad, Nina; Rohloff, Jens (8–avgust 2017–yil). „The European Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and the Potential for Cultivation. A Review“. Qaraldi: 2020-05-08. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (yordam)CS1 maint: date format ()

[13] Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.

[14] Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 50-jild, № 11. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 1339–1354-bet. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.Bidart-Bouzat, M. Gabriela; Imeh-Nathaniel, Adebobola (2008). „Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores“. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. Wiley Publishing (Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences). 50 (11): 1339–1354. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00751.x. ISSN 1672-9072. PMID 19017122.

[waxes-15] Szakiel, Anna; Pączkowski, Cezary; Pensec, Flora; Bertsch, Christophe (2012). „Fruit cuticular waxes as a source of biologically active triterpenoids“. Phytochemistry Reviews. 11-jild, № 2–3. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 263–284-bet. doi:10.1007/s11101-012-9241-9. ISSN 1568-7767.

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