Brassica oleracea

Brassica oleracea
	Yovvoyi karam
	; ; Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)
Ilmiy tasniflash
	O‘simliklar
	Yuksak oʻsimliklar
	Gulli oʻsimliklar
	Ikki urugʻpallalilar
	Rosids
	Brassicales
	Karamdoshlar
	Karam
	B. oleracea
Binar nomi
	Brassica oleracea; ; L.
Sinonimlar
	Brassica alboglabra L. H. Bailey; Brassica arborea Steud.; Brassica bullata Pasq.; Brassica capitala DC. ex H.Lév.; Brassica caulorapa (DC.) Pasq.; Brassica cephala DC. ex H.Lév.; Brassica fimbriata Steud.; Brassica gemmifera H.Lév.; Brassica laciniata Steud.; Brassica millecapitata H.Lév.; Brassica oleracea subsp. acephala (DC.) Metzg.; Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.; Brassica oleracea subsp. caulorapa (DC.) Metzg.; Brassica oleracea var. costata DC.; Brassica oleracea subsp. fruticosa Metzg.; Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera DC.; Brassica oleracea convar. gemmifera (DC.) Gladis ex Diederichsen; Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.; Brassica oleracea var. kashmiriana Naqshi & Javeid; Brassica oleracea var. laciniata L.; Brassica oleracea var. palmifolia DC.; Brassica oleracea var. rubra L.; Brassica oleracea var. sabauda L.; Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L.; Brassica oleracea var. viridis L.; Brassica quercifolia DC. ex H.Lév.; Brassica rubra Steud.; Brassica suttoniana H.Lév.; Brassica sylvestris (L.) Mill.; Crucifera brassica E. H. L. Krause; Napus oleracea (L.) K. F. Schimp. & Spenn.; Rapa rotunda Mill.; Raphanus brassica-officinalis Crantz; ;

Brassica oleracea — karam, brokkoli, gulkaram, kale, Bryussel karami, koʻkatlar, savoy karam, kohlrabi va gai lan kabi keng tarqalgan navlarni ichiga olgan oʻsimlik turi.

Tabiiy holatda o‘sadigani yovvoyi karam deb ataladi, vatani janubiy va gʻarbiy Yevropa. Oʻsimlik tuz va ohakga chidamli, boshqa oʻsimliklar bilan raqobatlasha olmaydi, odatda La- Mansh boʻyining ikkala tomonidagi boʻr qoyalarida ohaktosh dengiz o‘sadi^[2]. Fransiyaning Atlantika qirgʻogʻidagi toʻqqizta yovvoyi populyatsiyaning genetik tahlili o‘simliklarning umumiy „yovvoyilashgan turdan“ kelib chiqqanini koʻrsatdi, ular dala va bogʻlarda o‘stirilgan uy oʻsimliklaridan kelib chiqqan^[3].

Yovvoyi B. oleracea — baland boʻyli ikki yillik oʻsimlik boʻlib, birinchi yili katta barglar qattiq poya hosil qiladi. Barglari boshqa karam turlaridan koʻra etliroq va qalinroqdir — bu moslashuv unga suv va ozuqa moddalarni saqlashga yordam beradi. Ikkinchi yilida balandligi 1 to 2 metr (3–7 ft) ga yetadigan poya va koʻplab sariq gullarni hosil qiladi.

Etimologiya[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

"Brassica" nomi bir nechta karamga oʻxshash oʻsimliklar uchun Elder Pliniy tanlagan nom edi^[4]. Uning binar nomi oleracea lotin tilida „sabzavot/oʻsimlik“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi^[5]^[6].

Oʻstirish va foydalanish[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

B. oleracea inson uchun muhim oziq-ovqat oʻsimlik sifatida o‘stirilib, qish davomida barglari yangi holatda saqlanadi. U muhim oziq moddalarga, shu jumladan S vitaminiga boy. Uning kale, brokkoli, gulkaram, Bryussel karami deb nomlangan navlari bor^[7].

Karam, brokkoli, gulkaramga boy parhez insonda bir nechta saraton kasalliklari xavfini kamaytirish bilan bogʻliq^[8]^[9].

Kelib chiqishi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

U uchburchagi nazariyasiga koʻra, B. oleracea karam turkumining boshqa besh turi bilan juda chambarchas bogʻliq^[10].

B. oleracea navlari rivojlanish shakliga koʻra yettita asosiy nav guruhiga birlashtirilgan:

Brassica oleracea Acephala guruhi — kale
Brassica oleracea Viridis guruhi — koʻkatlar
Brassica oleracea Alboglabra guruhi — kai-lan (Xitoy brokkoli)
Brassica oleracea Botrytis guruhi — gulkaram, Romanesko brokkoli va brokkoli .
Brassica oleracea Capitata guruhi — karam
Brassica oleracea Gemmifera guruhi — Bryussel gullari
Brassica oleracea Gongylodes guruhi — kolrabi
Brassica oleracea Italica guruhi — brokkoli

Normandiya va Kanar orollari kabi joylarda Jersi karami deb nomlanuvchi navlarning bo‘yi 3 metr (9.8 ft)ga yetadi^[11]. Bu „daraxt karamlari“ yil davomida yangi barglarni hosil qiladi, koʻp yillik. Ularning yog‘ochsimon poyalari quritilib, tayoqchalar yasaladi^[12]^[13].

Tarix[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Qishloq xoʻjaligining paydo boʻlishi va yovvoyi oʻsimliklarning xonakilashtirilishi bilan Shimoliy Oʻrta yer dengizi aholisi yovvoyi karam yetishtirishni boshladi. Turli xil fenotip belgilari uchun sunʼiy tanlash orqali oʻsimlikning tashqi koʻrinishida keskin farqlarga ega boʻlgan turlari paydo bo‘lgan^[14].

Dorivor foydalanish[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Shimoliy Karolinadagi Lumbee qabilasi anʼanaviy tibbiyotda B. oleracea barglaridan foydalanishgan, ular organizmni tozalash xususiyatiga ega, shuningdek, yengil laksatif, yalligʻlanishga qarshi va glaukoma va pnevmoniyani davolashda qoʻllaniladi^[15].

B. oleracea ning bir necha navlari, jumladan, karam, Bryussel karami, savoy va Xitoy karam.

Turlari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

nav	Rasm	Ism
Yovvoyi karam		Brassica oleracea var. oleracea
Karam		Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba
Savoy karam		Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. sabauda
Qizil karam		Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra
Konus karam		Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. oʻtkir
Gai lan		Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra
Koʻkatlar		Brassica oleracea var. viridis
Jersi karami		Brassica oleracea var. longata
Dekorativ karam		Brassica oleracea var. asefala
Kale		Brassica oleracea var. sabellika
Kalette		Brassica oleracea var. viridis x gemmifera
Lacinato karam		Brassica oleracea var. palmifoliya
Doimiy karam		Brassica oleracea var. ramosa
Ilik karam		Brassica oleracea var. medullosa
Tronchuda karam		Brassica oleracea var. kostata
Bryussel karami		Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
Kohlrabi		Brassica oleracea var. gongilodalar
Brokkoli		Brassica oleracea var. italica
Gulkaram		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Kaulini		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Romanesko brokkoli		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Brokkoli di Torbole		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Brokkogul		Brassica oleracea var. botrytis x italica
Brokkolini		Brassica oleracea var. italica × alboglabra

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

↑ Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Vörösváry, G., Donnini, D., Bulińska, Z. & Strajeru, S. 2011. Brassica oleracea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e. T170110A6717557. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T170110A6717557.en. Downloaded on 02 July 2021.
↑ Snogerup, Sven; Gustafsson, Mats; Bothmer, Roland Von (1990-01-01). "Brassica sect. Brassica (Brassicaceae) I. Taxonomy and Variation". Willdenowia 19 (2): 271–365.
↑ Maggioni, Lorenzo; von Bothmer, Roland; Poulsen, Gert; Härnström Aloisi, Karolina (2020). "Survey and genetic diversity of wild Brassica oleracea L. Germplasm on the Atlantic coast of France". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 67 (7): 1853–1866. doi:10.1007/s10722-020-00945-0.
↑ Gledhill, David (2008).
↑ Parker, Peter. A Little Book of Latin for Gardeners. Little Brown Book Group, 2018 — 328 bet. ISBN 978-1-4087-0615-2. „oleraceus, holeraceus = relating to vegetables or kitchen garden“
↑ Whitney, William Dwight. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. Century Co., 1899 — 2856 bet. „L. holeraceus, prop. oleraceus, herb-like, holus, prop. olus (oler-), herbs, vegetables“
↑ Stansell, Zachary; Hyma, Katie; Fresnedo-Ramírez, Jonathan; Sun, Qi; Mitchell, Sharon; Björkman, Thomas; Hua, Jian (2018-07-01). "Genotyping-by-sequencing of Brassica oleracea vegetables reveals unique phylogenetic patterns, population structure and domestication footprints" (en). Horticulture Research 5 (1): 38. doi:10.1038/s41438-018-0040-3. ISSN 2052-7276. PMID 29977574. PMC 6026498. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6026498.
↑ Verhoeven, D. T.; Goldbohm, R. A.; van Poppel, G.; Verhagen, H.; van den Brandt, P. A. (1996-09-01). "Epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 5 (9): 733–748. ISSN 1055-9965. PMID 8877066.
↑ Higdon, Jane V.; Delage, Barbara; Williams, David E.; Dashwood, Roderick H. (2007-03-01). "Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis". Pharmacological Research 55 (3): 224–236. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.009. ISSN 1043-6618. PMID 17317210. PMC 2737735. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2737735.
↑ Dixon, G.R.. Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers. Wallingford: CABI, 2007. ISBN 978-0-85199-395-9.
↑ Miller, Philip. The Gardeners Dictionary, 9th, 1835 — 208 bet.
↑ Ayto, John. The Diner's Dictionary: Word Origins of Food and Drink. Oxford University Press, 2012 — 187 bet. ISBN 9780199640249.
↑ Williams, Paul H.; Hill, Curtis B. (June 13, 1986). "Rapid-Cycling Populations of Brassica". Science. New Series 232 (4756): 1385–1389. doi:10.1126/science.232.4756.1385. PMID 17828914. http://www.bio.unc.edu/Courses/2008Fall/Biol423L/Pdfsforwebpage/Science86WilliamsFastPlants.pdf. ^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}
↑ Osnas. „The extraordinary diversity of Brassica oleracea“. The Botanist in the Kitchen (2012-yil 5-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 7-aprel.
↑ de Rus Jacquet, Aurélie; Timmers, Michael; Ma, Sin Ying; Thieme, Andrew; McCabe, George P.; Vest, Jay Hansford C.; Lila, Mary Ann; Rochet, Jean-Christophe (2017-07-12). "Lumbee traditional medicine: Neuroprotective activities of medicinal plants used to treat Parkinson's disease-related symptoms" (en). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 206: 408–425. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.021. PMID 28214539. PMC 6149226. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6149226.

[1] Holubec, V., Uzundzhalieva, K., Vörösváry, G., Donnini, D., Bulińska, Z. & Strajeru, S. 2011. Brassica oleracea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e. T170110A6717557. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T170110A6717557.en. Downloaded on 02 July 2021.

[2] Snogerup, Sven; Gustafsson, Mats; Bothmer, Roland Von (1990-01-01). "Brassica sect. Brassica (Brassicaceae) I. Taxonomy and Variation". Willdenowia 19 (2): 271–365.

[3] Maggioni, Lorenzo; von Bothmer, Roland; Poulsen, Gert; Härnström Aloisi, Karolina (2020). "Survey and genetic diversity of wild Brassica oleracea L. Germplasm on the Atlantic coast of France". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 67 (7): 1853–1866. doi:10.1007/s10722-020-00945-0.

[gledhill-4] Gledhill, David (2008).

[5] Parker, Peter. A Little Book of Latin for Gardeners. Little Brown Book Group, 2018 — 328 bet. ISBN 978-1-4087-0615-2. „oleraceus, holeraceus = relating to vegetables or kitchen garden“

[6] Whitney, William Dwight. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. Century Co., 1899 — 2856 bet. „L. holeraceus, prop. oleraceus, herb-like, holus, prop. olus (oler-), herbs, vegetables“

[:0-7] Stansell, Zachary; Hyma, Katie; Fresnedo-Ramírez, Jonathan; Sun, Qi; Mitchell, Sharon; Björkman, Thomas; Hua, Jian (2018-07-01). "Genotyping-by-sequencing of Brassica oleracea vegetables reveals unique phylogenetic patterns, population structure and domestication footprints" (en). Horticulture Research 5 (1): 38. doi:10.1038/s41438-018-0040-3. ISSN 2052-7276. PMID 29977574. PMC 6026498. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6026498.

[8] Verhoeven, D. T.; Goldbohm, R. A.; van Poppel, G.; Verhagen, H.; van den Brandt, P. A. (1996-09-01). "Epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 5 (9): 733–748. ISSN 1055-9965. PMID 8877066.

[9] Higdon, Jane V.; Delage, Barbara; Williams, David E.; Dashwood, Roderick H. (2007-03-01). "Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis". Pharmacological Research 55 (3): 224–236. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.009. ISSN 1043-6618. PMID 17317210. PMC 2737735. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2737735.

[Dixon2007-10] Dixon, G.R.. Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers. Wallingford: CABI, 2007. ISBN 978-0-85199-395-9.

[11] Miller, Philip. The Gardeners Dictionary, 9th, 1835 — 208 bet.

[12] Ayto, John. The Diner's Dictionary: Word Origins of Food and Drink. Oxford University Press, 2012 — 187 bet. ISBN 9780199640249.

[13] Williams, Paul H.; Hill, Curtis B. (June 13, 1986). "Rapid-Cycling Populations of Brassica". Science. New Series 232 (4756): 1385–1389. doi:10.1126/science.232.4756.1385. PMID 17828914. http://www.bio.unc.edu/Courses/2008Fall/Biol423L/Pdfsforwebpage/Science86WilliamsFastPlants.pdf. ^{[sayt ishlamaydi]}

[14] Osnas. „The extraordinary diversity of Brassica oleracea“. The Botanist in the Kitchen (2012-yil 5-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 7-aprel.

[15] Rus Jacquet, Aurélie; Timmers, Michael; Ma, Sin Ying; Thieme, Andrew; McCabe, George P.; Vest, Jay Hansford C.; Lila, Mary Ann; Rochet, Jean-Christophe (2017-07-12). "Lumbee traditional medicine: Neuroprotective activities of medicinal plants used to treat Parkinson's disease-related symptoms" (en). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 206: 408–425. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.021. PMID 28214539. PMC 6149226. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6149226.

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