Kalpa Sūtra

Kalpa ( Sanskrit ) - Jain Tirthankarasning, xususan Parshvanatha va Mahaviraning tarjimai hollarini o'z ichiga olgan Jain matni . ^[1] An'anaviy ravishda Bhadrabahuga tegishli bo'lib, uni miloddan avvalgi 4-asrda joylashtirilgan, ^[2] ehtimol, Mahaviraning Nirvana ( Moksha ) dan 980 yoki 993yil o'tgach, yozma ravishda qo'yilgan.

Tarix[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Svetambara maktabiga tegishli Jain adabiy korpusining oltita bo'limi ichida u Cheda Sutralaridan biri sifatida tasniflanadi. Ushbu Sutra batafsil hayot tarixini o'z ichiga oladi va 15-asr o'rtalaridan boshlab ko'pincha miniatyura rasmlari bilan tasvirlangan. Bizgacha saqlanib qolgan eng qadimgi nusxalar 14-asrda gʻarbiy Hindistonda qogʻozga yozilgan.

Kalpa Sutra Bhadrabahuga tegishli bo'lib, an'anaviy ravishda uni Mahavira Nirvanasidan ( samadhi ) taxminan 150 yil o'tgach yozgan. ^[2] U, ehtimol, Dhruvasena hukmronligi davrida, Mahavira vafotidan keyin 980 yoki 993 yil o'tgach tuzilgan. ^[3]

Ahamiyati[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Kitob jayn rohiblari tomonidan sakkiz kunlik Paryushan festivalida oddiy odamlar uchun o'qilgan va tasvirlangan. Muqaddas bitiklarni faqat rohiblar o‘qiy oladi, chunki Jaynizmda bu kitob juda yuksak ma’naviy qadriyatlarga ega.

Yana qarang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Neminatha
Parshvanatha

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Iqtiboslar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

↑ Jacobi, Hermann. Kalpa Sutra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East Müller: . Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1884.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 „Mahavira“. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2006). 2009-yil 19-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Britannica" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Kailash Chand Jain 1991.

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second-nashr), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), Lord Mahāvīra and His Times, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0805-8
"The Kalpa Sûtra" translated in English by Hermann Jacobi is published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers in Delhi in " The Sacred Books of the East" (Vol 22) (1989) ISBN 81-208-0123-7

Havolalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Tarjimalar

[1] Jacobi, Hermann. Kalpa Sutra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East Müller: . Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1884.

[Britannica-2] 2,0 ^2,1 „Mahavira“. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2006). 2009-yil 19-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Britannica" defined multiple times with different content

[FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain1991-3] Kailash Chand Jain 1991.

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