Barqaror energiya sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{AT|en|Sustainable energy}} 
<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg|alt=Concentrated solar power parabolic troughs in the distance arranged in rectangles shining on a flat plain with snowy mountains in the background|255x255px]]</img></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg|alt=Wind turbines beside a red dirt road|172x172px]]</img></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Bread_Maker,_Adigrat_(11815897476).jpg|alt=Woman cooking bread on an electric stove|185x185px]]</img></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Kawasaki_c751_eunos.jpg|alt=Mass rapid transit train|199x199px]]</img></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"> Barqaror energiya [[kam uglerodli]] elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarishni koʻpaytirish, xavfsiz energiyani universal qilish va energiyani tejash amaliyotini oʻz ichiga oladi. Yuqoridagi rasmlarda chapdan soat yoʻnalishi boʻyicha: [[Ispaniya|Ispaniyada]] [[erigan tuz issiqlik saqlash]] bilan [[kontsentrlangan quyosh energiyasi]], [[Janubiy Afrika|Janubiy Afrikada]] [[shamol energiyasi]], [[Singapur|Singapurda]] elektrlashtirilgan [[jamoat transporti]] va [[Efiopiya|Efiopiyada]] [[yashil energiya]] orqali oziq-ovqat tayyorlash tasvirlari keltirilgan.</div></div></div></div>Energetika barqaror soha hisoblanadi, agar u „hozirgi kun ehtiyojlarini qondirsa, kelajak avlodlar oʻz ehtiyojlarini qondirish qobiliyatiga putur yetkazmaydi“{{Sfn|Kutscher|Milford|Kreith|2019|pp=5–6}}. '''Barqaror energiyaning''' aksariyat taʼriflari issiqxona gazlari emissiyasi kabi ekologik jihatlar, energiya tanqisligi, ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy jihatlarni hisobga oladi. [[Shamol energetikasi|Shamol]], [[Gidro elektr energiya|gidroenergetika]], [[quyosh]] va [[geotermal energiya]] kabi [[qayta tiklanadigan energiya]] manbalari, odatda, qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻi manbalariga qaraganda ancha barqarordir. Biroq, [[Qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalari|qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalarining]] baʼzi loyihalari, masalan, [[Bioyoqilgʻi|bioyoqilgʻi]] ishlab chiqarish uchun oʻrmonlarni qisqartirish atrof-muhitga jiddiy zarar yetkazishi mumkin.

Qayta tiklanmaydigan energiya manbalarining barqaror energiyadagi roli bahsli boʻlib kelmoqda. [[Yadro energetikasi]] kam uglerodli manba boʻlib, uning tugash darajasini shamol va quyosh energiyasi bilan solishtirish mumkin. Ammo [[radioaktiv chiqindilar]], yadroviy tarqalish va [[Yadro va radiatsiyaviy avariyalar va hodisalar|baxtsiz hodisalar]] bilan bogʻliq xavotirlar tufayli uning barqarorligi hamon muhokama qilinmoqda. Koʻmirdan tabiiy gazga oʻtish atrof-muhitga foyda keltiradi, jumladan, iqlimga taʼsir qiladi, ammo boshqa variantlarga oʻtishning kechikishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Karbonat angidrid (CO<sub>2</sub>) chiqindilarini olib tashlash uchun [[Karbonat angidrid|uglerodni]] elektr stansiyalariga joylashtirilish mumkin. Ammo bu texnologiya qimmat va kamdan-kam hollarda qoʻllanadi.

[[Qazib olinadigan yoqilg'i|Qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilar]] dunyo energiya isteʼmolining 85% ini taʼminlaydi va energiya tizimi global issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarining 76% i uchun javobgardir. [[Rivojlanayotgan mamlakat|Rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda]] 790 million kishi elektr energiyasidan foydalana olmaydi va 2,6 milliardlab kishi esa ovqat pishirish uchun yogʻoch yoki koʻmir kabi ifloslantiruvchi yoqilgʻiga tayanadi. Issiqxona gazlari emissiyasini [[2015-yilgi Parij kelishuvi|2015-yilgi Parij kelishuviga]] muvofiq darajaga kamaytirish, energiyani ishlab chiqarish, taqsimlash, saqlash va isteʼmol qilish usullarini tizim miqyosida oʻzgartirishni talab qilmoqda. Qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilar va [[Biomassa|biomassaning]] yonishi [[Havoning ifloslanishi|havo ifloslanishiga]] katta hissa qoʻshmoqda. Bu esa taxminan har yili 7 million oʻlimga sabab boʻladi. Shu sababli, kam uglerodli energiya tizimiga oʻtish inson salomatligi uchun juda ham muhim ahamiyatga ega. Rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda iqtisodiy foyda keltiradigan, iqlim maqsadlariga mos keladigan, elektr energiyasi va toza ovqat pishirish uchun energiyadan universal foydalanishni taʼminlash yoʻllari mavjud.

Iqlim oʻzgarishini kamaytirish uchun global isishni {{Convert|2|C-change}} bilan cheklash taklif qilingan. Bu takliflar koʻmirda ishlaydigan elektr stansiyalarini bosqichma-bosqich tugatish, [[Shamol energetikasi|shamol]] va quyosh kabi toza manbalardan koʻproq elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish, transport, binolarni isitish sohalarida qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻi oʻrniga elektr energiyasidan foydalanishga oʻtishni oʻz ichiga oladi. Baʼzi energiya talab qiladigan texnologiyalar va elektrlashtirish qiyin boʻlgan jarayonlar uchun koʻplab takliflar past emissiyali energiya manbalaridan ishlab chiqarilgan vodorod yoqilgʻisining ortib borayotgan rolini tasvirlaydi. Qayta tiklanadigan energiyaning katta ulushini ishga tushirish uchun [[Elektr tarmogʻi|elektr tarmoqlari]] energiya saqlash infratuzilmalari orqali moslashuvchanlikni talab qiladi. Emissiyalarni chuqur qisqartirish uchun binolar, transport tizimlari kabi energiyadan koʻp foydalanadigan infratuzilma, texnologiyalarni energiyaning toza shakllaridan foydalanish va energiyani tejashga oʻzgartirish kerak boʻladi. Energiya bilan bogʻliq issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarini yoʻq qilish uchun baʼzi muhim texnologiyalar hali yetuk darajada emas.

Shamol va quyosh energiyasi 2019-yilda jahon elektr energiyasining 8,5% ini ishlab chiqardi. Xarajatlar pasayishda davom etishi taxmin qilinayotgan paytda bu ulush tez oʻsmoqda. Iqlim oʻzgarishi boʻyicha hukumatlararo panel (IPCC) hisob-kitoblariga koʻra, global isishni {{Convert|1.5|C-change}} darajagacha cheklash uchun 2016-yildan 2035-yilgacha har yili jahon [[Yalpi ichki mahsulot|yalpi ichki mahsulotining]] (YaIM) 2,5% i energiya tizimiga investitsiya qilinishi kerak. Energiya tizimini oʻzgartirishga yordam beradigan yaxshi ishlab chiqilgan hukumat siyosati issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarini kamaytirishi va havo sifatini yaxshilashi mumkin. Koʻp hollarda ular energiya xavfsizligini ham amalga oshiradilar. Hozirgi olib borilayotgan siyosat uglerod narxini belgilash, qayta tiklanadigan portfel standartlari, qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻi subsidiyalarini bosqichma-bosqich bekor qilish va elektrlashtirish, barqaror transportni qoʻllab-quvvatlash uchun infratuzilmani rivojlantirishni oʻz ichiga oladi. Yangi toza energiya texnologiyalarini tadqiq etish, ishlab chiqish va namoyish qilishni moliyalashtirish ham hukumatning muhim vazifasi hisoblanadi.

<noinclude>{{Barqaror energiya}}</noinclude>

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== Taʼriflar ==
{{Quote box|„Energiya - bu iqtisodiy o‘sishni, ortib borayotgan ijtimoiy tenglikni va dunyoning gullab-yashnashiga imkon beruvchi muhitni bog‘laydigan oltin ipdir. Energetikasiz taraqqiyot va barqaror energiyasiz barqaror rivojlanish mumkin emas“.|BMT Bosh kotibi [[Ban Ki-moon]]{{sfn|United Nations Development Programme|2016|p=5}}|width=25%|align=}}
[[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti|Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining]] [[Brundtland]] Komissiyasi 1987-yilgi „''Bizning umumiy kelajagimiz“'' hisobotida energiya asosiy komponenti boʻlgan barqaror rivojlanish konsepsiyasini tasvirlab berdi. Unda barqaror rivojlanish „Kelajak avlodlarning oʻz ehtiyojlarini qondirish qobiliyatiga putur yetkazmasdan hozirgi kun ehtiyojlarini qondirish“ deb taʼriflangan{{Sfn|Kutscher|Milford|Kreith|2019|pp=5–6}}. Barqaror rivojlanishning bu tavsifi oʻshandan beri barqaror energiyaning koʻplab taʼriflari va tushuntirishlarida havola qilingan{{Sfn|Kutscher|Milford|Kreith|2019|pp=5–6}}<ref name=":OU2">{{Cite web |publisher=[[The Open University]] |title=Definitions: energy, sustainability and the future |url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/environmental-studies/introduction-sustainable-energy/content-section-2 |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127144447/https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/environmental-studies/introduction-sustainable-energy/content-section-2 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Golus̆in|Popov|Dodić|2013|p=8}}<ref name=":Galarraga">{{Citec|year=2011|last1=Hammond|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Jones|first2=Craig I.|pages=21–47|in=Galarraga|in2=González-Eguino|in3=Markandya|chapter=Sustainability criteria for energy resources and technologies}}</ref>.

Barqarorlik konsepsiyasining energiyaga qanday taalluqli ekanligi haqidagi yagona talqin dunyo miqyosida qabul qilinmagan<ref name=":ECE">{{Harvard citation no brackets|UNECE|2020|pp=3–4}}</ref>. [[Barqaror energiya|Barqaror energiyaning]] ishchi taʼriflari ekologik, iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy oʻlchovlar kabi barqarorlikning koʻplab oʻlchovlarini oʻz ichiga oladi<ref name=":Galarraga" />. Tarixiy jihatdan barqaror energiyani rivojlantirish konsepsiyasi, emissiya va energiya xavfsizligiga qaratilgan. [[1990-yil|1990-yillarning]] boshidan boshlab konsepsiya ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy masalalarni qamrab olgan holda kengaytirildi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gunnarsdottir|first1=I.|last2=Davidsdottir|first2=B.|last3=Worrel|first3=E.|last4=Sigurgeirsdottir|first4=S.|date=2021|title=Sustainable energy development: History of the concept and emerging themes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032121000654|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=141|pages=110770|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110770|issn=1364-0321|access-date=15 August 2021|archivedate=15 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815092522/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032121000654}}</ref>.

Barqarorlikning ekologik oʻlchamiga issiqxona gazlari chiqindilari, biologik xilma-xillik, zaharli chiqindilar<ref name=":ECE">{{Harvard citation no brackets|UNECE|2020|pp=3–4}}</ref>, suv isteʼmoli{{Sfn|Kutscher|Milford|Kreith|2019}} va qayta tiklanmaydigan resurslarning tugashi kiradi<ref name=":Galarraga" />. Atrof-muhitga taʼsiri past boʻlgan energiya manbalari baʼzan [[yashil energiya]] yoki [[toza energiya]] deb ataladi. Barqarorlikning iqtisodiy oʻlchovi iqtisodiy rivojlanish, energiyadan samarali foydalanish va har bir mamlakatning doimiy energiyadan foydalanish imkoniyatini taʼminlash uchun energiya xavfsizligini oʻz ichiga oladi<ref name=":ECE" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vera|first1=Ivan|last2=Langlois|first2=Lucille|title=Energy indicators for sustainable development|journal=[[Energy (journal)|Energy]]|date=2007|volume=32|issue=6|pages=875–882|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2006.08.006|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544206002337|issn=0360-5442|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815113307/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544206002337|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kutscher|Milford|Kreith|2019|pp=3–5}}. Ijtimoiy masalalarga esa barcha odamlar uchun arzon va ishonchli energiyadan foydalanish, ishchilar va yer huquqlari kiradi<ref name=":Galarraga">{{Citec|year=2011|last1=Hammond|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Jones|first2=Craig I.|pages=21–47|in=Galarraga|in2=González-Eguino|in3=Markandya|chapter=Sustainability criteria for energy resources and technologies}}</ref><ref name=":ECE" />.

=== Atrof-muhit taʼsiri ===
[[Fayl:Rajasthan_carrying_firewood.jpeg|alt=Photograph of a woman carrying firewood she has gathered on her head|thumb| Hindistonning [[Rojasthon|Rajasthan]] qishlogʻida yashovchi ayol oʻtin terib yurmoqda. Ovqat pishirish uchun yogʻoch va boshqa havoni ifloslantiruvchi yoqilgʻidan foydalanish har yili ichki va tashqi [[Havoning ifloslanishi|havo ifloslanishidan]] millionlab oʻlimga olib keladi.]]
Hozirgi energiya tizimi koʻplab ekologik muammolarga, jumladan, iqlim oʻzgarishi, [[Havoning ifloslanishi|havo ifloslanishi]], biologik xilma-xillikning yoʻqolishi, atrof-muhitga toksinlarning chiqishi va suv tanqisligiga olib kelmoqda. 2019-yil holatiga koʻra, dunyoning energiyaga boʻlgan ehtiyojining 85% i qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilarni yoqish orqali qondirilgan{{Sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019}}. Energiya ishlab chiqarish va isteʼmol qilish 2018-yil holatiga koʻra, inson tomonidan chiqariladigan issiqxona gazlarining 76% ga teng boʻlgan<ref name=":23">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Global Historical Emissions |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?breakBy=sector&chartType=percentage&end_year=2018&sectors=total-including-lucf&start_year=1990 |qaralgan sana=19 August 2021 |ish=[[Climate Watch]] |arxivsana=4 June 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604144234/https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?breakBy=sector&chartType=percentage&end_year=2018&start_year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Ge |first=Mengpin |last2=Friedrich |first2=Johannes |last3=Vigna |first3=Leandro |date=August 2021 |title=4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors |publisher=[[World Resources Institute]] |url=https://www.wri.org/insights/4-charts-explain-greenhouse-gas-emissions-countries-and-sectors |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819011608/https://www.wri.org/insights/4-charts-explain-greenhouse-gas-emissions-countries-and-sectors |archive-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>. Iqlim oʻzgarishi boʻyicha 2015-yilgi xalqaro Parij kelishuvining asosiy maqsadi global isishni {{Convert|2|C-change}} darajadan ancha past va afzalroq 1,5 °C gacha (2,7&nbsp;°F) cheklashga qaratilgan. Ushbu maqsadga erishish uchun chiqindilarni imkon qadar tezroq kamaytirish va asrning oʻrtalarida aniq nolga tenglashtirish kerak boʻladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |nashriyot=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] |sarlavha=The Paris Agreement |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement |qaralgan sana=2021-09-18 |arxivsana=19 March 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319205057/https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement}}</ref>.

Qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilar va [[Biomassa|biomassaning]] yonishi havo ifloslanishining asosiy manbaidir<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watts|first1=Nick|last2=Amann|first2=Markus|last3=Arnell|first3=Nigel|last4=Ayeb-Karlsson|first4=Sonja|last5=Beagley|first5=Jessica|last6=Belesova|first6=Kristine|last7=Boykoff|first7=Maxwell|last8=Byass|first8=Peter|last9=Cai|first9=Wenjia|display-authors=4|date=2021|title=The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=397|issue=10269|page=151|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-X|pmid=33278353|issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |nashriyot=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |sana=June 4, 2019 |sarlavha=Every breath you take: The staggering, true cost of air pollution |url=https://stories.undp.org/every-breath-you-take |qaralgan sana=2021-05-04 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420022524/https://stories.undp.org/every-breath-you-take |arxivsana=20 April 2021}}</ref>. Bu taxminan har yili 7 millionlab oʻlim, past va oʻrta daromadli mamlakatlarda eng katta yuqori koʻrsatkichlarga ga sabab boʻladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=22 September 2021 |sarlavha=New WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines aim to save millions of lives from air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/22-09-2021-new-who-global-air-quality-guidelines-aim-to-save-millions-of-lives-from-air-pollution |qaralgan sana=2021-10-16 |nashriyot=[[World Health Organization]] |arxivsana=23 September 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923021545/https://www.who.int/news/item/22-09-2021-new-who-global-air-quality-guidelines-aim-to-save-millions-of-lives-from-air-pollution}}</ref>. Elektr stansiyalari, transport vositalari va fabrikalarda qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻining yonishi atmosferadagi kislorod bilan birlashib, kislotali yomgʻirni keltirib chiqaradigan chiqindilarning asosiy manbai hisoblanadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |nashriyot=[[United States Geological Survey]] |sarlavha=Acid Rain and Water |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/acid-rain-and-water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects |qaralgan sana=2021-10-14 |arxivsana=27 June 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627103228/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/acid-rain-and-water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects}}</ref>. Havoning ifloslanishi yuqumli boʻlmagan kasalliklarni tarqalishiga katta hissa qoʻshadi va salomatlikka jiddiy taʼsir koʻrsatadi{{Sfn|World Health Organization|2018}}. Dunyo aholisining 99% ga yaqini [[Jahon sogʻliqni saqlash tashkiloti]] tomonidan tavsiya etilgan meʼyorlardan oshib ketadigan havo ifloslanishi bilan yashaydi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=22 September 2021 |sarlavha=Ambient (outdoor) air pollution |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health |qaralgan sana=2021-10-22 |nashriyot=[[World Health Organization]] |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008055940/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-%28outdoor%29-air-quality-and-health |arxivsana=8 October 2021}}</ref>.

Yogʻoch, hayvon goʻngi, koʻmir yoki [[kerosin]] kabi havoni ifloslantiruvchi yoqilgʻi bilan ovqat pishirish, uy ichidagi havoning deyarli barcha qismini ifloslanishiga olib keladi. Bu esa taxminan har yili 1,6 dan 3,8 milliongacha oʻlimga sabab boʻladi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|date=2019|title=Access to Energy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/indoor-air-pollution#indoor-air-pollution-is-one-of-the-leading-risk-factors-for-premature-death|access-date=1 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401122036/https://ourworldindata.org/indoor-air-pollution#indoor-air-pollution-is-one-of-the-leading-risk-factors-for-premature-death|archivedate=1 April 2021|journal=[[Our World in Data]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|World Health Organization|2018}}{{Sfn|World Health Organization|2016}}. Sogʻlikka boʻladigan salbiy taʼsirlar odatda koʻp ovqat pishiradigan ayollar va yosh bolalar orasida sodir boʻladi{{Sfn|World Health Organization|2016}}.

Dengizdagi [[Neft|neftning]] toʻkilishi dengiz hayotiga zarar yetkazadi va zaharli chiqindilarni chiqaradigan yongʻinlarga olib kelishi mumkin{{Sfn|Soysal|Soysal|2020}}. Global suvdan foydalanishning taxminan 10% i energiya ishlab chiqarishga, asosan issiqlik energetika stansiyalarida sovutish uchun sarflanadi. Quruq hududlarda bu [[Suv tanqisligi|suv tanqisligiga]] olib keladi. Bioenergiya ishlab chiqarish, koʻmir qazib olish va qayta ishlash, neft qazib olish ham katta miqdorda suv talab qiladi{{sfn|Soysal|Soysal|2020|pp=470–472}}. Suvni isitish uchun yogʻoch va boshqa yonuvchan materiallarni haddan tashqari yigʻish mahalliy atrof-muhitga jiddiy zarar yetkazishi mumkin, jumladan bu holat [[Choʻllanish|choʻllanishni]] vujudga keltiradi{{Sfn|Tester|2012}}.

2021-yilda [[UNECE]] elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarishning koʻplab texnologiyalarining atrof-muhitga taʼsirining hayotiy sikli tahlilini eʼlon qildi. Unda quyidagilar alohida keltirib oʻtilgan: resurslardan foydalanish ([[minerallar]], [[Metal|metallar]]); yerdan foydalanish; resurslardan foydalanish (qazilmalar); suvdan foydalanish; zarrachalar; fotokimyoviy ozon hosil boʻlishi; ozon yemirilishi; inson toksikligi (saraton boʻlmagan); ionlashtiruvchi nurlanish; inson toksikligi (saraton); evtrofikatsiya (quruqlik, dengiz, chuchuk suv); [[ekotoksisit]] (chuchuk suv); kislotalash; iqlim oʻzgarishi<ref name=":9">{{Cite report|title=Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options|publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]]|url=https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options|access-date=2021-11-24|page=59|date=|archivedate=15 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115074531/https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options}}</ref>.

=== Barqaror rivojlanish maqsadlari ===
{{See|Energiya tanqisligi|Energiya tanqisligi va ekologik toza ovqat pishirish}}
[[Fayl:People-without-electricity-country-2016.svg|alt=Map of people with access to energy. Lack of access is most pronounced in India, Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia.|thumb| 2016-yilda elektr energiyasidan foydalana olmagan odamlar qayerda yashaganini koʻrsatadigan jahon xaritasi — asosan janubiy Afrika va Hindiston yarimoroli statistikada yetakchilik qilgan.]]
Hozirgi va kelajakdagi energiya talablarini barqaror tarzda qondirish, [[Global iqlim oʻzgarishi|global iqlim oʻzgarishini]] cheklash, shu bilan birga iqtisodiy oʻsishni saqlab qolish, turmush darajasini oshirish imkonini beradigan muhim muammodir<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Kessides |ism=Ioannis N. |sana=28 July 2011 |sarlavha=The Global Energy Challenge |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/the-global-energy-challenge |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725174744/http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/the-global-energy-challenge |arxivsana=25 July 2019 |qaralgan sana=27 September 2019 |nashriyot=[[World Bank]]}}</ref>. Ishonchli va arzon elektr energiyasi sogʻliqni saqlash, taʼlim va iqtisodiy rivojlanish uchun zarurdir{{Sfn|Morris|Mensah-Kutin|Greene|Diam-valla|2015}}. [[2020-yil]] holatiga koʻra, 790 million kishi rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda elektr energiyasidan foydalana olmaydi va 2,6 milliard kishi esa ovqat pishirish uchun havoni ifloslantiruvchi yoqilgʻilardan foydalanadi<ref name=":3">{{Veb manbasi |sana=October 2020 |sarlavha=Access to clean cooking |ish=SDG7: Data and Projections |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-clean-cooking |qaralgan sana=31 March 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206163046/https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-clean-cooking |arxivsana=6 December 2019 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|IEA|2021}}.

[[Eng kam rivojlangan davlatlar|Rivojlanishi past boʻlgan mamlakatlarda]] energiyadan foydalanishni yaxshilash Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining 2030-yilgacha boʻlgan [[Barqaror rivojlanish maqsadlari|Barqaror Rivojlanish Maqsadlarining]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sarkodie|first1=Samuel Asumadu|date=2022-07-20|title=Winners and losers of energy sustainability—Global assessment of the Sustainable Development Goals|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=831|at=154945|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154945|pmid=35367559|bibcode=2022ScTEn.831o4945S|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> koʻpchiligiga erishish kaliti boʻlib, iqlim harakatidan gender tengligigacha boʻlgan masalalarni qamrab oladi<ref name="Welcome to the United Nations 2018">{{Press-reliz manbasi |date=6 June 2018 |title=Sustainable Development Goal 7 on Reliable, Modern Energy 'Golden Thread' Linking All Other Targets, Deputy-Secretary-General Tells High-Level Panel |publisher=[[United Nations]] |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/dsgsm1182.doc.htm |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517215032/https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/dsgsm1182.doc.htm |archive-date=17 May 2021}}</ref>. [[Barqaror rivojlanish maqsadi 7|Barqaror rivojlanish maqsadining]] asosiy yoʻnalishi: „Hamma uchun arzon, ishonchli, barqaror va zamonaviy energiyadan foydalanish“, shu jumladan 2030-yilga kelib elektr energiyasi va ekologik toza ovqat pishirish vositalaridan universal foydalanishni talab qiladi<ref name=":5">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/energy |ish=SDG Tracker |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202044832/https://sdg-tracker.org/energy |arxivsana=2 February 2021 |qaralgan sana=12 March 2021}}</ref>.

== Energiyani tejash ==
[[Fayl:Energy_use_per_person_2019_-_OWID.svg|alt=Countries such as the US and Canada use twice as much energy per capita as Japan or western Europe, and 100 times as much commercial energy per capita as some African countries.|thumb| Global energiyadan foydalanish juda tengsiz. Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari va Kanada kabi yuqori daromadli davlatlar Afrikadagi [[Eng kam rivojlangan davlatlar|eng kam rivojlangan mamlakatlarga]] qaraganda jon boshiga 100 barobar koʻp energiya sarflaydi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Energy use per person |ish=[[Our World in Data]] |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use |qaralgan sana=16 July 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128155350/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use |arxivsana=28 November 2020}}</ref>.]]
[[Energiya samaradorligi]] — bir xil tovarlar yoki xizmatlarni yetkazib berish uchun kamroq energiya ishlatish yoki kamroq tovarlar bilan taqqoslanadigan xizmatlarni taqdim etish strategiyalarining asosidir<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=2016-02-25 |sarlavha=Europe 2030: Energy saving to become "first fuel" |url=https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/europe-2030-energy-saving-become-first-fuel |qaralgan sana=2021-09-18 |ish=EU Science Hub |nashriyot=[[European Commission]] |arxivsana=18 September 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918213742/https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/europe-2030-energy-saving-become-first-fuel}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Motherway |ism=Brian |sana=19 December 2019 |sarlavha=Energy efficiency is the first fuel, and demand for it needs to grow |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-efficiency-is-the-first-fuel-and-demand-for-it-needs-to-grow |qaralgan sana=2021-09-18 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]] |arxivsana=18 September 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918213716/https://www.iea.org/commentaries/energy-efficiency-is-the-first-fuel-and-demand-for-it-needs-to-grow}}</ref>. Xalqaro energiya agentligi (IEA) hisob-kitoblariga koʻra, energiya samaradorligini oshirish [[Parij kelishuvi]] maqsadlarini amalga oshirish uchun zarur boʻlgan issiqxona gazlari emissiyasini 40% ga qisqartirishi mumkin<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=October 2018 |sarlavha=Energy Efficiency 2018: Analysis and outlooks to 2040 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2018 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]] |arxivsana=29 September 2020 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929142015/https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2018}}</ref>.

Maishiy texnika, [[transport]] vositalari, sanoat jarayonlari va binolarning texnik samaradorligini oshirish orqali energiyani tejash mumkin<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=10 June 2021 |sarlavha=Net zero by 2050 hinges on a global push to increase energy efficiency |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/net-zero-by-2050-hinges-on-a-global-push-to-increase-energy-efficiency |qaralgan sana=2021-07-19 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]] |muallif=Fernandez Pales |ism=Araceli |arxivsana=20 July 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720145913/https://www.iea.org/articles/net-zero-by-2050-hinges-on-a-global-push-to-increase-energy-efficiency}}</ref>. Yana bir yondashuv — ishlab chiqarish koʻp energiya talab qiladigan materiallardan kamroq foydalanish, masalan, binolarni yaxshiroq loyihalash va qayta ishlashdir. Biznes reyslari oʻrniga videokonferensaloqadan foydalanish yoki shaharga avtomobilda emas, balki velosipedda, piyoda yoki jamoat transportida sayohat qilish energiyani tejashning yana bir usuli hisoblanadi{{sfn|IEA|2021|pp=68–69}}. Samaradorlikni oshirishga qaratilgan hukumat siyosati qurilish qoidalari, ishlash standartlari, [[uglerod]] narxini belgilash va transport sohasidagi oʻzgarishlarni ragʻbatlantirish uchun energiya tejaydigan infratuzilmani rivojlantirishni oʻz ichiga olishi mumkin{{sfn|IEA|2021|pp=68–69}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mundaca|first1=Luis|last2=Ürge-Vorsatz|first2=Diana|authorlink2=Diana Ürge-Vorsatz|last3=Wilson|first3=Charlie|date=2019|title=Demand-side approaches for limiting global warming to 1.5&nbsp;°C|url=|journal=[[Energy Efficiency (journal)|Energy Efficiency]]|volume=12|issue=2|pages=343–362|doi=10.1007/s12053-018-9722-9|issn=1570-6478}}</ref>.

Jahon iqtisodiyotining [[Energiya sig‘imi|energiya intensivligi]] ([[yalpi ichki mahsulot]] (YaIM) birligiga sarflangan energiya miqdori) energiya samaradorligining taxminiy koʻrsatkichidir{{Sfn|IEA, IRENA, United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, World Health Organization|2021}}. 2010-yilda global energiya intensivligi YaIMning bir AQSH dollariga nisbati 5,6 megajoul (1,6 kVt/soat) ni tashkil etdi{{Sfn|IEA, IRENA, United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, World Health Organization|2021}}. [[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti|Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining]] maqsadlari 2010-yil va 2030-yillar oraligʻida har yili energiya intensivligini 2,6% ga kamaytirishni talab qiladi{{Sfn|IEA, IRENA, United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, World Health Organization|2021|p=11}}. Soʻnggi yillarda bu maqsadga erishilmadi. Masalan, 2017-yildan 2018-yilgacha energiya intensivligi atigi 1,1% ga kamaydi{{Sfn|IEA, IRENA, United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, World Health Organization|2021|p=11}}. Samaradorlikni oshirish koʻpincha isteʼmolchilar tejagan pullarini koʻproq energiya sarflaydigan tovarlar va xizmatlarni sotib olish uchun ishlatadigan rebound effektiga olib keladi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brockway|first1=Paul|last2=Sorrell|first2=Steve|last3=Semieniuk|first3=Gregor|last4=Heun|first4=Matthew K.|last5=Court|first5=Victor|date=2021|display-authors=4|title=Energy efficiency and economy-wide rebound effects: A review of the evidence and its implications|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=141|pages=110781|issn=1364-0321|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2021.110781}}</ref>. Masalan, transport va binolarda texnik samaradorlikning yaxshilanishi asosan kattaroq transport vositalari va uylarni tanlash kabi isteʼmolchilarning xatti-harakatlaridagi tendensiyalar bilan qoplandi<ref name=":6">{{Veb manbasi |sana=November 2019 |sarlavha=Energy Efficiency 2019 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2019 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013050500/https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2019 |arxivsana=13 October 2020 |qaralgan sana=21 September 2020 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]}}</ref>.

== Muqobil energiya manbalari ==

=== Qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalari ===
{{Asosiy|Qayta tiklanadigan energiya}}
{{Multiple image|}}<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden">[[File:2010-_Fossil_fuels_vs_Wind_+_Solar_-_electricity_generation.svg|alt=|183x183px]]</img></div><div class="thumbcaption"> 2023-yilda shamol va quyosh manbalaridan elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish 2030-yilga kelib 30% dan oshishi prognoz qilingan<ref name="RMI_20230613"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBondButler-SlossLovinsSpeelman2023">Bond, Kingsmill; Butler-Sloss, Sam; Lovins, Amory; Speelman, Laurens; Topping, Nigel (13 June 2023). [https://rmi.org/insight/x-change-electricity/ „Report / 2023 / X-Change: Electricity / On track for disruption“]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230713171138/https://rmi.org/insight/x-change-electricity/ Archived] from the original on 13 July 2023.</cite></ref>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden">[[File:2011-_Renewable_energy_capacity_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg|alt=|251x251px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">2010-yillardan beri qayta tiklanadigan energiya quvvatlarining oʻsishi tezlashdi<ref name="IEA_20210511"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-2021/renewable-electricity „Renewable electricity“]. ''Renewable Energy Market Update 2021''. [[International Energy Agency|IEA]]. May 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210511221837/https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-2021/renewable-electricity Archived] from the original on 11 May 2021.</cite></ref>.</div></div></div></div></div>Qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalari barqaror energiya uchun zarurdir. Chunki ular odatda energiya xavfsizligini yaxshilaydi va qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻiga qaraganda kamroq issiqxona gazlarini chiqaradi{{sfn|IEA|2007|p=3}}. [[Qayta tiklanadigan energiya]] loyihalari baʼzan muhim barqarorlik muammolarini keltirib chiqaradi. Yuqori ekologik qiymatga ega boʻlgan hududlar bioenergiya ishlab chiqarishi, shamol yoki quyosh fotoelementlari bioxilma-xillikka turli xil tahdidlar solishi bunga yaqqol misol boʻladi<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Santangeli|first1=Andrea|last2=Toivonen|first2=Tuuli|last3=Pouzols|first3=Federico Montesino|last4=Pogson|first4=Mark|last5=Hastings|first5=Astley|last6=Smith|first6=Pete|last7=Moilanen|first7=Atte|display-authors=4|date=2016|title=Global change synergies and trade-offs between renewable energy and biodiversity|journal=[[GCB Bioenergy]]|volume=8|issue=5|pages=941–951|doi=10.1111/gcbb.12299|issn=1757-1707|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rehbein|first1=Jose A.|last2=Watson|first2=James E.M.|last3=Lane|first3=Joe L.|last4=Sonter|first4=Laura J.|last5=Venter|first5=Oscar|last6=Atkinson|first6=Scott C.|last7=Allan|first7=James R.|display-authors=4|date=2020|title=Renewable energy development threatens many globally important biodiversity areas|journal=[[Global Change Biology]]|volume=26|issue=5|pages=3040–3051|doi=10.1111/gcb.15067|pmid=32133726|bibcode=2020GCBio..26.3040R|s2cid=212418220|issn=1365-2486|url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:902f5a3/UQ902f5a3_OA.pdf}}</ref>.[[Fayl:2015-_Clean_energy_vs_fossil_fuel_investment_-_IEA.svg|thumb| Yashil energiya sarmoyasi pandemiyadan keyingi iqtisodiy tiklanish, qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻi narxining yuqoriligi bilan bogʻliq global energiya inqirozi va turli mamlakatlarda oʻsib borayotgan siyosat yordamidan foyda koʻrdi<ref name="IEA_20230525">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=World Energy Investment 2023 / Overview and key findings |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2023/overview-and-key-findings |nashriyot=International Energy Agency (IEA) |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531004551/https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2023/overview-and-key-findings |arxivsana=31 May 2023 |sana=25 May 2023 |iqtibos=Global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels, 2015-2023 (chart)}} — From pages 8 and 12 of [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf ''World Energy Investment 2023''] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230531003621/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf archive]).</ref>.]]
[[Gidroenergetika]] qayta tiklanadigan elektr energiyasining eng katta manbaidir. Lekin hozirgi kunda [[quyosh]] va shamol energiyasi tez sur’atlar bilan oʻsib bormoqda. Quyosh va [[Shamol energetikasi|shamol energiyasi]] koʻpgina mamlakatlarda yangi energiya ishlab chiqarish quvvatlarining eng arzon shakllari hisoblanadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=2019 |muallif=Ritchie |ism=Hannah |muallifhavola=Hannah Ritchie |sarlavha=Renewable Energy |ish=[[Our World in Data]] |url=https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy |qaralgan sana=31 July 2020 |arxivsana=4 August 2020 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804120952/https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy}}</ref><ref name="IEA Renewables 2020">{{Cite report|publisher=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|year=2020|ref=none|title=Renewables 2020 Analysis and forecast to 2025|url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/1a24f1fe-c971-4c25-964a-57d0f31eb97b/Renewables_2020-PDF.pdf|page=12|archivedate=26 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426063553/https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2020}}</ref>. 770 million kishining yarmidan koʻpi hozirda elektr energiyasidan mahrum boʻlgan. 2030-yilgacha quyosh energiyasi bilan ishlaydigan mini tarmoqlar kabi markazlashtirilmagan qayta tiklanadigan energiya, aholini elektr energiyasi bilan taʼminlashning eng arzon usuli boʻlishi mumkindir<ref name=":1">{{Veb manbasi |sana=2020 |sarlavha=Access to electricity |ish=SDG7: Data and Projections |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-electricity |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513103128/https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-electricity |arxivsana=13 May 2021 |qaralgan sana=5 May 2021 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]}}</ref>. [[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti|Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining]] 2030-yilga moʻljallangan maqsadlari dunyoning energiya taʼminotida qayta tiklanadigan energiya ulushini sezilarli darajada oshirishni oʻz ichiga oladi<ref name=":5">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/energy |ish=SDG Tracker |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202044832/https://sdg-tracker.org/energy |arxivsana=2 February 2021 |qaralgan sana=12 March 2021}}</ref>. Xalqaro energetika agentligining maʼlumotlariga koʻra, shamol va quyosh energiyasi kabi qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalari bugungi kunda elektr energiyaning oddiy manbai boʻlib, dunyodagi energiya ishlab chiqarishga kiritilgan barcha yangi investitsiyalarning 70% ini tashkil qiladi<ref name=":732">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Infrastructure Solutions: The power of purchase agreements |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/renewable-energy-power-purchase-agreements |qaralgan sana=2022-09-01 |ish=European Investment Bank |til=en}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Renewable Power – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-power |qaralgan sana=2022-09-01 |ish=IEA |til=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=2022-03-29 |sarlavha=Global Electricity Review 2022 |url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2022/ |qaralgan sana=2022-09-01 |ish=Ember |til=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Renewable Energy and Electricity {{!}} Sustainable Energy {{!}} Renewable Energy — World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/renewable-energy-and-electricity.aspx |qaralgan sana=2022-09-01 |ish=world-nuclear.org}}</ref>. Agentlik qayta tiklanadigan manbalar kelgusi uch yil ichida [[Issiqlik elektr stansiyalari|Issiqlik elektr stansiyalarida]] ishlab chiqarilayotgan elektr energiyasini ortda qoldirib, global miqyosda elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish uchun asosiy energiya manbai boʻlishini kutmoqda<ref name=":24">IEA (2022), Renewables 2022, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022, License: CC BY 4.0</ref>.

=== Quyosh energiyasi ===
[[Fayl:Renewable_Energy_Development_in_the_California_Desert_006.jpg|alt=long rows of dark panels, sloped about 45 degrees at the height of a person, stretch into the distance in bright sunshine|thumb| [[Kaliforniya|Kaliforniyadagi]] quyosh elektr stansiyasi, AQSh]]
Quyosh yerning asosiy energiya manbai boʻlib, koʻplab mintaqalarda toza va moʻl-koʻl energiya manbai hisoblanadi{{sfn|Soysal|Soysal|2020|p=406}}. 2019-yilda quyosh energiyasi global elektr energiyasining 3% ni<ref name=":4">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Wind & Solar Share in Electricity Production Data |nashriyot=[[Enerdata]] |url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html |ish=Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2021 |qaralgan sana=13 June 2021 |arxivsana=19 July 2019 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719014426/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html}}</ref>, asosan [[Fotoelement|fotoelementlar]] (PV) asosidagi [[Quyosh batareyasi|quyosh panellari]] orqali taʼminladi. Quyosh PV 2027-yilga kelib butun dunyo boʻylab eng katta oʻrnatilgan quvvatga ega elektr energiyasi manbai boʻlishi kutilmoqda<ref name=":24">IEA (2022), Renewables 2022, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022, License: CC BY 4.0</ref>. Panellar binolarning tepasiga oʻrnatiladi yoki kommunal miqyosdagi quyosh parklariga joylashtiriladi. Quyosh fotoelementlarining narxi tez pasayib, butun dunyo boʻylab quvvatning kuchli oʻsishiga olib kelishi kutilmoqda{{Sfn|Kutscher|Milford|Kreith|2019|p=|pp=34–35}}. Yangi quyosh stansiyalaridan olinadigan elektr energiyasining narxi raqobatbardosh yoki koʻp joylarda mavjud koʻmir zavodlarining elektr energiyasidan arzonroqdir<ref name=":10">{{Veb manbasi |sana=19 October 2020 |sarlavha=Levelized Cost of Energy and of Storage |url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2020/ |qaralgan sana=2021-02-26 |nashriyot=[[Lazard]] |arxivsana=25 February 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225114950/https://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2020/}}</ref>. Kelajakda energiyadan foydalanishning turli prognozlari, quyosh PVni barqaror statistikada energiya ishlab chiqarishning asosiy manbalaridan biri sifatida belgilaydi<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Solar photovoltaics is ready to power a sustainable future|journal=[[Joule (journal)|Joule]]|volume=5|issue=5|pages=1041–1056|doi=10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.005|first1=Marta|last=Victoria|first2=Nancy|last2=Haegel|author2-link=Nancy Haegel|first3=Ian Marius|last3=Peters|first4=Ron|last4=Sinton|issn=2542-4351}}</ref>{{Sfn|IRENA|2021}}

Quyosh panellarining aksariyat komponentlari osongina qayta ishlanishi mumkin. Ammo bu har doim ham tartibga solinmagan holda amalga oshirilmaydi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goetz|first1=Katelyn P.|last2=Taylor|first2=Alexander D.|last3=Hofstetter|first3=Yvonne J.|last4=Vaynzof|first4=Yana|date=2020|title=Sustainability in Perovskite Solar Cells|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsami.0c17269|journal=[[ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces]]|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–17|doi=10.1021/acsami.0c17269|pmid=33372760|issn=1944-8244}}</ref>. Panellar odatda ogʻir metallarni oʻz ichiga oladi. Shuning uchun ular [[Chiqindixona|chiqindixonalarga]] qoʻyilganda ekologik xavf tugʻdiradi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Xu|first1=Yan|last2=Li|first2=Jinhui|last3=Tan|first3=Quanyin|last4=Peters|first4=Anesia Lauren|date=2018|title=Global status of recycling waste solar panels: A review|journal=[[Waste Management (journal)|Waste Management]]|volume=75|pages=450–458|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X18300576|access-date=28 June 2021|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.036|pmid=29472153|bibcode=2018WaMan..75..450X|issn=0956-053X|archivedate=28 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628193335/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X18300576}}</ref>. Quyosh paneli ishlab chiqarish uchun sarflangan energiyani ishlab chiqarishga ikki yildan kamroq vaqt ketadi. Materiallar qazib olish oʻrniga qayta ishlansa, kamroq energiya talab qilinadi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tian|first1=Xueyu|last2=Stranks|first2=Samuel D.|last3=You|first3=Fengqi|date=2020|title=Life cycle energy use and environmental implications of high-performance perovskite tandem solar cells|journal=[[Science Advances]]|volume=6|issue=31|pages=eabb0055|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abb0055|pmc=7399695|issn=2375-2548|pmid=32937582|bibcode=2020SciA....6...55T}}</ref>.

[[Geliokonsentrator|Konsentrlangan quyosh energiyasida]] quyosh nurlari suyuqlikni isituvchi oynalar maydonida toʻplanadi. Olingan bugʻdan [[issiqlik dvigateli]] orqali elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqariladi. Konsentrlangan quyosh energiyasi uzatiladigan energiya ishlab chiqarishni qoʻllab-quvvatlashi mumkin. Chunki issiqlikning bir qismi odatda kerak boʻlganda elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish uchun saqlanadi{{Sfn|Kutscher|Milford|Kreith|2019|pp=35–36}}<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Solar energy |nashriyot=[[International Renewable Energy Agency]] |url=https://www.irena.org/solar |qaralgan sana=2021-06-05 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513154426/https://www.irena.org/solar |arxivsana=13 May 2021}}</ref> Elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarishdan tashqari, quyosh energiyasi toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri ishlatilinadi. Quyosh issiqlik isitish tizimlari issiq suv ishlab chiqarish, binolarni isitish, quritish va tuzsizlantirish uchun foydalaniladi{{Sfn|REN21|2020}}.

==== Shamol energiyasi ====
Shamol ming yillar davomida rivojlanishning muhim omili boʻlib, sanoat jarayonlari, suv nasoslari va yelkanli kemalarni mexanik energiya bilan taʼminlagan{{Sfn|Soysal|Soysal|2020|p=366}}. Zamonaviy [[shamol turbinalari]] elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish uchun ishlatilinadi. 2019-yilda shamol elektr energiyasi global elektr energiyaning taxminan 6% ni taʼminladi<ref name=":4">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Wind & Solar Share in Electricity Production Data |nashriyot=[[Enerdata]] |url=https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html |ish=Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2021 |qaralgan sana=13 June 2021 |arxivsana=19 July 2019 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719014426/https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/wind-solar-share-electricity-production.html}}</ref>. [[Quruqlikdagi shamol stansiyalari|Quruqlikdagi shamol stansiyalaridan]] olinadigan elektr energiyasi koʻpincha mavjud koʻmir zavodlariga qaraganda arzonroqdir<ref name=":10">{{Veb manbasi |sana=19 October 2020 |sarlavha=Levelized Cost of Energy and of Storage |url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2020/ |qaralgan sana=2021-02-26 |nashriyot=[[Lazard]] |arxivsana=25 February 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225114950/https://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2020/}}</ref>. Shamol turbinalari quruqlikka qaraganda kuchliroq boʻlgan dengizda ham joylashtirilishi mumkin. Ammo qurilish va texnik xizmat koʻrsatish xarajatlari yuqoridir<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=2016-05-12 |sarlavha=What are the advantages and disadvantages of offshore wind farms? |url=https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/what-are-advantages-and-disadvantages-offshore-wind-farms |qaralgan sana=2021-09-18 |nashriyot=[[American Geosciences Institute]] |arxivsana=18 September 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918215856/https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/what-are-advantages-and-disadvantages-offshore-wind-farms}}</ref>.

Koʻpincha qishloq joylarida qurilgan quruqlikdagi shamol stansiyalari landshaftga vizual taʼsir koʻrsatadi{{Sfn|Szarka|2007}}. Shamol turbinalari bilan toʻqnashuvlar kamroq darajada qushlarni oʻldiradi. Bu taʼsirlar [[Havo elektr uzatish tarmogʻi|elektr uzatish liniyalari]] infratuzilmalariga qaraganda pastroqdir<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first1=Shifeng|last2=Wang|first2=Sicong|date=2015|title=Impacts of wind energy on environment: A review|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=49|pages=437–443|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.137|issn=1364-0321|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032115004074|access-date=15 June 2021|archivedate=4 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604062326/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032115004074}}</ref>{{Sfn|Soysal|Soysal|2020|p=215}}. Turbinalardan chiqadigan shovqin va miltillovchi yorugʻlik bezovtalanishga olib kelishi va aholi zich joylashgan hududlarda qurilishni cheklashi mumkin. Shamol energiyasi, atom va qazilma yoqilgʻi zavodlaridan farqli oʻlaroq, suv orqali elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarmaydi{{Sfn|Soysal|Soysal|2020|p=213}}. Shamol turbinasi qurilishi uchun shamol elektr stansiyasining oʻzi ishlab chiqaradigan energiyaga nisbatan kam energiya talab qilinadi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huang|first1=Yu-Fong|last2=Gan|first2=Xing-Jia|last3=Chiueh|first3=Pei-Te|date=2017|title=Life cycle assessment and net energy analysis of offshore wind power systems|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148116309156|journal=[[Renewable Energy (journal)|Renewable Energy]]|volume=102|pages=98–106|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.050|issn=0960-1481}}</ref>. [[Turbina]] parraklari toʻliq qayta ishlanmaydi va qayta ishlanishi oson boʻlgan parraklarni ishlab chiqarish usullari boʻyicha tadqiqotlar hozirgi kungacha davom etmoqda<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Belton |first=Padraig |date=7 February 2020 |title=What happens to all the old wind turbines? |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51325101 |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223042808/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51325101 |archive-date=23 February 2021}}</ref>.

==== Gidroenergetika ====
[[Gidro elektr energiya|Gidroelektrik stansiyalar]] harakatlanuvchi suv energiyasini elektr energiyasiga aylantiradi. 2020-yilda gidroenergetika jahon elektr energiyasining 17% ini taʼminladi. Bu 20-asr oʻrtalari va oxirlaridagi koʻrsatkichinng 20% idan past edi{{Sfn|Smil|2017b}}{{Sfn|REN21|2021}}.

Anʼanaviy gidroenergetikada toʻgʻon orqasida suv ombori quriladi. [[Gidroelektrostansiya|Gidroelektrostansiyalar]] juda moslashuvchan va uzatilinadigan elektr taʼminotini taʼminlaydi. Ular shamol va quyosh energiyasi bilan birlashtirilib, elektr energiyasi yetkazib boʻlmaydigan choʻqqilardagi talabni qondirishi mumkin. Gidroenergetika shamol va quyosh kamroq boʻlganda elektr energiyasiga boʻlgan talabni qondira oladi<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Moran|first1=Emilio F.|last2=Lopez|first2=Maria Claudia|last3=Moore|first3=Nathan|last4=Müller|first4=Norbert|last5=Hyndman|first5=David W.|display-authors=4|date=2018|title=Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|volume=115|issue=47|pages=11891–11898|doi=10.1073/pnas.1809426115|issn=0027-8424|pmc=6255148|pmid=30397145|bibcode=2018PNAS..11511891M}}</ref>.

Suv omborlariga asoslangan inshootlar bilan solishtirganda, daryo boʻyidagi gidroelektrostansiyalari odatda atrof-muhitga kamroq taʼsir qiladi. Biroq, uning energiya ishlab chiqarish qobiliyati daryo oqimiga bogʻliq boʻlib, u kunlik va mavsumiy ob-havo bilan farq qilishi mumkin. [[Suv ombor|Suv omborlari]] suv toshqinini nazorat qilish va moslashuvchan elektr energiyasini chiqarish uchun ishlatiladigan suv miqdorini nazorat qilishni taʼminlaydi. Shu bilan birga ichimlik suvi taʼminoti va sugʻorish uchun qurgʻoqchilik oldini oladi<ref>{{citec|last1=Kumar|first1=A.|first2=T.|last2=Schei|first3=A.|last3=Ahenkorah|first4=R.|last4=Caceres Rodriguez|first5=J.-M.|last5=Devernay|first6=M.|last6=Freitas|first7=D.|last7=Hall|first8=Å.|last8=Killingtveit|first9=Z.|last9=Liu|display-authors=4|chapter=Hydropower|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/Chapter-5-Hydropower-1.pdf|pp=451, 462, 488|in=IPCC|year=2011}}</ref>.

Gidroenergetika ishlab chiqargan energiya birligi, issiqxona gazlari emissiyasining eng past darajasiga ega energiya manbalari qatoriga kiradi. Ammo emissiya darajasi loyihalar oʻrtasida juda katta farq qiladi<ref name="AnnexIII_IPCC">{{citec|last1=Schlömer|first1=S.|first2=T.|last2=Bruckner|first3=L.|last3=Fulton|first4=E.|last4=Hertwich|year=2014|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_annex-iii.pdf|chapter=Annex III: Technology-specific cost and performance parameters|in=IPCC|page=1335}}</ref>. Eng yuqori emissiya odatda tropik mintaqalarda katta toʻgʻonlarda sodir boʻladi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Almeida|first1=Rafael M.|last2=Shi|first2=Qinru|last3=Gomes-Selman|first3=Jonathan M.|last4=Wu|first4=Xiaojian|last5=Xue|first5=Yexiang|last6=Angarita|first6=Hector|last7=Barros|first7=Nathan|last8=Forsberg|first8=Bruce R.|last9=García-Villacorta|first9=Roosevelt|display-authors=4|date=2019|title=Reducing greenhouse gas emissions of Amazon hydropower with strategic dam planning|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|issue=1|pages=4281|issn=2041-1723|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.4281A|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-12179-5|pmc=6753097|pmid=31537792}}</ref>. Bu emissiyalar suv omboridagi suv ostida qolgan biologik moddalar parchalanib, [[karbonat angidrid]] va [[Metan|metanni]] chiqarganda hosil boʻladi. Oʻrmonlarning kesilishi va iqlim oʻzgarishi gidroelektr toʻgʻonlaridan energiya ishlab chiqarishni qisqartirishi mumkin<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Moran|first1=Emilio F.|last2=Lopez|first2=Maria Claudia|last3=Moore|first3=Nathan|last4=Müller|first4=Norbert|last5=Hyndman|first5=David W.|display-authors=4|date=2018|title=Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|volume=115|issue=47|pages=11891–11898|doi=10.1073/pnas.1809426115|issn=0027-8424|pmc=6255148|pmid=30397145|bibcode=2018PNAS..11511891M}}</ref>. Joylashuvga qarab, yirik toʻgʻonlar qurilishi aholini siqib chiqarishi va mahalliy atrof-muhitga sezilarli darajada zarar yetkazishi, toʻgʻonning buzilishi esa atrofdagi aholini xavf ostiga qoʻyishi mumkin<ref name=":15" />.

==== Geotermal ====
[[Geotermal energiya]] yer osti issiqligiga<ref name="László 1981 248–249">{{Cite journal|last=László|first1=Erika|year=1981|title=Geothermal Energy: An Old Ally|journal=[[Ambio]]|volume=10|issue=5|pages=248–249|jstor=4312703}}</ref> asoslangan holda, elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish yoki suv va binolarni isitishda foydalanish uchun ishlab chiqariladi. [[Geotermal]] energiyadan foydalanish issiqlik faol boʻlgan hududlarda keng tarqalgan. Bunday hududlarda yuqori harorat, issiqlik oqimi va oʻtkazuvchanlikning kombinatsiyasi kerak (togʻ jinslarining suyuqliklarni oʻtkazish qobiliyati){{Sfn|REN21|2020|p=97}}. Quvvat yer osti suv havzalarida hosil boʻlgan bugʻdan ishlab chiqariladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=2009-10-19 |sarlavha=Geothermal Energy Information and Facts |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/geothermal-energy |qaralgan sana=2021-08-08 |nashriyot=[[National Geographic]] |arxivsana=8 August 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808194416/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/geothermal-energy}}</ref>. Geotermal energiya [[2020-yil|2020-yilda]] global energiya isteʼmolining 1% dan kamrogʻini taʼminladi<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix|last=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|title=Energy mix|year=2020|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|access-date=9 July 2021|archivedate=2 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702082157/https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix}}</ref>.

Geotermal energiya qayta tiklanadigan manba hisoblanadi{{Sfn|Soysal|Soysal|2020|pp=222, 228}}. Chunki issiqlik energiyasi qoʻshni issiq hududlardan va tabiiy ravishda paydo boʻlgan izotoplarning [[Radioaktiv parchalanish|radioaktiv parchalanishidan]] doimiy ravishda toʻldiriladi<ref name='AnnexIII_IPCC'/>. Oʻrtacha geotermal elektr energiyasining issiqxona gazlari emissiyasi koʻmirga asoslangan elektr energiyasining 5% dan kamini tashkil qiladi. Geotermal energiya [[Zilzila|zilzilalarni]] keltirib chiqarish xavfini oʻz ichiga oladi{{Sfn|Soysal|Soysal|2020|pp=228–229}}.

==== Bioenergiya ====
[[Fayl:Kenyan_farmer_with_a_biogas_lamp_provided_by_USAID_2013.jpg|alt=Man lighting a lamp hung from the ceiling|right|thumb| Keniyalik fermer biogaz chiroqni yoqmoqda. [[Biomassa|Biomassadan]] ishlab chiqarilgan biogaz qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbai boʻlib, uni yordamida ovqat pishirish yoki yorugʻlik uchun ishlatish mumkin.]]
Biomassa [[oʻsimliklar]] va [[Hayvonlar|hayvonlardan]] olinadigan qayta tiklanadigan organik materialdir<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=8 June 2021 |sarlavha=Biomass explained |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/ |qaralgan sana=2021-09-13 |nashriyot=[[US Energy Information Administration]] |arxivsana=15 September 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915223913/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/}}</ref>. U issiqlik, [[elektr]] energiyasi ishlab chiqarish uchun yoqilishi yoki transport vositalarini quvvatlantirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin boʻlgan biodizel va etanol kabi [[Bioyoqilgʻi|bioyoqilgʻiga]] aylantirilishi mumkin<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kopetz|first1=Heinz|date=2013|title=Build a biomass energy market|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=494|issue=7435|pages=29–31|doi=10.1038/494029a|pmid=23389528|issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Demirbas|first1=Ayhan|date=2008|title=Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel projections|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890408000770|journal=[[Energy Conversion and Management]]|volume=49|issue=8|pages=2106–2116|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2008.02.020|issn=0196-8904|access-date=11 February 2021|archivedate=18 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318032539/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890408000770}}</ref>.

[[Bioenergiya|Bioenergiyaning]] iqlimga taʼsiri biomassa xom ashyosi qayerdan kelib chiqishi va ular qanday yetishtirilganiga qarab sezilarli darajada farq qiladi<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Correa|first1=Diego F.|last2=Beyer|first2=Hawthorne L.|last3=Fargione|first3=Joseph E.|last4=Hill|first4=Jason D.|last5=Possingham|first5=Hugh P.|last6=Thomas-Hall|first6=Skye R.|last7=Schenk|first7=Peer M.|display-authors=4|date=2019|title=Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=107|pages=250–263|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005|issn=1364-0321|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211930139X|access-date=7 February 2021|archivedate=17 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132735/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S136403211930139X}}</ref>. Misol uchun, energiya uchun oʻtinni yoqish karbonat angidridni chiqaradi. Agar yaxshi yetishtirilgan oʻrmonda kesib tashlangan daraxtlar oʻrniga yangi daraxtlar ekilsa, bu chiqindilar kamayishini sezilarli darajada kamaytirishi mumkin. Chunki yangi [[daraxtlar]] oʻsishi bilan havoda karbonat angidridni kamaytira boshlaydi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Daley |ism=Jason |sana=24 April 2018 |sarlavha=The EPA Declared That Burning Wood Is Carbon Neutral. It's Actually a Lot More Complicated |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/epa-declares-burning-wood-carbon-neutral-180968880/ |qaralgan sana=2021-09-14 |ish=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |arxivsana=30 June 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630153427/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/epa-declares-burning-wood-carbon-neutral-180968880/}}</ref>. Biroq, bioenergiya ekinlarini yetishtirish, tabiiy ekotizimlarni siqib chiqarishi, tuproqlarning degradatsiyasi, suv resurslari va sintetik oʻgʻitlarni isteʼmolini koʻpaytirishi mumkin{{sfn|Tester|2012|p=512}}{{Sfn|Smil|2017a}}. Tropik hududlarda anʼanaviy isitish va [[oziq-ovqat]] pishirish uchun ishlatiladigan barcha yogʻochlarning taxminan uchdan bir qismi barqaror ravishda yigʻib olinadi{{sfn|World Health Organization|2016|p=73}}. Bioenergiya xom ashyolari odatda yigʻish, quritish va tashish uchun sezilarli miqdorda energiya talab qiladi. Bu jarayonlar uchun energiya sarfi issiqxona gazlarini chiqarishi mumkin. Baʼzi hollarda yerdan foydalanishni oʻzgartirish, yetishtirish va qayta ishlashning taʼsiri qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻidan foydalanishga nisbatan bioenergiya uchun umumiy uglerod emissiyasini oshib ketishiga olib keladi{{Sfn|Smil|2017a}}{{Sfn|IPCC|2014}}.

Biomassani yetishtirish uchun qishloq xoʻjaligi yerlaridan foydalanish, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari yetishtirish uchun kamroq yerlar qolishiga olib keladi. Qoʻshma Shtatlarda avtomobil benzinining taxminan 10% i makkajoʻxori asosidan olinuvchi etanol bilan almashtirildi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=18 June 2020 |sarlavha=Biofuels explained: Ethanol |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biofuels/ethanol.php |qaralgan sana=2021-05-16 |nashriyot=[[US Energy Information Administration]] |arxivsana=14 May 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514154634/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biofuels/ethanol.php}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Foley |ism=Jonathan |sana=5 March 2013 |sarlavha=It's Time to Rethink America's Corn System |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/time-to-rethink-corn/ |qaralgan sana=16 May 2021 |ish=[[Scientific American]] |arxivsana=3 January 2020 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103212244/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/time-to-rethink-corn/}}</ref>. Malayziya va Indoneziyada biodizel uchun [[Palma yog'i|palma yogʻini]] ishlab chiqarish uchun oʻrmonlarni tozalash jiddiy ijtimoiy va ekologik taʼsirlarga olib keldi. Chunki bu oʻrmonlar turli xil turlar uchun muhim uglerod tashuvchisi va [[Yashash joyi|yashash joylari]] hisoblanar edi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ayompe|first1=Lacour M.|last2=Schaafsma|first2=M.|last3=Egoh|first3=Benis N.|date=2021-01-01|title=Towards sustainable palm oil production: The positive and negative impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing|journal=[[Journal of Cleaner Production]]|volume=278|pages=123914|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123914|issn=0959-6526}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Lustgarten |first=Abrahm |date=2018-11-20 |title=Palm Oil Was Supposed to Help Save the Planet. Instead It Unleashed a Catastrophe. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/magazine/palm-oil-borneo-climate-catastrophe.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517044504/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/magazine/palm-oil-borneo-climate-catastrophe.html |archive-date=17 May 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>. [[Fotosintez]] quyosh nurida energiyaning faqat kichik qismini egallaganligi sababli, maʼlum miqdordagi bioenergiya ishlab chiqarish boshqa qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalariga nisbatan katta miqdordagi yerni talab qiladi{{sfn|Smil|2017a|p=161}}.

Nooziq-ovqat oʻsimliklari yoki chiqindilaridan ishlab chiqariladigan ikkinchi avlod [[Bioyoqilgʻilar|bioyoqilgʻilari]], oziq-ovqat ishlab chiqarish bilan raqobatni kamaytiradi. Lekin boshqa salbiy taʼsirlarga ham ega boʻlishi mumkin. Jumladan tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonalari va mahalliy havo ifloslanishi<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Correa|first1=Diego F.|last2=Beyer|first2=Hawthorne L.|last3=Fargione|first3=Joseph E.|last4=Hill|first4=Jason D.|last5=Possingham|first5=Hugh P.|last6=Thomas-Hall|first6=Skye R.|last7=Schenk|first7=Peer M.|display-authors=4|date=2019|title=Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=107|pages=250–263|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005|issn=1364-0321|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211930139X|access-date=7 February 2021|archivedate=17 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132735/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S136403211930139X}}</ref> bunga yaqqol misol boʻla oladi. Nisbatan barqaror [[biomassa]] manbalariga suv oʻtlari, chiqindilar va oziq-ovqat ishlab chiqarish uchun yaroqsiz tuproqda yetishtirilgan ekinlar kiradi<ref name=":0" />.

[[Uglerod|Uglerodni]] ushlab turish va saqlash texnologiyasidan, bioenergiya [[Elektr stansiyalari|elektr stansiyalaridan]] chiqadigan chiqindilarni zararsizlantirish uchun foydalanish mumkin. Uglerodni ushlab turish va saqlash (BECCS) jarayoni bioenergiya deb nomlanadi va bu jarayon atmosferadan karbonat angidridni olib tashlashga olib kelishi mumkin. Biroq, BECCS biomassa materialining qanday yetishtirilgani, yigʻilganligi va tashilishiga qarab aniq ijobiy emissiyaga olib kelishi mumkin{{Sfn|National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|2019}}.
==== Dengiz energiyasi ====
Dengiz energiyasi energiya bozorida eng kichik ulushga ega. U suv toshqini kuchi va toʻlqin zarbi orqali ishlab chiqariladi. [[Fransiya]] va [[Janubiy Koreya|Janubiy Koreyadagi]] ikkita suv toshqini tizimi global energiya ishlab chiqarishning 90% ni tashkil qiladi. Yagona dengiz energiyasi qurilmalari atrof-muhit uchun kam xavf tugʻdirsa-da, kattaroq qurilmalarning taʼsiri kichik boʻlmaydi{{Sfn|REN21|2021|pp=113–116}}.

==== Qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilarni almashtirish ====
[[Koʻmir|Koʻmirdan]] [[Tabiiy gazlar|tabiiy gazga]] oʻtish barqarorlik nuqtai nazaridan afzalliklarga ega. Ishlab chiqarilgan energiyaning maʼlum bir birligi uchun tabiiy gazning hayot davridagi issiqxona gazlari emissiyasi, shamol yoki atom energiyasidan taxminan 40 baravar koʻp. [[Tabiiy gaz|Tabiiy gazni]] yoqish, elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarishda koʻmir chiqindilarining yarmini va issiqlik ishlab chiqarish uchun ishlatilganda koʻmirning uchdan ikki qismini tashkil etadi<ref name="IEA gas">{{Veb manbasi |sana=July 2019 |sarlavha=The Role of Gas: Key Findings |url=https://www.iea.org/publications/roleofgas/ |qaralgan sana=2019-10-04 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]] |arxivsana=1 September 2019 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901022422/https://www.iea.org/publications/roleofgas/}}</ref>. Tabiiy gazning yonishi koʻmirga qaraganda havoni kamroq ifloslantiradi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Natural gas and the environment |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/natural-gas-and-the-environment.php |qaralgan sana=28 March 2021 |nashriyot=[[US Energy Information Administration]] |arxivsana=2 April 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402225017/https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/natural-gas-and-the-environment.php}}</ref>. Biroq, uning oʻzi kuchli [[issiqxona]] gazidir. Qazib olish va tashish paytida gaz sizib chiqishi koʻmirdan voz kechish afzalliklarini bekor qilishi mumkin<ref name=":27">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Storrow |ism=Benjamin |sarlavha=Methane Leaks Erase Some of the Climate Benefits of Natural Gas |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/methane-leaks-erase-some-of-the-climate-benefits-of-natural-gas/ |qaralgan sana=2023-05-31 |ish=Scientific American |til=en}}</ref>. Metan sizib chiqishini oldini olish texnologiyasi keng tarqalgan, ammo u har doim ham qoʻllanilmaydi<ref name=":27" />.

Koʻmirdan tabiiy gazga oʻtish qisqa muddatda emissiyalarni kamaytiradi va shu bilan iqlim oʻzgarishini yumshatishga katta hissa qoʻshadi. Biroq, uzoq muddatda u aniq nol emissiyaga erishish uchun yoʻl bermaydi. Tabiiy gaz infratuzilmasini rivojlantirish uglerod blokirovkasini xavf ostiga qoʻyadi. Bunda yangi qazilma infratuzilmasi oʻnlab yillar davomida uglerod emissiyasini keltirib chiqaradi<ref name="nytimes coal fades">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Plumer |ism=Brad |sana=26 June 2019 |sarlavha=As Coal Fades in the U.S., Natural Gas Becomes the Climate Battleground |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/climate/natural-gas-renewables-fight.html |qaralgan sana=4 October 2019 |ish=[[The New York Times]] |arxivsana=23 September 2019 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923092305/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/26/climate/natural-gas-renewables-fight.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gürsan|first1=C.|last2=de Gooyert|first2=V.|date=2021|title=The systemic impact of a transition fuel: Does natural gas help or hinder the energy transition?|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=138|pages=110552|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2020.110552|issn=1364-0321}}</ref>.

Qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻi yoki biomassa elektr stansiyalarining issiqxona gazlari emissiyasini uglerodni ushlash va saqlash (CCS) orqali sezilarli darajada kamaytirish mumkin. Koʻpgina tadqiqotlar CCS elektr stansiyasidan chiqadigan [[karbonat angidrid]] (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissiyasining 85—90% ni ushlab turishi mumkin boʻlgan ishchi farazdan foydalanadi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Budinis|first1=Sarah|date=1 November 2018|title=An assessment of CCS costs, barriers and potential|journal=[[Energy Strategy Reviews]]|volume=22|pages=61–81|doi=10.1016/j.esr.2018.08.003|issn=2211-467X}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=7 January 2021 |sarlavha=Zero-emission carbon capture and storage in power plants using higher capture rates |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/zero-emission-carbon-capture-and-storage-in-power-plants-using-higher-capture-rates |qaralgan sana=14 March 2021 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]] |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330093543/https://www.iea.org/articles/zero-emission-carbon-capture-and-storage-in-power-plants-using-higher-capture-rates |arxivsana=30 March 2021}}</ref>. CCS dan foydalanadigan koʻmir zavodlari unchalik samarali boʻlmagani uchun ular koʻproq koʻmir talab qiladi<ref name="cleanest">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Ritchie |ism=Hannah |sana=2020-02-10 |sarlavha=What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy |qaralgan sana=2021-03-14 |ish=[[Our World in Data]] |arxivsana=2020-11-29 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129205209/https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Evans |ism=Simon |sana=8 December 2017 |sarlavha=Solar, wind and nuclear have 'amazingly low' carbon footprints, study finds |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/solar-wind-nuclear-amazingly-low-carbon-footprints |qaralgan sana=15 March 2021 |ish=[[Carbon Brief]] |arxivsana=16 March 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316102518/https://www.carbonbrief.org/solar-wind-nuclear-amazingly-low-carbon-footprints}}</ref>. Shu bilan koʻmir qazib olish va tashish bilan bogʻliq ifloslanishni amalga oshiradi{{Sfn|IPCC|2018}}. CCS jarayoni qimmat boʻlib, xarajatlari asosan joyning karbonat angidridni saqlash uchun mos geologiyaga yaqinligiga bogʻliq<ref name=":11">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Evans |ism=Simon |sana=2020-08-27 |sarlavha=Wind and solar are 30–50% cheaper than thought, admits UK government |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/wind-and-solar-are-30-50-cheaper-than-thought-admits-uk-government |qaralgan sana=30 September 2020 |arxivsana=23 September 2020 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923025247/https://www.carbonbrief.org/wind-and-solar-are-30-50-cheaper-than-thought-admits-uk-government |ish=[[Carbon Brief]]}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Malischek |ism=Raimund |sarlavha=CCUS in Power |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/about-ccus |qaralgan sana=30 September 2020 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]}}</ref>. Ushbu texnologiyani joriy etish hali ham juda cheklangan. 2020-yilga kelib butun dunyo boʻylab atigi 21 ta yirik CCS zavodi ishlamoqda<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Deign |ism=Jason |sana=7 December 2020 |sarlavha=Carbon Capture: Silver Bullet or Mirage? |ish=[[Greentech Media]] |url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/no-clearer-if-carbon-capture-is-silver-bullet-or-mirage |qaralgan sana=14 February 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119013833/https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/no-clearer-if-carbon-capture-is-silver-bullet-or-mirage |arxivsana=19 January 2021}}</ref>.

==== Atom energiyasi ====
[[Fayl:Elec-fossil-nuclear-renewables.svg|alt=Chart showing the proportion of electricity produced by fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables from 1985 to 2020|thumb| 1985-yildan beri kam uglerodli manbalardan ishlab chiqarilgan elektr energiyasining ulushi biroz oshdi. Qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalarini joriy etishda erishilgan yutuqlar asosan yadroviy energiya ulushlarining kamayishi bilan qoplandi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Roser |ism=Max |sana=10 December 2020 |sarlavha=The world's energy problem |url=https://ourworldindata.org/worlds-energy-problem |qaralgan sana=2021-07-21 |ish=[[Our World in Data]] |arxivsana=21 July 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721202510/https://ourworldindata.org/worlds-energy-problem}}</ref>.]]
[[Yadro energetikasi]] 1950-yillardan beri elektr energiyasining kam uglerodli manbai sifatida ishlatilingan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Rhodes |ism=Richard |sana=19 July 2018 |sarlavha=Why Nuclear Power Must Be Part of the Energy Solution |ish=[[Yale Environment 360]] |nashriyot=[[Yale School of the Environment]] |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-nuclear-power-must-be-part-of-the-energy-solution-environmentalists-climate |qaralgan sana=2021-07-24 |arxivsana=9 August 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809182424/https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-nuclear-power-must-be-part-of-the-energy-solution-environmentalists-climate}}</ref>. 30 dan ortiq mamlakatlardagi atom elektr stansiyalari global elektr energiyasining qariyb 10% ini ishlab chiqaradi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif= |ism= |sana=June 2021 |sarlavha=Nuclear Power in the World Today |nashriyot=[[World Nuclear Association]] |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716094103/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx |arxivsana=16 July 2021 |qaralgan sana=19 July 2021}}</ref>. 2019-yil holatiga koʻra, barcha kam uglerodli energiyaning toʻrtdan bir qismidan koʻprogʻi yadro energiyasi orqali ishlab chiqariladi. Bu esa uni gidroenergetikadan keyin ikkinchi yirik manbaga aylantiradi<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix|last=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|title=Energy mix|year=2020|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|access-date=9 July 2021|archivedate=2 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702082157/https://ourworldindata.org/energy-mix}}</ref>.

[[Yadro energetikasi|Yadro energetikasining]] hayotiy davri issiqxona gazlari chiqindilari, shu jumladan [[Uran (kimyoviy unsur)|uranni]] qazib olish va qayta ishlash, qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalaridan chiqadigan chiqindilarga oʻxshaydi<ref name="AnnexIII_IPCC"/>. Yadro energetikasi energiya birligiga nisbatan kam yerdan foydalanadi. ''Reason'' jurnali 2023-yilning may oyida „…biomasa, shamol va quyosh energiyasi 2050-yilga borib [[Yevropa Ittifoqi]] hajmiga teng maydonni egallashi moʻljallangan“ deb yozgan edi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Zalk|first1=John|last2=Behrens|first2=Paul|date=2018|title=The spatial extent of renewable and non-renewable power generation: A review and meta-analysis of power densities and their application in the U.S.|journal=[[Energy Policy (journal)|Energy Policy]]|volume=123|pages=83–91|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.023|issn=0301-4215}}</ref>. Bundan tashqari, yadroviy energiya mahalliy havo ifloslanishini amalga oshirmaydi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Bailey |ism=Ronald |sana=2023-05-10 |sarlavha=New study: Nuclear power is humanity's greenest energy option |url=https://reason.com/2023/05/10/new-study-nuclear-power-is-humanitys-greenest-energy-option/ |qaralgan sana=2023-05-22 |ish=Reason.com |til=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Nuclear Energy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/nuclear-energy|last=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|access-date=19 July 2021|year=2020|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063014/https://ourworldindata.org/nuclear-energy|archivedate=20 July 2021}}</ref>. Yadro zavodlarida yonilgʻi uchun ishlatiladigan [[Uran rudalari|uran rudasi]] qayta tiklanmaydigan resurs boʻlsa-da, yuzlab va minglab yillar davomida zaxirani taʼminlash uchun yetarlidir{{sfn|MacKay|2008|p=[https://withouthotair.com/c24/page_162.shtml 162]}}<ref>{{Citec|last1=Gill |first1=Matthew|last2=Livens |first2=Francis|last3=Peakman|first3=Aiden|in=Letcher|year=2020 |chapter=Nuclear Fission|page=135}}</ref>. Biroq, hozirgi holatda iqtisodiy jihatdan mumkin boʻlgan uran resurslari cheklangan va uran ishlab chiqarish kengayish bosqichida zoʻrgʻa davom eta oladi<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Nikolaus|last=Muellner|first2=Nikolaus|last2=Arnold|first3=Klaus|last3=Gufler|first4=Wolfgang|last4=Kromp|first5=Wolfgang|last5=Renneberg|first6=Wolfgang|last6=Liebert|date=2021|journal=Energy Policy|volume=155|at=112363|title=Nuclear energy - The solution to climate change?|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112363 | issn = 0301-4215 }}</ref>. Iqlim oʻzgarishini yumshatishning ulkan maqsadlarga mos keladigan yoʻllari odatda yadroviy energiya taʼminotining koʻpayishini koʻrsatadi{{sfn|IPCC|2018|loc=2.4.2.1}}.

Yadro energetikasining barqarorligi, qisman [[Radioaktiv chiqindilar|yadro chiqindilari]], yadroviy qurollarning tarqalishi va [[Yadro va radiatsiyaviy avariyalar va hodisalar|baxtsiz hodisalar]] bilan bogʻliq xavotirlar tufayli bahs-munozaralar hali ham davo etmoqda<ref name=":14" />. Radioaktiv yadro chiqindilari ming yillar<ref name=":14">{{Citec |last1=Gill|first1=Matthew|last2=Livens|first2=Francis|last3=Peakman|first3=Aiden|in=Letcher|year=2020|pages=147–149|chapter=Nuclear Fission}}</ref> davomida boshqarilishi kerak va atom elektr stansiyalari qurol sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin boʻlgan parchalanuvchi materiallarni ishlab chiqaradi<ref name=":14" /><ref name="cleanest">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Ritchie |ism=Hannah |sana=2020-02-10 |sarlavha=What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy |qaralgan sana=2021-03-14 |ish=[[Our World in Data]] |arxivsana=2020-11-29 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129205209/https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy}}</ref>. Atom energetikasiga jamoatchilik qarshiligi koʻpincha atom stansiyalarini qurishni amalga oshirishni siyosiy jihatdan qiyinlashtiradi<ref name=":14" />.

Yangi atom stansiyalarini qurish vaqtini va xarajatlarini qisqartirish oʻnlab yillar davomida asosiy maqsad boʻlib kelgan. Ammo [[Atom elektr stansiyalari iqtisodiyoti|xarajatlar yuqoriligicha qolmoqda]] va vaqt oraligʻi uzoqdir<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Timmer |first=John |date=21 November 2020 |title=Why are nuclear plants so expensive? Safety's only part of the story |work=[[Ars Technica]] |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/11/why-are-nuclear-plants-so-expensive-safetys-only-part-of-the-story/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428140032/https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/11/why-are-nuclear-plants-so-expensive-safetys-only-part-of-the-story/ |archive-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>. Anʼanaviy stansiyalarning kamchiliklarini bartaraf etishga umid qilib, atom energiyasining turli xil yangi shakllari ishlab chiqilmoqda. [[Brider|Tez ishlab chiqariluvchi]] reaktorlar yadroviy chiqindilarni qayta ishlashga qodir va shuning uchun geologik utilizatsiyani talab qiladigan chiqindilar miqdorini sezilarli darajada kamaytirishi mumkin<ref>{{Cite report|title=Technical assessment of nuclear energy with respect to the 'do no significant harm' criteria of Regulation (EU) 2020/852 ('Taxonomy Regulation')|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/business_economy_euro/banking_and_finance/documents/210329-jrc-report-nuclear-energy-assessment_en.pdf|publisher=[[European Commission Joint Research Centre]]|date=2021|page=53|archivedate=26 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426095255/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/business_economy_euro/banking_and_finance/documents/210329-jrc-report-nuclear-energy-assessment_en.pdf}}</ref>. [[Toriy|Toriyga]] asoslangan yadro energetikasi (uran oʻrniga) uranning katta zaxirasiga ega boʻlmagan mamlakatlar uchun yuqori energiya xavfsizligini taʼminlaydi<ref>{{Citec|last1=Gill|first1=Matthew|last2=Livens|first2=Francis|last3=Peakman|first3=Aiden|in=Letcher|year=2020|pages=146–147|chapter=Nuclear Fission}}</ref>. Kichik modulli reaktorlar hozirgi yirik reaktorlarga nisbatan bir qancha afzalliklarga ega boʻlishi mumkin: ularni tezroq qurish va modullashtirish, oʻrganish orqali xarajatlarni kamaytirish<ref>{{citec|last1=Locatelli|first1=Giorgio|last2=Mignacca|first2=Benito|chapter=Small Modular Nuclear Reactors|year=2020|in=Letcher|pages=151–169|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081028865000086}}</ref>.

Bir qator davlatlar oz miqdordagi chiqindilarni hosil qiladigan va portlash xavfi boʻlmagan [[Boshqariladigan termoyadro sintezi|yadroviy, termoyadroviy]] reaktorlarni ishlab chiqishga harakat qilmoqda<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=McGrath |first=Matt |date=2019-11-06 |title=Nuclear fusion is 'a question of when, not if' |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50267017 |url-status=live |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125083144/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50267017 |archive-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>. Garchi [[termoyadroviy]] quvvatni ishlab chiqarish laboratoriya jarayonida oldinga qadam tashlagan boʻlsa-da, bu iqlim oʻzgarishini yumshatish boʻyicha aniq nol maqsadga hissa qoʻshmaydi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |date=2022-02-09 |title=Major breakthrough on nuclear fusion energy |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60312633 |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301030807/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60312633 |archive-date=2022-03-01}}</ref>.

== Energiya tizimining transformatsiyasi ==
[[Fayl:2018-_Energy_transition_investment_versus_fossil_fuel_investment.svg|thumb| Bloomberg NEF xabar berishicha, 2022-yilda energiyaga oʻtish uchun global investitsiyalar birinchi marta qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻiga kiritilgan investitsiyalarga teng boʻldi<ref name="BloombergNEF_202302102">{{cite news |date=10 February 2023 |title=Energy Transition Investment Now On Par with Fossil Fuel |publisher=Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance) |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/energy-transition-investment-now-on-par-with-fossil-fuel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327065546/https://about.bnef.com/blog/energy-transition-investment-now-on-par-with-fossil-fuel/ |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref>.]]
Global isishni 2 °C darajadan past ushlab turish uchun zarur boʻlgan emissiyalarni kamaytirish, energiya ishlab chiqarish, taqsimlash, saqlash va isteʼmol qilish usullarini butun tizim boʻylab oʻzgartirishni talab qiladi{{Sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019}}. Jamiyat energiyaning bir turini boshqasi bilan almashtirishi uchun energiya tizimidagi bir nechta texnologiya va xatti-harakatlar oʻzgarishi kerak. Masalan, [[Avtomobil|avtomobillar]] uchun energiya manbai sifatida neftdan quyosh energiyasiga oʻtish, quyosh panellari ishlab chiqarishidagi oʻzgarishlarni bartaraf etish uchun elektr tarmogʻiga oʻzgartirishlar kiritishni yoki oʻzgaruvchan akkumulyatorlarni zaryadlovchi qurilmalarni joriy qilishni, [[Elektromobil|elektromobillarni]] keng ommaga tatbiq qilishni talab etadi{{Sfn|Jaccard|2020}}.

Iqlim oʻzgarishini yumshatishning koʻplab yoʻllari past uglerodli energiya tizimining uchta asosiy jihatini nazarda tutadi:

* Elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish uchun kam emissiyali energiya manbalaridan foydalanish;
* [[Elektrlashtirish ]] — bu toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri yoqilgʻini yoqish oʻrniga elektr energiyasidan foydalanishni koʻpaytirish;
* Energiya samaradorligini oshirish chora-tadbirlarini jadal qabul qilish{{sfn|IPCC|2014|loc=7.11.3}}.

Baʼzi energiya talab qiladigan texnologiyalar va jarayonlarni elektrlashtirish, [[aviatsiya]], [[kemasozlik]] va [[Poʻlat ishlab chiqarish|poʻlat ishlab chiqarishni]] qiyinlashtiradi. Ushbu tarmoqlardan chiqindilarni kamaytirishning bir nechta variantlari mavjud: bioyoqilgʻi va sintetik uglerodli neytral yoqilgʻi qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilarni yoqish uchun moʻljallangan koʻplab transport vositalarini quvvatlantirishi mumkin. Ammo [[Bioyoqilgʻi|bioyoqilgʻini]] kerakli miqdorda barqaror ishlab chiqarish mumkin emas va sintetik yoqilgʻilar hozirda juda qimmatdir{{sfn|IEA|2021|pp=106–110}}. Baʼzi xizmatlar uchun elektrlashtirishning eng ommabop alternativi barqaror ishlab chiqarilgan vodorod yoqilgʻisiga asoslangan tizimni ishlab chiqishdir<ref name=":18">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Evans |ism=Simon |sana=30 November 2020 |sarlavha=In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change |qaralgan sana=1 December 2020 |ish=[[Carbon Brief]] |arxivsana=1 December 2020 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155033/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change}}</ref>.

[[Global energetika tizimi|Global energetika tizimini]] toʻliq dekarbonizatsiya qilish bir necha oʻn yillar davom etishi kutilmoqda. Bu jarayon asosan mavjud texnologiyalar yordamida amalga oshirilishi mumkin{{sfn|Jaccard|2020|loc=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/citizens-guide-to-climate-success/renewables-have-won/F64DF99C3ED79CEA29C6EE2A59E71AB3/core-reader Chapter 11 – "Renewables Have Won"]|p=203}}. IEA 2050-yilga borib nol emissiyaga erishish uchun akkumulyator texnologiyalari va uglerodsiz yoqilgʻilar kabi energetika sektorida innovatsiyalar zarurligini taʼkidlaydi{{sfn|IEA|2021|p=15}}. Bu jarayon yangi texnologiyalarni ishlab chiqish, tadqiqot ishlanmalarni, namoyishlarni va koʻrgazmalarni talab qiladi{{sfn|IEA|2021|p=15}}. Nol uglerodli energiya tizimiga oʻtish inson salomatligi uchun foyda keltiradi: [[Jahon sogʻliqni saqlash tashkiloti|Jahon sogʻliqni saqlash tashkiloti]] global isishni 1,5 °C darajagacha cheklash, har yili millionlab odamlarning hayotini qutqarishi boʻyicha harakatlarni taxmin qilmoqda{{sfn|World Health Organization|2018|loc=Executive Summary}}<ref name="Vandyck_et_al_2018">{{cite journal|last1=Vandyck|first1=T.|last2=Keramidas|first2=K.|last3=Kitous|first3=A.|last4=Spadaro|first4=J.V.|year=2018|title=Air quality co-benefits for human health and agriculture counterbalance costs to meet Paris Agreement pledges.|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=9|issue=1|pages=4939|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-06885-9|pmc=6250710|pmid=30467311|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.4939V}}</ref>. Toʻgʻri rejalashtirish va boshqarish bilan, 2030-yilga kelib, iqlim maqsadlariga mos keladigan tarzda elektr energiyasidan foydalanish yoʻllari vujudga keladi{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|pp=46–55}}<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC|2018|p=97}}</ref>. Tarixiy jihatdan bir qancha davlatlar koʻmirdan foydalanish orqali tez iqtisodiy yutuqlarga erishgan{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|pp=46–55}}. Shunga qaramay, koʻplab qashshoq mamlakatlar va mintaqalar uchun yetarli xalqaro investitsiyalar, bilimlar transferini hisobga olgan holda qayta tiklanadigan manbalarga asoslangan energiya tizimlarini rivojlantirish orqali qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻiga qaramlikdan qutulish mumkin{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|pp=46–55}}.

=== Oʻzgaruvchan energiya manbalarini integratsiyalash ===
[[Fayl:SoSie+SoSchiff_Ansicht.jpg|alt=Short terraces of houses, with their entire sloping roofs covered with solar panels|thumb| Germaniyaning Schlierberg shahridagi Quyosh posyolkasidagi binolar isteʼmol qilganidan koʻra koʻproq energiya ishlab chiqaradi. Uylar quyosh panellarini oʻz ichiga oladi va maksimal energiya samaradorligi uchun qurilgan<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hopwood|first1=David|date=2007|title=Blueprint for sustainability?: What lessons can we learn from Freiburg's inclusive approach to sustainable development?|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471084607700689|journal=[[Refocus]]|volume=8|issue=3|pages=54–57|doi=10.1016/S1471-0846(07)70068-9|issn=1471-0846|access-date=17 October 2021|archivedate=2 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102023331/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1471084607700689}}</ref>.]]
Shamol va quyosh kabi oʻzgaruvchan, [[qayta tiklanadigan energiya]] manbalaridan ishonchli elektr energiyasini yetkazib berish uchun elektr energiya tizimlari moslashuvchanlikni talab qiladi{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|p=47}}. Aksariyat [[Elektr tarmogʻi|elektr tarmoqlari]] koʻmir bilan ishlaydigan elektr stansiyalari kabi uzluksiz energiya manbalari uchun qurilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Introduction to System Integration of Renewables |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/introduction-to-system-integration-of-renewables |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]] |qaralgan sana=30 May 2020 |arxivsana=15 May 2020 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515213454/https://www.iea.org/reports/introduction-to-system-integration-of-renewables}}</ref>. [[Quyosh]] va [[shamol]] energiyasining katta miqdori tarmoqqa birlashtirilganligi sababli, elektr energiyasini yetkazib berish talabga mos kelishini taʼminlash uchun energiya tizimiga oʻzgartirishlar kiritish kerak<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Blanco|first1=Herib|last2=Faaij|first2=André|date=2018|title=A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=81|pages=1049–1086|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062|issn=1364-0321}}</ref>. 2019-yilda ushbu tizimlar jahon elektr energiyasining 8,5% ini ishlab chiqardi<ref name=":4" />.

[[Elektr tizimi|Elektr tizimini]] yanada moslashuvchan qilishning turli usullari mavjud. Koʻp joylarda shamol va quyosh energiyasini ishlab chiqarish kunlik va mavsumiy miqyosda bir-birini toʻldiradi<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Blanco|first1=Herib|last2=Faaij|first2=André|date=2018|title=A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=81|pages=1049–1086|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062|issn=1364-0321}}</ref>. Turli geografik hududlarni shaharlararo elektr uzatish liniyalari orqali bogʻlash oʻzgaruvchanlikni yanada bekor qilish imkonini beradi{{Sfn|REN21|2020|p=177}}. Energiyaga boʻlgan talab aqlli tarmoqlardan foydalanish orqali oʻz vaqtida oʻzgarishi mumkin. Bu oʻzgaruvchan energiya ishlab chiqarish eng yuqori boʻlgan vaqtlarga mos keladi<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bloess|first1=Andreas|last2=Schill|first2=Wolf-Peter|last3=Zerrahn|first3=Alexander|date=2018|title=Power-to-heat for renewable energy integration: A review of technologies, modeling approaches, and flexibility potentials|journal=[[Applied Energy]]|volume=212|pages=1611–1626|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.073}}</ref>.

[[Shamol]] va [[quyosh]] energiyasini ishlab chiqarish uchun ortiqcha quvvatni yaratish yomon ob-havo sharoitida ham yetarlicha elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarilishini taʼminlashga yordam beradi. Optimal ob-havo sharoitida, agar ortiqcha elektr energiyasidan foydalanish yoki saqlash mumkin boʻlmasa, energiya ishlab chiqarishni qisqartirish kerak. Yakuniy talab va taklif nomuvofiqligi [[gidroenergetika]], [[bioenergiya]] yoki [[tabiiy gaz]] kabi joʻnatiladigan energiya manbalaridan foydalanish orqali qoplanishi mumkin{{Sfn|IEA|2020}}.

==== Energiyani saqlash ====
[[Fayl:1_MW_4_MWh_Turner_Energy_Storage_Project_in_Pullman,_WA.jpg|alt=Photo with a set of white containers|thumb| Batareyani saqlash moslamasi]]
Energiyani saqlash vaqti-vaqti bilan qayta tiklanadigan energiya uchun toʻsiqlarni bartaraf etishga yordam beradi va bu barqaror energiya tizimining muhim jihati hisoblanadi<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=Koohi-Fayegh|first1=S.|last2=Rosen|first2=M.A.|date=2020|title=A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X19306012|journal=[[Journal of Energy Storage]]|volume=27|pages=101047|doi=10.1016/j.est.2019.101047|issn=2352-152X|access-date=28 November 2020|archivedate=17 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132743/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352152X19306012}}</ref>. Eng koʻp qoʻllanadigan usul nasosli gidroenergetika hisoblanadi. Bu balandlikda va suvga kirishda katta farqlarga ega boʻlgan joylarni talab qiladi<ref name=":16" />. Batareyalar, ayniqsa [[lityum]]-[[Ion|ionli]] [[Batareya|batareyalar]] ham keng tarqalgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Katz |ism=Cheryl |sana=17 December 2020 |sarlavha=The batteries that could make fossil fuels obsolete |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111075439/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery |arxivsana=11 January 2021 |qaralgan sana=10 January 2021 |nashriyot=[[BBC]]}}</ref>. Batareyalar odatda qisqa vaqt davomida [[Elektr energiyasi|elektr energiyasini]] saqlaydi. Fasllar davomida birdek elektr energiyasi bilan taʼminlash uchun yetarli quvvatga ega texnologiya boʻyicha tadqiqotlar hozirgi kunda ham davom etmoqda<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Herib|first1=Blanco|last2=André|first2=Faaij|date=2018|title=A review at the role of storage in energy systems with a focus on Power to Gas and long-term storage|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=81|pages=1049–1086|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.062|issn=1364-0321}}</ref>. 2015-yildan beri [[AQSh|AQShda]] akkumulyatorlarning narxi taxminan 70% ga kamaydi. Ammo batareyalarning narxi va past energiya zichligi ularni energiya ishlab chiqarishdagi mavsumlararo oʻzgarishlarni muvozanatlash uchun zarur boʻlgan juda katta energiya saqlash uchun yetarli emas edi<ref name=":2">{{Kitob manbasi |date=19 May 2021 |title=Climate change: science and solutions |url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/climate-change-science-solutions/ |chapter=Climate change and batteries: the search for future power storage solutions |chapterurl=https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/climate-change-science-solutions/climate-science-solutions-batteries.pdf |accessdate=15 October 2021 |publisher=[[The Royal Society]]}}</ref>. Baʼzi joylarda koʻp oylik foydalanish quvvatiga ega nasosli gidroenergetika va elektr energiyasini gazga aylantirish (elektr energiyasini gazga va orqaga aylantirish) joriy etildi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first1=Julian D.|last2=Byers|first2=Edward|last3=Wada|first3=Yoshihide|last4=Parkinson|first4=Simon|last5=Gernaat|first5=David E. H. J.|last6=Langan|first6=Simon|last7=van Vuuren|first7=Detlef P.|last8=Riahi|first8=Keywan|display-authors=4|date=2020|title=Global resource potential of seasonal pumped hydropower storage for energy and water storage|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=947|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14555-y|pmid=32075965|pmc=7031375|bibcode=2020NatCo..11..947H|issn=2041-1723}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Balaraman |ism=Kavya |sana=2020-10-12 |sarlavha=To batteries and beyond: With seasonal storage potential, hydrogen offers 'a different ballgame entirely' |url=https://www.utilitydive.com/news/to-batteries-and-beyond-with-seasonal-storage-potential-hydrogen-offers/584959/ |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118052735/https://www.utilitydive.com/news/to-batteries-and-beyond-with-seasonal-storage-potential-hydrogen-offers/584959/ |arxivsana=18 January 2021 |qaralgan sana=2021-01-10 |ish=Utility Dive}}</ref>.

=== Elektrlashtirish ===
[[Fayl:Heat_Pump.jpg|alt=Photograph two fans, the outdoor section of a heat pump|thumb| [[Issiqlik nasosi|Issiqlik nasosining]] tashqi qismi. Neft va gaz qozonlaridan farqli oʻlaroq, ular elektr energiyasidan foydalanadilar. Shunday qilib, isitishni elektrlashtirish chiqindilarni sezilarli darajada kamaytirishi mumkin<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Cole |ism=Laura |sana=15 November 2020 |sarlavha=How to cut carbon out of your heating |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating |qaralgan sana=2021-08-31 |nashriyot=[[BBC]] |arxivsana=27 August 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827063629/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201116-climate-change-how-to-cut-the-carbon-emissions-from-heating}}</ref>.]]
Energiya tizimining qolgan qismi bilan solishtirganda, elektr energiyasi sohasida chiqindilarni tezroq kamaytirish mumkin{{sfn|IPCC|2014|loc=7.11.3}}. 2019-yil holatiga koʻra, global elektr energiyasining 37% i kam uglerodli manbalardan ([[qayta tiklanadigan energiya]] va [[yadroviy energiya]]) ishlab chiqarildi. Qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilar, birinchi navbatda, [[koʻmir]], [[Elektr taʼminoti|elektr taʼminotining]] qolgan qismini ishlab chiqaradi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|date=2020|title=Electricity Mix|url=https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|access-date=16 October 2021|archivedate=13 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013212634/https://ourworldindata.org/electricity-mix}}</ref>. [[Issiqxona]] gazlari emissiyasini kamaytirishning eng oson va tezkor usullaridan biri koʻmirda ishlaydigan elektr stansiyalarini bosqichma-bosqich toʻxtatish va qayta tiklanadigan elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarishni koʻpaytirishdir{{sfn|IPCC|2014|loc=7.11.3}}.

Iqlim oʻzgarishini yumshatish yoʻllari keng koʻlamli elektrlashtirishni — binolarni isitish va transport uchun qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻini toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri yoqish oʻrniga elektr energiyasidan foydalanishni nazarda tutadi{{sfn|IPCC|2014|loc=7.11.3}}. Hozirgi iqlim siyosati [[2050-yil|2050-yilga]] kelib elektr energiyasi sifatida isteʼmol qilinadigan energiya ulushini ikki baravar oshirishni koʻzda tutgan{{sfn|IPCC|2018|loc=2.4.2.2}}.

Elektr energiyasidan universal foydalanishni taʼminlashdagi muammolardan biri bu, elektr energiyasini qishloq joylariga taqsimlashdir. [[Qishloq]] uchun yetarlicha elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqaradigan, saqlaydigan kichik quyosh PV qurilmalari kabi qayta tiklanadigan, energiyaga asoslangan tarmoqdan tashqari mini-grid tizimlar muhim yechim hisoblanadi{{sfn|IEA|2021|pp=167–169}}. Ishonchli elektr energiyasidan kengroq foydalanish hozirda rivojlanayotgan dunyoda keng tarqalgan kerosinli yoritish va dizel generatorlaridan kamroq foydalanishga olib keladi{{Sfn|United Nations Development Programme|2016}}.

Qayta tiklanadigan elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish, saqlash uchun infratuzilma akkumulyatorlariga [[kobalt]] va [[litiy]], quyosh panellari uchun [[mis]] kabi minerallarni talab qiladi<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|last=Herrington|first1=Richard|date=2021|title=Mining our green future|journal=[[Nature Reviews Materials]]|volume=6|issue=6|pages=456–458|bibcode=2021NatRM...6..456H|doi=10.1038/s41578-021-00325-9|issn=2058-8437}}</ref>. Agar mahsulotning real hayotga tatbiqi yaxshi ishlab chiqilgan boʻlsa, qayta ishlash ushbu talabning bir qismini qondirishi mumkin. Ammo sof nol emissiyaga erishish hali ham 17 turdagi metallar va minerallarni qazib olishni sezilarli darajada oshirishni talab qiladi<ref name=":19" />. Kichkina mamlakatlar yoki kompaniyalar guruhi baʼzan bu tovarlar bozorida hukmronlik qiladi va bu geosiyosiy xavotirlarni keltirib chiqaradi<ref name=":20">{{Citec|last=Mudd|first=Gavin M.|year=2020|in=Letcher|pp=723–724|chapter=Metals and Elements Needed to Support Future Energy Systems}}</ref>. Masalan, dunyodagi kobaltning katta qismi Kongo Demokratik Respublikasida qazib olinadi. Bu yerda konchilik koʻpincha inson huquqlari bilan bogʻliq boʻlgan siyosiy jihatdan beqaror mintaqadir<ref name=":19" />. Turli xil geografik tizimlar yanada moslashuvchan va kamroq moʻrt taʼminot zanjirini taʼminlashi mumkin<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Babbitt|first1=Callie W.|date=2020|title=Sustainability perspectives on lithium-ion batteries|journal=[[Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy]]|volume=22|issue=6|pages=1213–1214|doi=10.1007/s10098-020-01890-3|issn=1618-9558}}</ref>.

=== Vodorod ===
Vodorod issiqlik hosil qilish uchun yoqilishi yoki toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish uchun yoqilgʻi sifatida [[kislorod]] bilan birlashtirilishi mumkin boʻlgan gazdir. Vodorodning umumiy hayot aylanishi emissiyasi uning qanday ishlab chiqarilganiga bogʻliq. Dunyodagi deyarli barcha vodorod zaxiralari qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilardan hosil boʻladi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Reed |first=Stanley |last2=Ewing |first2=Jack |date=2021-07-13 |title=Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/13/business/hydrogen-climate-change.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714190628/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/13/business/hydrogen-climate-change.html |archive-date=14 July 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|IRENA|2019|p=9}}.</ref>. Asosiy usul bugʻ metan reformatsiyasi boʻlib, unda vodorod bugʻi va [[metan]] oʻrtasidagi kimyoviy reaksiya natijasida hosil boʻladi. Ushbu jarayon orqali bir tonna vodorod ishlab chiqarish 6,6—9,3 tonna karbonat angidridni chiqaradi<ref name=":7">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Bonheure |ism=Mike |sana=March 2021 |sarlavha=Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries |url=https://www.aiche-cep.com/cepmagazine/march_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1663852 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132733/https://www.aiche-cep.com/cepmagazine/march_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1663852 |arxivsana=17 July 2021 |qaralgan sana=6 July 2021 |ish=CEP Magazine |nashriyot=[[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]]}}</ref>. Uglerodni saqlab turish ushbu chiqindilarning katta qismini olib tashlashi mumkin<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621003017?dgcid=coauthor|journal=[[Energy Research & Social Science]]|volume=80|page=39|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208|issn=2214-6296|first1=Steve|last=Griffiths|first2=Benjamin K.|last2=Sovacool|first3=Jinsoo|last3=Kim|first4=Morgan|last4=Bazilian|first5=Joao M.|last5=Uratani|display-authors=4|access-date=11 September 2021|archivedate=16 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016205152/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214629621003017?dgcid=coauthor}}</ref>.

Elektr energiyasi barqaror ishlab chiqarilgan boʻlsa, vodorod ishlab chiqargan suv molekulalarini ajratish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Biroq, bu [[elektroliz]] jarayoni hozirgi vaqtda metandan vodorod hosil qilishdan koʻra moliyaviy jihatdan qimmatroq va energiyani konversiyalash samaradorligi pastdir<ref name=":18">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Evans |ism=Simon |sana=30 November 2020 |sarlavha=In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change |qaralgan sana=1 December 2020 |ish=[[Carbon Brief]] |arxivsana=1 December 2020 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155033/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change}}</ref>. Vodorod oʻzgaruvchan qayta tiklanadigan elektr energiyasi ortiqcha boʻlganda ishlab chiqarilishi mumkin<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Palys|first1=Matthew J.|last2=Daoutidis|first2=Prodromos|date=2020|title=Using hydrogen and ammonia for renewable energy storage: A geographically comprehensive techno-economic study|journal=[[Computers & Chemical Engineering]]|volume=136|pages=106785|doi=10.1016/j.compchemeng.2020.106785|issn=0098-1354}}</ref>. Keyinchalik u [[ammiak]] va [[metanol]] kabi sintetik yoqilgʻiga aylantiriladi{{Sfn|IRENA|2021|pp=12, 22}}.

[[Suvning elektrolizi|Vodorod elektrolizatorlaridagi]] [[Innovatsiya|innovatsiyalar]] elektr energiyasidan vodorodni keng koʻlamli ishlab chiqarishni raqobatbardoshroq qilish imkonini beradi{{sfn|IEA|2021|pp=15, 75–76}}. [[Vodorod energiya tizimlari|Vodorod energiya tizimlarini]] dekarbonizatsiya qilishda muhim rol oʻynaydi. Chunki baʼzi tarmoqlarda qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilarni elektr energiyasidan toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri ishlatish bilan almashtirish juda qiyin boʻladi<ref name=":18">{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Evans |ism=Simon |sana=30 November 2020 |sarlavha=In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change |qaralgan sana=1 December 2020 |ish=[[Carbon Brief]] |arxivsana=1 December 2020 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201155033/https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change}}</ref>. Vodorod yoqilgʻisi [[poʻlat]], [[sement]], [[shisha]] va [[Kimyoviy moddalar|kimyoviy moddalarni]] sanoatda ishlab chiqarish uchun zarur boʻlgan kuchli issiqlikni hosil qiladi. Poʻlat ishlab chiqarish uchun vodorod toza energiya tashuvchisi va bir vaqtning oʻzida koʻmirdan olingan [[koks]] oʻrnini bosuvchi past uglerodli katalizator sifatida ishlatilinadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Blank |ism=Thomas |sana=January 2020 |sarlavha=Hydrogen's Decarbonization Impact for Industry |url=https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hydrogen_insight_brief.pdf |sahifalar=2, 7, 8 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922115313/https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hydrogen_insight_brief.pdf |arxivsana=22 September 2020 |qaralgan sana= |nashriyot=[[Rocky Mountain Institute]]}}</ref>. Energiya tashuvchisi sifatida vodorodning kamchiliklari orasida vodorodning portlash qobiliyati, uning boshqa yoqilgʻilarga nisbatan katta hajmi va quvurlarni moʻrt qilish tendensiyasi tufayli saqlash, tarqatish uchun yuqori xarajatlar sarflanadi<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629621003017?dgcid=coauthor|journal=[[Energy Research & Social Science]]|volume=80|page=39|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208|issn=2214-6296|first1=Steve|last=Griffiths|first2=Benjamin K.|last2=Sovacool|first3=Jinsoo|last3=Kim|first4=Morgan|last4=Bazilian|first5=Joao M.|last5=Uratani|display-authors=4|access-date=11 September 2021|archivedate=16 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016205152/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214629621003017?dgcid=coauthor}}</ref>.

=== Energiyadan foydalanish texnologiyalari ===

==== Transport ====
[[Fayl:Hornby_Street_Separated_Bike_Lane.jpg|alt=Group of cyclists using a bike lane in Vancouver, Canada|right|thumb| [[Vancouver|Vancouverdagi]] velosiped yoʻli kabi kommunal velosiped infratuzilmasi barqaror transportni ragʻbatlantiradi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fraser|first1=Simon D.S.|last2=Lock|first2=Karen|title=Cycling for transport and public health: a systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling|journal=[[European Journal of Public Health]]|date=December 2011|volume=21|issue=6|pages=738–743|doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckq145|pmid=20929903}}</ref>.]]
Global issiqxona gazlari emissiyasining 14% i transportlardan chiqadigan zararli gazlar hissasiga toʻgʻri keladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=2016-01-12 |sarlavha=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |qaralgan sana=2021-10-15 |nashriyot=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |arxivsana=5 December 2019 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data}}</ref>. Ammo transportni yanada barqaror qilishning koʻplab usullari mavjud. [[Jamoat transporti]] odatda shaxsiy transport vositalariga qaraganda bir yoʻlovchiga kamroq issiqxona gazlarini chiqaradi. Chunki poyezdlar va avtobuslar bir vaqtning oʻzida koʻproq yoʻlovchilarni tashishi mumkin<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bigazzi|first1=Alexander|date=2019|title=Comparison of marginal and average emission factors for passenger transportation modes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626191930580X|journal=[[Applied Energy]]|volume=242|pages=1460–1466|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.172|issn=0306-2619|access-date=8 February 2021|archivedate=17 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132723/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030626191930580X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schäfer|first1=Andreas W.|last2=Yeh|first2=Sonia|date=2020|title=A holistic analysis of passenger travel energy and greenhouse gas intensities|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0514-9|journal=[[Nature Sustainability]]|volume=3|issue=6|pages=459–462|doi=10.1038/s41893-020-0514-9|issn=2398-9629|archivedate=19 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119120001/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0514-9}}</ref>. Qisqa masofaga parvozlar tezyurar temir yoʻl bilan almashtirilishi, ayniqsa elektrlashtirilganda anchagina samaraliroq boʻladi{{Sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2020}}{{sfn|IEA|2021|p=137}}. [[Piyoda]] va [[Velosiped|velosipedda]] yurish kabi motorsiz transportni targʻib qilish, ayniqsa shaharlarda, havoni toza va yanada sogʻlomroq qiladi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pucher|first1=John|last2=Buehler|first2=Ralph|date=2017|title=Cycling towards a more sustainable transport future|journal=[[Transport Reviews]]|volume=37|issue=6|pages=689–694|doi=10.1080/01441647.2017.1340234|issn=0144-1647}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Smith |ism=John |sana=22 September 2016 |sarlavha=Sustainable transport |url=https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/sustainable-transport_en |qaralgan sana=22 October 2021 |nashriyot=[[European Commission]] |arxivsana=22 October 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022074150/https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/sustainable-transport_en}}</ref>.

Vaqt oʻtishi bilan avtomobillarning energiya samaradorligi ortib boradi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Knobloch|first1=Florian|last2=Hanssen|first2=Steef V.|last3=Lam|first3=Aileen|last4=Pollitt|first4=Hector|last5=Salas|first5=Pablo|last6=Chewpreecha|first6=Unnada|last7=Huijbregts|first7=Mark A. J.|last8=Mercure|first8=Jean-Francois|display-authors=4|date=2020|title=Net emission reductions from electric cars and heat pumps in 59 world regions over time|journal=[[Nature Sustainability]]|volume=3|issue=6|pages=437–447|doi=10.1038/s41893-020-0488-7|pmid=32572385|issn=2398-9629|pmc=7308170}}</ref>. Ammo elektr transport vositalariga oʻtish transportni karbonsizlantirish va havo ifloslanishini kamaytirish yoʻlidagi muhim qadamdir<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Bogdanov|first1=Dmitrii|last2=Farfan|first2=Javier|last3=Sadovskaia|first3=Kristina|last4=Aghahosseini|first4=Arman|last5=Child|first5=Michael|last6=Gulagi|first6=Ashish|last7=Oyewo|first7=Ayobami Solomon|last8=de Souza Noel Simas Barbosa|first8=Larissa|last9=Breyer|first9=Christian|display-authors=4|date=2019|title=Radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps|url=|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1077|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1077B|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-08855-1|issn=|pmc=6403340|pmid=30842423}}</ref>. Yoʻl harakati bilan bogʻliq havo ifloslanishining katta qismini yoʻl changlari, shinalar va tormoz qismlarining eskirishi natijasida hosil boʻlgan zarrachalar tashkil qiladi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |last=Martini |first=Giorgio |url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC89231 |title=Non-exhaust traffic related emissions – Brake and tyre wear PM. EUR 26648. |date=2014 |publisher=[[Publications Office of the European Union]] |isbn=978-92-79-38303-8 |pages=42 |oclc=1044281650}}</ref>. Elektrlashtirish yoʻli bilan bu tizimlardan ifloslanishni sezilarli darajada kamaytirishga erishib boʻlmaydi. Bu oʻz navbatida transport vositalarini kamaytirish va ularni kamroq haydash kabi choralarni talab qiladi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/non-exhaust-particulate-emissions-from-road-transport_4a4dc6ca-en |title=Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport: An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge |date=2020 |publisher=[[OECD]] Publishing |isbn=978-92-64-45244-2 |pages=8–9 |chapter=Executive Summary |doi=10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en}}</ref>. Ayniqsa, yengil avtomobillar [[Elektr batareyasi|akkumulyator texnologiyasidan]] foydalangan holda karbonsizlanish uchun asosiy nomzoddir. Dunyodagi [[Karbonat angidrid|CO<sub>2</sub>]] chiqindilarining 25% i hali ham transport sektoridan kelib chiqadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha={{CO2}} performance of new passenger cars in Europe |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/co2-performance-of-new-passenger |qaralgan sana=2022-10-19 |ish=www.eea.europa.eu |til=en}}</ref>.

Uzoq masofalarga yuk tashish va aviatsiya, zamonaviy texnologiyalar bilan elektrlashtirish qiyin boʻlgan tarmoqlardir. Asosan uzoq masofalarga sayohat qilish uchun zarur boʻlgan batareyalarning ogʻirligi, batareyani zaryadlash vaqtlari va batareyaning ishlash muddati cheklanganligi asosiy sababdir{{sfn|IEA|2021|pp=133–137}}<ref name=":2">{{Kitob manbasi |date=19 May 2021 |title=Climate change: science and solutions |url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/climate-change-science-solutions/ |chapter=Climate change and batteries: the search for future power storage solutions |chapterurl=https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/climate-change-science-solutions/climate-science-solutions-batteries.pdf |accessdate=15 October 2021 |publisher=[[The Royal Society]]}}</ref>. [[Dengiz]] va [[temir yoʻl]] orqali yuk tashish, [[havo]] va [[Avtomobil|avtomobilga]] qaraganda ancha barqarordir<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Rail and waterborne – best for low-carbon motorised transport |nashriyot=[[European Environment Agency]] |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/rail-and-waterborne-transport |qaralgan sana=2021-10-15 |arxivsana=9 October 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009064539/https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/rail-and-waterborne-transport}}</ref>. Vodorodli transport vositalari yuk mashinalari kabi kattaroq transport vositalari uchun muqobil variant boʻlishi mumkin<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Miller |ism=Joe |sana=9 September 2020 |sarlavha=Hydrogen takes a back seat to electric for passenger vehicles |url=https://www.ft.com/content/98a386ee-1a04-40fd-b6a4-8cf13ff1d0da |qaralgan sana=9 September 2020 |ish=[[Financial Times]] |arxivsana=20 September 2020 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920154027/https://www.ft.com/content/98a386ee-1a04-40fd-b6a4-8cf13ff1d0da}}</ref>. Yuk tashish va aviatsiya chiqindilarini kamaytirish uchun zarur boʻlgan koʻplab texnikalar hali ishlab chiqarilishning birinchi bosqichida. [[Ammiak]] (vodoroddan ishlab chiqarilgan) yoqilgʻi tashish uchun istiqbolli nomzoddir{{Sfn|IEA|2021|pp=136, 139}}. [[Aviatsiya]] bioyoqilgʻisi bioenergiyadan eng yaxshi foydalanish usullaridan biri boʻlishi mumkin<ref name="Biomass in a low-carbon economy">{{Cite report|url=https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/biomass-in-a-low-carbon-economy/|title=Biomass in a low-carbon economy|date=November 2018|publisher=UK [[Committee on Climate Change]]|page=18|access-date=28 December 2019|archivedate=28 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228191428/https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/biomass-in-a-low-carbon-economy/}}</ref>.

==== Binolar va oziq-ovqat ====
[[Fayl:Aghazade_mansion.jpg|alt=Building with windcatcher towers|thumb| Erondagi shamol ushlagich minoralari kabi passiv sovutish tizimlari energiyadan foydalanmasdan binolarga salqin havo olib kiradi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Abdolhamidi |ism=Shervin |sana=27 September 2018 |sarlavha=An ancient engineering feat that harnessed the wind |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180926-an-ancient-engineering-feat-that-harnessed-the-wind |qaralgan sana=2021-08-12 |nashriyot=[[BBC]] |arxivsana=12 August 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812203754/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180926-an-ancient-engineering-feat-that-harnessed-the-wind}}</ref>.]]
[[Fayl:Kookplaat_inductie.JPG|alt=Electric induction oven|thumb|Ovqat pishirish uchun elektr induksion pechkalari energiya tejaydigan va xavfsiz variantlardan biridir{{Sfn|Smith|Pillarisetti|2017}}<ref>{{Veb manbasi |nashriyot=[[Natural Resources Canada]] |sana=16 January 2013 |sarlavha=Cooking appliances |url=https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/products/product-information/appliances-for-residential-use/cooking-appliances/13987 |qaralgan sana=30 July 2021 |arxivsana=30 July 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730185801/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/products/product-information/appliances-for-residential-use/cooking-appliances/13987}}</ref>.]]
Energiyaning uchdan bir qismidan koʻprogʻi binolar va ularning [[Qurilish|qurilishiga]] toʻgʻri keladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Buildings |url=https://www.iea.org/topics/buildings |qaralgan sana=2021-10-15 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]] |arxivsana=14 October 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014223318/https://www.iea.org/topics/buildings}}</ref>. Binolarni isitish, [[Issiqlik nasosi|issiqlik nasoslari]] yoki elektr isitgichlar orqali elektrlashtirish, geotermal energiya, markaziy quyosh isitish tizimi, [[Chiqindi|chiqindidan]] hosil boʻlgan issiqlikdan qayta foydalanish, mavsumiy issiqlik energiyasini saqlashni oʻz ichiga oladi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mortensen|first1=Anders Winther|last2=Mathiesen|first2=Brian Vad|last3=Hansen|first3=Anders Bavnhøj|last4=Pedersen|first4=Sigurd Lauge|last5=Grandal|first5=Rune Duban|last6=Wenzel|first6=Henrik|display-authors=4|date=2020|title=The role of electrification and hydrogen in breaking the biomass bottleneck of the renewable energy system – A study on the Danish energy system|journal=[[Applied Energy]]|volume=275|pages=115331|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115331|issn=0306-2619}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Knobloch|first1=Florian|last2=Pollitt|first2=Hector|last3=Chewpreecha|first3=Unnada|last4=Daioglou|first4=Vassilis|last5=Mercure|first5=Jean-Francois|display-authors=4|date=2019|title=Simulating the deep decarbonisation of residential heating for limiting global warming to 1.5&nbsp;°C|journal=[[Energy Efficiency (journal)|Energy Efficiency]]|volume=12|issue=2|pages=521–550|doi=10.1007/s12053-018-9710-0|issn=1570-6478}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alva|first1=Guruprasad|last2=Lin|first2=Yaxue|last3=Fang|first3=Guiyin|date=2018|title=An overview of thermal energy storage systems|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036054421732056X|journal=[[Energy (journal)|Energy]]|volume=144|pages=341–378|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.037|issn=0360-5442|access-date=28 November 2020|archivedate=17 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132734/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S036054421732056X}}</ref>. Issiqlik nasoslari bitta qurilma orqali issiqlik va konditsioner oʻrnini bosadi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Plumer |first=Brad |date=2021-06-30 |title=Are 'Heat Pumps' the Answer to Heat Waves? Some Cities Think So. |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910154532/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/30/climate/heat-pumps-climate.html |archive-date=10 September 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>. [[IEA]] hisob-kitoblariga koʻra, issiqlik nasoslari butun dunyo boʻylab suv isitish ehtiyojlarining 90% dan ortigʻini taʼminlashi mumkin<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Abergel |ism=Thibaut |sana=June 2020 |sarlavha=Heat Pumps |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/heat-pumps |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303162213/https://www.iea.org/reports/heat-pumps |arxivsana=3 March 2021 |qaralgan sana=12 April 2021 |nashriyot=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]}}</ref>.

Binolarni isitishning yuqori samarali usuli — markazlashtirilgan joyda issiqlik hosil qilish va keyin [[Quvur|quvurlar]] orqali bir nechta binolarga tarqatiladigan markaziy isitish tizimidir. Anʼanaga koʻra, markaziy isitish tizimlarining aksariyati qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻidan foydalanadi. Ammo zamonaviy markazlashtirilgan isitish tizimlari qayta tiklanadigan energiyaning yuqori ulushlaridan foydalanishga moʻljallangan<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buffa|first1=Simone|last2=Cozzini|first2=Marco|last3=D'Antoni|first3=Matteo|last4=Baratieri|first4=Marco|last5=Fedrizzi|first5=Roberto|display-authors=4|date=2019|title=5th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe|journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]]|volume=104|pages=504–522|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lund|first1=Henrik|author-link=Henrik Lund (academic)|last2=Werner|first2=Sven|last3=Wiltshire|first3=Robin|last4=Svendsen|first4=Svend|last5=Thorsen|first5=Jan Eric|last6=Hvelplund|first6=Frede|last7=Mathiesen|first7=Brian Vad|display-authors=4|date=2014|title=4th Generation District Heating (4GDH)|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544214002369|journal=[[Energy (journal)|Energy]]|volume=68|pages=1–11|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089|access-date=13 June 2021|archivedate=7 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307230126/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360544214002369}}</ref>.

Passiv binolarni loyihalash, binolarni isitish taʼsirini kamaytiradigan rejalashtirish va bir nechta binolarni sovuq suv bilan sovutadigan tuman sovutish tizimlari orqali samaraliroq qilish mumkin<ref>{{Veb manbasi |nashriyot=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |sana=22 July 2020 |sarlavha=How cities are using nature to keep heatwaves at bay |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-cities-are-using-nature-keep-heatwaves-bay |qaralgan sana=11 September 2021 |arxivsana=11 September 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911225833/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-cities-are-using-nature-keep-heatwaves-bay}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{Veb manbasi |sana=23 May 2019 |sarlavha=Four Things You Should Know About Sustainable Cooling |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/05/23/four-things-you-should-know-about-sustainable-cooling |qaralgan sana=2021-09-11 |nashriyot=[[World Bank]] |arxivsana=11 September 2021 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911232205/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/05/23/four-things-you-should-know-about-sustainable-cooling}}</ref>. [[Havoni konditsirlash|Konditsioner]] katta miqdorda elektr energiyasini talab qiladi va har doim ham kambagʻal uy xoʻjaliklari uchun mos emas<ref name=":26" />. Baʼzi konditsionerlar hali ham issiqxona gazlari boʻlgan sovutgichlardan foydalanadi. Chunki baʼzi mamlakatlar faqat [[Iqlim|iqlimga]] mos sovutgichlardan foydalanish uchun Kigali tuzilishni ratifikatsiya qilmagan<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mastrucci|first1=Alessio|last2=Byers|first2=Edward|last3=Pachauri|first3=Shonali|last4=Rao|first4=Narasimha D.|date=2019|title=Improving the SDG energy poverty targets: Residential cooling needs in the Global South|journal=[[Energy and Buildings]]|volume=186|pages=405–415|doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.01.015|issn=0378-7788}}</ref>.

Aholi energiya qashshoqligidan aziyat chekayotgan rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarda ovqat tayyorlash uchun koʻpincha yogʻoch yoki [[hayvon]] goʻngi kabi ifloslantiruvchi yoqilgʻidan foydalaniladi. Ushbu [[Yoqilgʻi|yoqilgʻilar]] bilan ovqat pishirish odatda barqaror emas. Chunki ular zararli tutun chiqaradi va oʻtinni yigʻish oʻrmon degradatsiyasiga olib kelishi mumkin<ref>{{Cite report|last=[[World Health Organization]]|last2=[[International Energy Agency]]|last3=[[Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves]]|last4=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|last5=Energising Development|last6=[[World Bank]]|date=2018|title=Accelerating SDG 7 Achievement Policy Brief 02: Achieving Universal Access to Clean and Modern Cooking Fuels, Technologies and Services|publisher=[[United Nations]]|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/17465PB2.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318023046/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/17465PB2.pdf|archivedate=18 March 2021|page=3}}</ref>. Boy mamlakatlarda allaqachon mavjud boʻlgan toza pishirish uskunalari{{Sfn|Smith|Pillarisetti|2017}} salomatlikni keskin yaxshilaydi va iqlimga minimal salbiy taʼsir koʻrsatadi{{sfn|World Health Organization|2016|p=75}}{{sfn|IPCC|2014|p=29}}. Biogaz tizimlari baʼzi kontekstlarda istiqbolli alternativ hisoblanadi{{Sfn|Smith|Pillarisetti|2017}}. Anʼanaviy pechkalarga qaraganda biomassani samaraliroq yoqadigan yaxshilangan pechkalar, toza pishirish tizimlariga oʻtish qiyin boʻlgan vaqtinchalik yechimdir{{sfn|World Health Organization|2016|p=12}}.

==== Sanoat ====
Energiyadan foydalanishning uchdan bir qismi sanoat tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. Bu energiyaning katta qismi termal jarayonlarga sarflanadi: issiqlik hosil qilish, quritish va sovutish. [[Qayta tiklanadigan energiya|Qayta tiklanadigan energiyaning]] sanoatdagi ulushi 2017-yilda 14,5% ni tashkil etdi. Bu asosan bioenergiya va elektr energiyasi bilan taʼminlangan past haroratli issiqlikdir. Sanoatdagi eng koʻp energiya talab qiladigan faoliyat, qayta tiklanadigan energiyaning eng past ulushiga teng. Chunki ular {{Convert|200|C|sigfig=2}} dan yuqori haroratlarda issiqlik ishlab chiqarishda cheklovlarga duch kelishadi{{Sfn|REN21|2020|p=40}}.

Baʼzi sanoat jarayonlari issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarini yoʻq qilish uchun hali moslashmagan{{Sfn|IEA|2020|p=135}}. Masalan, poʻlat ishlab chiqarishni elektrlashtirish qiyin. Chunki u anʼanaviy ravishda koʻmirdan olinadigan [[Koks|koksdan]] juda yuqori haroratli issiqlik hosil qilish va poʻlatning oʻzida tarkibiy qism sifatida ishlatilinadi{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|p=50}}. [[Plastmassa]], [[sement]] va oʻgʻitlar ishlab chiqarish ham katta miqdorda energiya talab qiladi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Åhman|first1=Max|last2=Nilsson|first2=Lars J.|last3=Johansson|first3=Bengt|date=2017|title=Global climate policy and deep decarbonization of energy-intensive industries|journal=[[Climate Policy (journal)|Climate Policy]]|volume=17|issue=5|pages=634–649|doi=10.1080/14693062.2016.1167009|issn=1469-3062}}</ref>. [[Aylanma iqtisodiyot|Aylanma iqtisodiyotga]] oʻtish sanoatni yanada barqaror qiladi. Chunki u koʻproq qayta ishlashni oʻz ichiga oladi va shu tariqa yangi [[Xom ashyo|xom ashyoni]] qazib olish, qayta ishlash uchun energiya sarflashga qaraganda kamroq energiya sarflaydi{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|p=xxiii}}.

== Hukumat siyosati ==
{{Quote box|„Yangi energiya texnologiyalarini bozorga chiqarish koʻpincha bir necha oʻn yillar davom etishi mumkin, ammo 2050-yilga kelib global miqyosda toza nol emissiyaga erishish zarurati taraqqiyot ancha tezroq boʻlishi kerakligini anglatadi. Tajriba shuni koʻrsatadiki, yangi texnologiyani bozorga chiqarish va uni keng tarqatish uchun zarur boʻlgan vaqtni qisqartirishda hukumatning oʻrni juda muhim“.|[[Xalqaro energiya agentligi]] (2021){{sfn|IEA|2021|p=186}}|width=35%|align=}}
[[Fayl:MicrocityCarSharingHangzhou.jpg|alt=Photograph of a row of cars plugged into squat metal boxes under a roof|thumb|Bir qancha davlatlar va Yevropa Ittifoqi barcha yangi avtomobillar, emissiyasi nol boʻlgan avtomobillar boʻlishini maʼlum qildi{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|pp=28–36}}.]]
[[Energiya]] tizimini oʻzgartirishga yordam beradigan yaxshi ishlab chiqilgan hukumat siyosati issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarini kamaytirishi va bir vaqtning oʻzida havo sifatini yaxshilashi mumkin. Koʻp hollarda esa [[Energiya xavfsizligi|energiya xavfsizligini]] oshirish va energiyadan foydalanishning moliyaviy yukini kamaytiradi{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|pp=39–45}}.

Atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish qoidalari 1970-yillardan beri energiyadan yanada barqaror foydalanishni ragʻbatlantirish uchun qoʻllanilmoqda{{sfn|Jaccard|2020|loc=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/citizens-guide-to-climate-success/we-must-price-carbon-emissions/66AEBB8BE9A7F7760DC1BCE3A9C50748 Chapter 6 – We Must Price Carbon Emissions"]|p=109}}. Baʼzi hukumatlar koʻmirda ishlaydigan elektr stansiyalarini bosqichma-bosqich toʻxtatish va yangi [[Uglevodorodlarni qidirish|qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻi qidirishni]] tugatish majburiyatini oldilar. Hukumatlar yangi avtomobillarni elektrlashtirishni yoki yangi binolarni gaz oʻrniga elektr energiyasi bilan isitishni talab qilishi mumkin{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|pp=28–36}}. Bir necha mamlakatlar qayta tiklanadigan portfel standartlari, kommunal xizmatlardan qayta tiklanadigan manbalari ishlab chiqaradigan elektr energiyasi foizini oshirishni talab qilmoqda<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Ciucci |ism=M. |sana=February 2020 |sarlavha=Renewable Energy |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/70/renewable-energy |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604182037/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/70/renewable-energy |arxivsana=4 June 2020 |qaralgan sana=3 June 2020 |nashriyot=[[European Parliament]]}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |sana=17 April 2020 |sarlavha=State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603174312/https://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx |arxivsana=3 June 2020 |qaralgan sana=3 June 2020 |nashriyot=[[National Conference of State Legislators]]}}</ref>.

Hukumatlar uzoq masofali elektr uzatish liniyalari, aqlli tarmoqlar va vodorod quvurlari kabi infratuzilmani rivojlantirish orqali energiya tizimini oʻzgartirishni tezlashtirishi mumkin{{sfn|IEA|2021|pp=14–25}}. [[Transport|Transportga]] tegishli infratuzilma va imtiyozlar sayohatni yanada samaraliroq qiladi{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|pp=39–45}}. Kenglikni cheklaydigan [[shaharsozlik]], binolar energiya sarfini kamaytirishi va hayot sifatini oshirishi mumkin{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|pp=39–45}}. Hukumat tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan tadqiqotlar, xaridlar va ragʻbatlantirish siyosati tarixan quyosh [[lityum]] batareyalar kabi toza energiya texnologiyalarini ishlab chiqishda muhim qadamdir{{sfn|IEA|2021|pp=184–187}}. IEA rejasida 2050-yilga borib nol emissiyali energiya tizimini yaratish uchun davlat mablagʻlari bir qator yangi texnologiyalarni namoyish qilish bosqichiga olib chiqish va joriy etishni ragʻbatlantirish uchun tezlik bilan safarbar qilinadi{{sfn|IEA|2021|p=16}}.

Uglerod narxini belgilash (masalan, CO<sub>2</sub> emissiyasiga soliq) sanoat va isteʼmolchilarga emissiyalarni kamaytirish uchun ragʻbatdir. Masalan, ular kam emissiyali energiya manbalariga oʻtishlari, energiya samaradorligini oshirishlari yoki energiyani koʻp talab qiladigan mahsulot va xizmatlardan foydalanishni kamaytirishlari mumkin{{sfn|Jaccard|2020|pp=106–109|loc=[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/citizens-guide-to-climate-success/we-must-price-carbon-emissions/66AEBB8BE9A7F7760DC1BCE3A9C50748 Chapter 6 – "We Must Price Carbon Emissions"]}}. Baʼzi yurisdiksiyalarda uglerod narxi kuchli siyosiy zarbaga duch kelmoqda<ref name="Plumer">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Plumer |first=Brad |date=2018-10-08 |title=New U.N. Climate Report Says Put a High Price on Carbon |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/08/climate/carbon-tax-united-nations-report-nordhaus.html |url-status=live |access-date=2019-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927002827/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/08/climate/carbon-tax-united-nations-report-nordhaus.html |archive-date=27 September 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first1=Jessica F.|date=2021|title=Does carbon pricing reduce emissions? A review of ex-post analyses|journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]]|volume=16|issue=4|pages=043004|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abdae9|bibcode=2021ERL....16d3004G|issn=1748-9326}}</ref>. Koʻpgina tadqiqotlar shuni koʻrsatadiki, global isish 1,5 °C gacha cheklanishi kerak{{sfn|IPCC|2018|loc=2.5.2.1}}. 2019-yil holatiga koʻra, koʻp mintaqalarda uglerod narxi [[Parij kelishuvi]] maqsadlariga erishish uchun juda past holatdaligi eʼlon qilindi<ref>
{{Cite report|ref={{harvid|World Bank, June|2019}}|title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/191801559846379845/pdf/State-and-Trends-of-Carbon-Pricing-2019.pdf|date=June 2019|publisher=[[World Bank]]|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-1435-8|archivedate=6 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506210943/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/191801559846379845/pdf/State-and-Trends-of-Carbon-Pricing-2019.pdf|pages=8-11|isbn=978-1-4648-1435-8}}
</ref>. [[Uglerod]] soligʻi boshqa soliqlarni kamaytirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin boʻlgan daromad manbasini taʼminlaydi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif= |ism= |sana= |sarlavha=Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax {{!}} Canada |url=https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/financing-for-climate-friendly/revenue-neutral-carbon-tax |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028052504/https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/financing-for-climate-friendly/revenue-neutral-carbon-tax |arxivsana=28 October 2019 |qaralgan sana=28 October 2019 |nashriyot=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]}}</ref> yoki kam daromadli uy xoʻjaliklariga yuqori energiya xarajatlarini toʻlashga yordam beradi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Carr |first=Mathew |date=10 October 2018 |title=How High Does Carbon Need to Be? Somewhere From $20–$27,000 |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-10/how-much-does-carbon-need-to-cost-somewhere-from-20-to-27-000 |url-status=live |access-date=2019-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805224854/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-10/how-much-does-carbon-need-to-cost-somewhere-from-20-to-27-000 |archive-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>. Yevropa Ittifoqi va Buyuk Britaniya kabi baʼzi davlatlar uglerod chegarasini tuzatishdan foydalanishni oʻrganmoqda<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=EAC launches new inquiry weighing up carbon border tax measures |sana=24 September 2021 |nashriyot=[[UK Parliament]] |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/62/environmental-audit-committee/news/157728/eac-launches-new-inquiry-weighing-up-carbon-border-tax-measures/ |qaralgan sana=2021-10-14 |arxivsana=2021-09-24 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924120030/https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/62/environmental-audit-committee/news/157728/eac-launches-new-inquiry-weighing-up-carbon-border-tax-measures/}}</ref>. Bular ichki uglerod narxlariga qaram boʻlgan tarmoqlar raqobatbardosh boʻlib qolishini taʼminlash uchun kamroq qattiq iqlim siyosatiga ega boʻlgan mamlakatlardan import qilinadigan tariflarni oʻrnatadi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Plumer |first=Brad |date=2021-07-14 |title=Europe Is Proposing a Border Carbon Tax. What Is It and How Will It Work? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/14/climate/carbon-border-tax.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910225727/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/14/climate/carbon-border-tax.html |archive-date=10 September 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Bharti |first=Bianca |date=2021-08-12 |title=Taxing imports of heavy carbon emitters is gaining momentum – and it could hurt Canadian industry: Report |work=[[Financial Post]] |url=https://financialpost.com/news/economy/border-carbon-adjustments-canada-eu-import-carbon-tax |url-status=live |access-date=2021-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003181112/https://financialpost.com/news/economy/border-carbon-adjustments-canada-eu-import-carbon-tax |archive-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>.

[[2020-yil|2020-yildan]] boshlangan siyosat islohotlarining koʻlami va sur’ati Parij kelishuvining iqlim boʻyicha maqsadlarini amalga oshirish uchun zarur boʻlganidan ancha pastdir{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2020|p=vii}}{{sfn|IEA|2021|p=13}}. Ichki siyosatga qoʻshimcha ravishda, innovatsiyalarni tezlashtirish va kambagʻal mamlakatlarga energiyadan toʻliq foydalanish uchun barqaror yoʻlni yaratishda yordam berish uchun kengroq xalqaro hamkorlikni talab qilinadi{{sfn|IEA|2021|pp=14–18}}.

Mamlakatlar ish oʻrinlarini yaratish uchun [[qayta tiklanadigan energiya]] manbalarini qoʻllab-quvvatlashi mumkin{{Sfn|IRENA|IEA|REN21|2018}}. [[Xalqaro mehnat tashkiloti|Xalqaro mehnat tashkilotining]] hisob-kitoblariga koʻra, global isishni 2&nbsp;°C gacha cheklash boʻyicha saʼy-harakatlar iqtisodiyotning aksariyat tarmoqlarida aniq ish oʻrinlari yaratilishiga olib keladi<ref name=":21">{{Veb manbasi |sana=2018-05-14 |sarlavha=24&nbsp;million jobs to open up in the green economy |url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_628644/lang--en/index.htm |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213559/http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_628644/lang--en/index.htm |arxivsana=2 June 2021 |qaralgan sana=30 May 2021 |nashriyot=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref>. [[2030-yil|2030-yilgacha]] qayta tiklanadigan elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish, binolarning energiya samaradorligini oshirish va elektr transport vositalariga oʻtish kabi sohalarda million yangi ish oʻrni yaratiladi. Togʻ-kon sanoati va qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻi kabi sohalarda olti million ish oʻrni yoʻqoladi<ref name=":21" />. Hukumatlar tabiiy yoqilgʻi sanoatiga bogʻliq boʻlgan ishchilar va mintaqalarning muqobil iqtisodiy imkoniyatlarga ega boʻlishini taʼminlashi lozim{{sfn|United Nations Environment Programme|2019|pp=46–55}}.

== Iqtisod ==
[[Fayl:20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg|alt=Graph of global investment for renewable energy, electrified heat and transport, and other non-fossil-fuel energy sources|thumb| Elektrlashtirilgan transport qayta tiklanadigan energiyaga oʻtish uchun sarmoyaning asosiy yoʻnalishlaridan biri hisoblanadi.<ref name="BloombergNEF_20230126">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Catsaros |first=Oktavia |date=26 January 2023 |title=Global Low-Carbon Energy Technology Investment Surges Past 270 Trillion for the First Time |publisher=Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance) |location=Figure 1 |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-for-the-first-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522001857/https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-for-the-first-time/ |archive-date=22 May 2023 |quote=Defying supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic headwinds, 2022 energy transition investment jumped 31% to draw level with fossil fuels}}</ref><ref name=BNEF_20240130>{{cite web |title=Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report |url=https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-clean-energy-investment-jumps-17-hits-1-8-trillion-in-2023-according-to-bloombergnef-report/ |website=BNEF.com |publisher=Bloomberg NEF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628232137/https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-clean-energy-investment-jumps-17-hits-1-8-trillion-in-2023-according-to-bloombergnef-report/ |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |date=30 January 2024 |quote=Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards. |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[Innovatsiya|Innovatsiyalar]] va investitsiyalar uchun yetarli miqdorda pul toʻplash samarador energiyaga oʻtishning zaruriy shartidir<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Mazzucato|first1=Mariana|last2=Semieniuk|first2=Gregor|date=2018|title=Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and why it matters|journal=[[Technological Forecasting and Social Change]]|volume=127|pages=8–22|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.021|issn=0040-1625}}</ref>. IPCC global isishni 1,5 °C gacha cheklashni taxmin qilmoqda. [[2016-yil|2016-yildan]] [[2035-yil|2035-yilgacha]] energiya tizimiga har yili trillion dollar sarmoya kiritilishi kerak. Koʻpgina tadqiqotlar shuni koʻrsatadiki, jahon YaIMning 2,5% ga teng boʻlgan bu xarajatlar, iqtisodiy va sogʻliq uchun foyda bilan solishtirganda kichik boʻladi{{Sfn|United Nations Development Programme|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|2019}}. [[Kam uglerodli energiya]] texnologiyalari va energiya samaradorligiga oʻrtacha yillik investitsiyalar 2050-yilga borib 2015-yilga nisbatan olti barobar koʻp boʻlishi kerak{{sfn|IPCC|2018|page=96}}. Kam moliyalashtirish, ayniqsa, xususiy sektor uchun jozibador boʻlmagan kam rivojlangan mamlakatlarda keskin pastdir{{Sfn|IEA, IRENA, United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, World Health Organization|2021|pp=129, 132}}.

[[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti|Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining]] Iqlim oʻzgarishi boʻyicha doiraviy konvensiyasiga koʻra, iqlimni moliyalashtirish 681 dollarni tashkil qiladi{{Sfn|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|2018}}. Bularning aksariyati xususiy sektor investitsiyalari, davlat sektori investitsiyalari va energiya samaradorligiga ega xususiy sektor investitsiyalaridir{{sfn|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|2018|p=9}}. Iqlim oʻzgarishini yumshatish va moslashtirish uchun rivojlangan mamlakatlardan qashshoq mamlakatlarga yiliga 100 milliard dollar yoʻnaltiriladi. Biroq, bu maqsadga erishilmadi va taraqqiyotni oʻlchash noaniq [[buxgalteriya]] qoidalariga toʻsqinlik qildi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first1=J. Timmons|last2=Weikmans|first2=Romain|last3=Robinson|first3=Stacy-ann|last4=Ciplet|first4=David|last5=Khan|first5=Mizan|last6=Falzon|first6=Danielle|display-authors=4|date=2021|title=Rebooting a failed promise of climate finance|journal=[[Nature Climate Change]]|volume=11|issue=3|pages=180–182|bibcode=2021NatCC..11..180R|doi=10.1038/s41558-021-00990-2|issn=1758-6798}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Radwanski |first=Adam |date=2021-09-29 |title=Opinion: As pivotal climate summit approaches, Canada at centre of efforts to repair broken trust among poorer countries |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/commentary/article-as-pivotal-climate-summit-approaches-canada-at-centre-of-efforts-to/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930050603/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/commentary/article-as-pivotal-climate-summit-approaches-canada-at-centre-of-efforts-to/ |archive-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>. Agar kimyoviy moddalar, oʻgʻitlar, [[keramika]], [[poʻlat]] va [[Rangli metal|rangli metallar]] kabi energiyani koʻp talab qiladigan korxonalar ilmiy-tadqiqot ishlariga sezilarli darajada sarmoya kiritsa, sanoatda foydalaniladigan barcha energiyaning 5% dan 20% gacha boʻlgan qismini tejab qolish mumkin<ref name=":78">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Here are the clean energy innovations that will beat climate change |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/green-energy-innovation |qaralgan sana=2022-09-26 |ish=European Investment Bank |til=en}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Home |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/5d01a32d-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/5d01a32d-en |qaralgan sana=2022-10-19 |ish=www.oecd-ilibrary.org |til=en}}</ref>.

[[Qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilar|Qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻilarni]] moliyalashtirish va subsidiyalar samarador energiyaga oʻtish uchun muhim toʻsiqdir<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Bridle |ism=Richard |sana=June 2019 |sarlavha=Fossil Fuel to Clean Energy Subsidy Swaps: How to pay for an energy revolution |url=https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/fossil-fuel-clean-energy-subsidy-swap.pdf |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117055218/https://www.iisd.org/sites/default/files/publications/fossil-fuel-clean-energy-subsidy-swap.pdf |arxivsana=17 November 2019 |qaralgan sana= |nashriyot=[[International Institute for Sustainable Development]]}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Mazzucato|first1=Mariana|last2=Semieniuk|first2=Gregor|date=2018|title=Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and why it matters|journal=[[Technological Forecasting and Social Change]]|volume=127|pages=8–22|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.021|issn=0040-1625}}</ref>. Toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri global qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻiga kiritilgan subsidiyalar [[2017-yil|2017-yilda]] 319 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi<ref name="Watts_et_al_2019">{{Cite journal|last=Watts|first1=N.|last2=Amann|first2=M.|last3=Arnell|first3=N.|last4=Ayeb-Karlsson|first4=S.|year=2019|title=The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31733928|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=394|issue=10211|pages=1836–1878|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6|pmid=31733928|access-date=3 November 2021|archivedate=17 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717132738/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(19)32596-6}}</ref>. Ularni tugatish global uglerod chiqindilarining 28% ga va havo ifloslanishidan oʻlimning 46% ga kamayishiga olib kelishi mumkin edi{{Sfn|United Nations Development Programme|2020}}. Sifatli energiyani moliyalashtirishga [[COVID-19 pandemiyasi]] deyarli taʼsir koʻrsatmadi va [[pandemiya]] bilan bogʻliq iqtisodiy ragʻbatlantirish paketlari yashil tiklanish imkoniyatlarini taklif etdi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kuzemko|first1=Caroline|last2=Bradshaw|first2=Michael|last3=Bridge|first3=Gavin|last4=Goldthau|first4=Andreas|last5=Jewell|first5=Jessica|display-authors=4|date=2020|title=Covid-19 and the politics of sustainable energy transitions|url=|journal=[[Energy Research & Social Science]]|volume=68|pages=101685|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2020.101685|issn=2214-6296|pmc=7330551|pmid=32839704}}</ref>{{Sfn|IRENA|2021|p=5}}.

== Yana qarang ==
* [[Atom energiyasi]]
* [[Atom elektr stansiyasi]]
* [[Atom elektr stansiyalari iqtisodiyoti]]
* [[Atom energiyasi boʻyicha xalqaro agentlik]]
* [[Gidroelektr stansiya]]
* [[Shamol energetikasi]]
* [[Quyosh energiyasidan foydalanish]]
* [[Geotermal energiya]]
* [[Issiqlik elektr stansiyalari]]
* [[Yadro energetikasi]]

== Manbalar ==
{{Manbalar}}
=== Adabiyotlar ===
{{Refbegin1|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84980-115-7|editor1-last=Galarraga|editor1-first=Ibon|editor2-last=González-Eguino|editor2-first=Mikel|editor3-last=Markandya|editor3-first=Anil |oclc=712777335 |title=Handbook of Sustainable Energy|year=2011}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Golus̆in|first1=Mirjana|title=Sustainable Energy Management|publisher=[[Academic Press]] |last2=Popov|first2=Stevan|last3=Dodić|first3=Sinis̆a|year=2013 |isbn=978-0-12-391427-9|oclc=826441532}}
* {{cite report|author=[[International Energy Agency|IEA]]|year=2007 |url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/f27528ad-012a-4d4b-992c-382c2d1d7478/renewable_factsheet.pdf |title=Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA fact sheet|pages=1–34|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012052513/http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable_factsheet.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2009|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|author-link=International Energy Agency|last=IEA|title=World Energy Outlook 2020|year=2020 |isbn=978-92-64-44923-7|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020|url-status=live |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822044327/https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020}}
* {{Cite book|author1-link=International Energy Agency|last1=IEA|title=Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector|year=2021|url=https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ad0d4830-bd7e-47b6-838c-40d115733c13/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523155010/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/ad0d4830-bd7e-47b6-838c-40d115733c13/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite report|author=(([[International Energy Agency|IEA]], [[IRENA]], [[United Nations Statistics Division]], [[World Bank]], [[World Health Organization]]))|year=2021|publisher=[[World Bank]] |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jun/SDG7_Tracking_Progress_2021.pdf |title=Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610160557/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Jun/SDG7_Tracking_Progress_2021.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=[[IPCC]]|year=2011|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/|title=IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation |editor-first1=O. |editor-last1=Edenhofer|editor-first2=R.|editor-last2=Pichs-Madruga|editor-first3=Y. |editor-last3=Sokona|editor-first4=K.|editor-last4=Seyboth|editor-first5=P.|editor-last5=Matschoss|editor-first6=S.|editor-last6=Kadner|display-editors=4|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-02340-6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827115439/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/|archive-date=27 August 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author=[[IPCC]] |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/ |year=2014 |title=Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor-first1=O. |editor-last1=Edenhofer |editor-first2=R. |editor-last2=Pichs-Madruga |editor-first3=Y. |editor-last3=Sokona |editor-first4=E. |editor-last4=Farahani |editor-first5=S. |editor-last5=Kadner |display-editors=4 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05821-7 |oclc=892580682 |archive-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126121016/http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/ |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |author=[[IPCC]] |year=2018 |title=Global Warming of 1.5&nbsp;°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty |display-editors=4 |editor-first1=V. |editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first2=P. |editor-last2=Zhai |editor-first3=H.-O. |editor-last3=Pörtner |editor-first4=D. |editor-last4=Roberts |editor-first5=J. |editor-last5=Skea |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120190924/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2020 |url-status=live|isbn=<!-- not issued? -->}}
* {{cite book|author=[[IRENA]]|date=2019|title=Hydrogen: A renewable energy perspective|isbn=978-92-9260-151-5|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Sep/IRENA_Hydrogen_2019.pdf |access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929023014/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Sep/IRENA_Hydrogen_2019.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=[[IRENA]]|year=2021|title=World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5°C Pathway |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/March/IRENA_World_Energy_Transitions_Outlook_2021.pdf |isbn=978-92-9260-334-2|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611230855/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/March/IRENA_World_Energy_Transitions_Outlook_2021.pdf|url-status=live}}
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* {{Cite book|title=Future Energy: Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for our Planet |edition=Third |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |year=2020|isbn=978-0-08-102886-5 |editor-last=Letcher|editor-first=Trevor M.}}
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* {{cite report|last1=Morris|first1=Ellen|first2=Rose|last2=Mensah-Kutin|first3=Jennye|last3=Greene |first4=Catherine|last4=Diam-valla|url=https://seforall.org/sites/default/files/Situation-Analysis-of-Energy-and-Gender-Issues.pdf |title=Situation Analysis of Energy and Gender Issues in ECOWAS Member States |date=2015|publisher=ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency|archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321142125/http://seforall.org/sites/default/files/Situation-Analysis-of-Energy-and-Gender-Issues.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|author=(([[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]]))|title=Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda|year=2019|isbn=978-0-309-48452-7 |doi=10.17226/25259 |pmid=31120708|s2cid=134196575|url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25259/negative-emissions-technologies-and-reliable-sequestration-a-research-agenda|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525204549/https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25259/negative-emissions-technologies-and-reliable-sequestration-a-research-agenda|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|author=[[REN21]]|title=Renewables 2020: Global Status Report|publisher=REN21 Secretariat |url=https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf |year=2020|isbn=978-3-948393-00-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923065621/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=[[REN21]]|url=https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2021_Full_Report.pdf |title=Renewables 2021: Global Status Report|publisher=REN21 Secretariat|year=2021|isbn=978-3-948393-03-8 |archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615172702/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2021_Full_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book | last=Smil | first=Vaclav |author-link=Vaclav Smil| title=Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives | publisher=[[Praeger Publishing]] | year=2017a | isbn=978-1-4408-5324-1 | oclc=955778608 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Smil|first=Vaclav|author-link=Vaclav Smil|title=Energy and Civilization: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/energycivilizati0000smil|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|pages=|year=2017b|isbn=978-0-262-03577-4|oclc=959698256}}
* {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Kirk R.|last2=Pillarisetti|first2=Ajay|title=Injury Prevention and Environmental Health|edition=3rd|publisher=[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] / [[World Bank]]|year=2017 |editor-last1=Kobusingye|editor-first1=O.|chapter=Chapter 7 Household Air Pollution from Solid Cookfuels and Its Effects on Health|display-editors=etal|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525225/|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-0522-6_ch7|pmid=30212117|url-status=live|isbn=978-1-4648-0523-3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525218/|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822155833/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525218/}}
* {{cite book |last1=Soysal |first1=Oguz A. |last2=Soysal |first2=Hilkat S. |title=Energy for Sustainable Society: From Resources to Users |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Ltd]]|isbn=978-1-119-56130-9 |year=2020 |oclc=1153975635}}
* {{Cite book|last=Szarka|first=Joseph|title=Wind Power in Europe : Politics, Business and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/windpowerineurop0000szar|date=2007|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-28667-2 |oclc=681900901}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tester|first=Jefferson|title=Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|pages=|year=2012|isbn=978-0-262-01747-3|oclc=892554374}}
* {{cite report|url=https://www.undp.org/publications/undps-energy-strategy|title=Delivering Sustainable Energy in a Changing Climate: Strategy Note on Sustainable Energy 2017–2021|date=2016|author=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|url-status=live|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606234930/https://www.undp.org/publications/undps-energy-strategy}}
* {{cite report|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|last=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |year=2020|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|url-status=live|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Heat is On: Taking Stock of Global Climate Ambition|year=2019|author1=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |author2=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] |name-list-style=amp |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NDC%20Outlook.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612075208/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NDC%20Outlook.pdf|archive-date=12 June 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|UNECE|2020}}|author=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] |url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pdfs/CSE/Publications/Final_Report_PathwaysToSE.pdf |title=Pathways to Sustainable Energy|publisher=[[United Nations]]|year=2020|isbn=978-92-1-117228-7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412194448/https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pdfs/CSE/Publications/Final_Report_PathwaysToSE.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |author=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |year=2019 |title=Emissions Gap Report 2019 |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30797/EGR2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |isbn=978-92-807-3766-0 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507022320/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30797/EGR2019.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1 |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite book|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/cop24-special-report-health-climate-change |title=COP24 Special Report: Health and Climate Change|date=2018|author=[[World Health Organization]] |isbn=978-92-4-151497-2 |archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612025708/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/cop24-special-report-health-climate-change/|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

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