Qahva (turkum): Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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3-Noyabr 2022, 14:50 dagi koʻrinishi

Coffea - Ro‘yandoshlar oilasiga mansub gulli o'simliklarning bir turi . Qahva turlari tropik va janubiy Afrika va tropik Osiyoda kelib chiqqan butalar yoki kichik daraxtlardir. Kofe loviyalari deb ataladigan ba'zi turlarning urug'lari turli xil ichimliklar uchun ishlatiladi. Mevalar, urug'lar kabi, ko'p miqdorda kofeinni o'z ichiga oladi, o'ziga xos shirin ta'mga ega.

O'stirish va foydalanish

Qahvaning 120 dan ortiq turlari mavjud bo'lib, ular urug'lardan etishtiriladi. Ikkita eng mashhur turlari: Coffea arabica (odatda oddiygina "Arabika" nomi bilan tanilgan), bu dunyo kofe ishlab chiqarishning 60-80% ni tashkil qiladi va Coffea canephora ("Robusta" nomi bilan tanilgan) taxminan 20-40% ni tashkil qiladi^[1]^[2]. C. arabica o'zining shirin ta'mi uchun qadrlanadi, C. canephora esa ko'proq kofeinga ega. C. arabica Efiopiyaning baland tog'lari, Sudanning Boma platosidan kelib chiqqan va C. canephora va C. eugenioides o'rtasidagi duragay hisoblanadi^[3].

Daraxtlar isteʼmol qilish mumkin bo'lgan qizil yoki binafsharang mevalarni hosil qiladi^[4]. Meva ko'pincha "qahva gilosi" deb ataladi va u "qahva loviya" deb ataladigan ikkita urug'ni o'z ichiga oladi^[5]. Ushbu nomlarga qaramay, qahva na haqiqiy gilos (Prunus turkumidagi ba'zi turlarning mevasi), na haqiqiy loviyaga (Fabaceae oilasidagi o'simliklarning urug'lari) aloqador emas.

Kofe mevalarining taxminan 5-10 foizida faqat bitta loviya topiladi. Bu loviya peaberry deb ataladi, u oddiy qahva donasidan kichikroq va yumaloqroq.

Tropik iqlim mintaqalarida o'stirilgan, qahvaning bo‘yi odatda 3–3.5 m (9.8–11.5 ft) gacha yetadi. Ko'pincha o'stiriladigan kofe turlari yuqori balandliklarda yaxshi o'sadi, lekin muzlash haroratiga toqat qilmaydi^[6].

Coffea arabica daraxti 3-5 yildan keyin meva bera boshlaydi, o'rtacha 50-60 yil davomida hosil beradi^[7]. Oq gullar juda xushbo'y hidga ega. Meva pishishiga taxminan to'qqiz oy kerak bo'ladi.

Ekologiya

Qahva loviyalari tarkibidagi kofein o'simlik urug'larini himoya qiluvchi zaharli modda bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Kofein bir vaqtning o'zida changlatuvchilarni, xususan, asalarilarni o'ziga jalb qiladi^[8]. Qahvaning barcha turlari kofeinni o'z ichiga olmaydi va eng qadimgi turlarida kofein juda kam yoki umuman bo'lmagan. Kofeinli o‘simliklar turkumning uzoqroq qarindoshlari Teobroma (kakao) va Camellia (choy) avlodlaridan mustaqil ravishda rivojlangan^[9]. Bu shuni ko'rsatadiki, kofein ishlab chiqarish qahva va o'simliklar evolyutsiyasida moslashuvchan xususiyatdir. Meva va barglarida kofein mavjud bo'lib, ular kofe gilos choyi va kofe bargi choyini tayyorlash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Meva, shuningdek, ko'plab alkogolsiz ichimliklar, shuningdek, oldindan qadoqlangan choylarda ishlatiladi^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13].

Bir nechta hasharotlar zararkunandalar qahva ishlab chiqarishga ta'sir qiladi, jumladan, kofe qo'ng'izi (Hypotenemus hampei) va kofe bargini zararlovchi (Leucoptera caffeina).

Qahva ba'zi Lepidoptera (kapalak va kuya) turlarining lichinkalari, Dalcera abrasa, sholg'om kuya va Endoclita turkumining ayrim vakillari, jumladan E. damor va E. malabaricus tomonidan iste'mol qilinadi.

Turlar

Ma'lumotnomalar

↑ „Coffee Plant: Arabica and Robusta“. Coffee Research Institute. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 17-noyabr.
↑ „Coffee: World Markets and Trade“. United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service (2017-yil 16-iyun). Qaraldi: 2017-yil 8-dekabr.
↑ Lashermes, P.; Combes, M.-C.; Robert, J.; Trouslot, P.; D'Hont, A.; Anthony, F.; Charrier, A. (1999). "Molecular characterisation and origin of the Coffea arabica L. genome". Molecular and General Genetics 261 (2): 259–266. doi:10.1007/s004380050965. PMID 10102360.
↑ Davis, Aaron P.; Govaerts, Rafael; Bridson, Diane M.; Stoffelen, Piet (2006). "An annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 152 (4): 465–512. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00584.x.
↑ „What is Coffee?“. www.ncausa.org. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 14-iyul.
↑ Petek, Marcos Rafael; Sera, Tumoru; Alteia, Marcos Zorzenon (January 2005). "Genetic variability for frost resistance among Coffea accessions assessed in the field and in a cold chamber". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132005000100003.
↑ „Coffee bean: commodity factsheet“. Mintec.
↑ Hamon, Perla; Grover, Corrinne E.; Davis, Aaron P.; Rakotomalala, Jean-Jacques; Raharimalala, Nathalie E.; Albert, Victor A.; Sreenath, Hosahalli L.; Stoffelen, Piet et al. (2017). "Genotyping-by-sequencing provides the first well-resolved phylogeny for coffee (Coffea) and insights into the evolution of caffeine content in its species: GBS coffee phylogeny and the evolution of caffeine content". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 109: 351–361. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.02.009. PMID 28212875.
↑ Denoeud, France (5 September 2014). "The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis". Science 345 (6201): 1181–1184. doi:10.1126/science.1255274. PMID 25190796.
↑ Selby. „SlimCafe is no longer available“. SlimFast (2019-yil 31-may).
↑ „Coffeeberry Cascara – Soluble, Sustainable | FutureCeuticals“. www.futureceuticals.com.
↑ „Starbucks“. stories.starbucks.com.
↑ „Brazilian Cascara“. Dwellers Coffee.

[1] „Coffee Plant: Arabica and Robusta“. Coffee Research Institute. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 17-noyabr.

[CoffeeProduction-2] „Coffee: World Markets and Trade“. United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service (2017-yil 16-iyun). Qaraldi: 2017-yil 8-dekabr.

[3] Lashermes, P.; Combes, M.-C.; Robert, J.; Trouslot, P.; D'Hont, A.; Anthony, F.; Charrier, A. (1999). "Molecular characterisation and origin of the Coffea arabica L. genome". Molecular and General Genetics 261 (2): 259–266. doi:10.1007/s004380050965. PMID 10102360.

[DaviGovaBridStof06-4] Davis, Aaron P.; Govaerts, Rafael; Bridson, Diane M.; Stoffelen, Piet (2006). "An annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 152 (4): 465–512. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00584.x.

[5] „What is Coffee?“. www.ncausa.org. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 14-iyul.

[6] Petek, Marcos Rafael; Sera, Tumoru; Alteia, Marcos Zorzenon (January 2005). "Genetic variability for frost resistance among Coffea accessions assessed in the field and in a cold chamber". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132005000100003.

[7] „Coffee bean: commodity factsheet“. Mintec.

[HamoGrov17-8] Hamon, Perla; Grover, Corrinne E.; Davis, Aaron P.; Rakotomalala, Jean-Jacques; Raharimalala, Nathalie E.; Albert, Victor A.; Sreenath, Hosahalli L.; Stoffelen, Piet et al. (2017). "Genotyping-by-sequencing provides the first well-resolved phylogeny for coffee (Coffea) and insights into the evolution of caffeine content in its species: GBS coffee phylogeny and the evolution of caffeine content". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 109: 351–361. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.02.009. PMID 28212875.

[9] Denoeud, France (5 September 2014). "The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis". Science 345 (6201): 1181–1184. doi:10.1126/science.1255274. PMID 25190796.

[10] Selby. „SlimCafe is no longer available“. SlimFast (2019-yil 31-may).

[11] „Coffeeberry Cascara – Soluble, Sustainable | FutureCeuticals“. www.futureceuticals.com.

[12] „Starbucks“. stories.starbucks.com.

[13] „Brazilian Cascara“. Dwellers Coffee.

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