Megalodon: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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„Megalodon“ sahifasi tarjima qilib yaratildi
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23-May 2022, 20:28 dagi koʻrinishi

Megalodon ( Otodus megalodon ), [1] [2] [3] "katta tish" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Skumbriya akulasiining yo'qolib ketgan turi bo'lib, taxminan 23-3,6 mingyilliklar orasida yashagan suv hayvoni hisoblanadi. Naxanglarning ushbu ulkan qarindoshi erta Miosen davridan toki Pliotsengacha bo'lgan davrlar oralig'ida mavjud bo'lgan. [4] Megalodon, avval boshida, Lamnidey oilasining a'zosi bo'lmish katta oq akula ( Carcharodon carcharias ) ning yaqin qarindoshi deb hisoblangan. Biroq, hzoirda u erta bo'r davrida katta oq akuladan ajralib chiqqib yo'q bo'lib ketgan Otodontidey oilasiga mansub jonzot siaftida ko'riladi. Uning qaysi turga mansub yirtqich ekanligini aniqlashtirish hali ham muhokama qilinmoqda. Mualliflar uni Karxarokles, Megaselakus, Otodus yoki Prokarkarodonlar orasidan biri bilan qarindoshligi bor deya hisoblashadi. Buning sababi, Megalodonning paleosen davrida paydo bo'lgan Otodus turiga mansub gigant akulalar avlodining yakuniy xronoturi ekanligini ko'rsatadigan qoldiqlar topilgan.

Hozirgi paytgacha bo'lgan davr oralig'ida yashab o'tgan jonzotlar orasidagi eng yirik yirtqich hisoblanmish ushbu naxangning maksimal hajmi haligacha aniqlanmagan. Uning borligiga isbot undan qolgan topilma qoldiq suyaklardir. Megalodon tanasi o'lchamini tishlariga qarab aniqlashga harakat qilishadi. Tahminan, maksimal uzunligi 14-20 metr (46-67 fut). [2] [3] [5] O'rta hisobda 10.5 metr(34 fut) o'lchamda bo'lgan. [6] [7] Hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, og'irligi 48tonnagacha bo'lishi mumkinligi keltirib o'tilgan. [8] [9] Uning tishlari qalin va mustahkam bo‘lib, o‘lja suyagini sindirish uchun mo'ljanlangan.

Megalodon hozirgi davrgacha bo'lgan dengiz jonzotlari genomiga sezilarli ta'sir o'tkazgan, degan tahminlar mavjud. Topilma tasvirlar uning kosmopolit tarqalishiga ega ekanligini ko'rsatib turadi. Tahminlarga ko'ra voyaga yetgan megalodonlar yirik dengiz toshbaqalari, tyulenlar, kitlar bilan oziqlangan. Yosh megalodonlar esa qirg'oqqa yaqin masofadagi iliq suvlarda yashagan va baliqlar va nisbatan kichik kitlarni ovlagan. Megalodon kuchli jag'larini o'ljaning ko'krak qafasini yorib o'tish va yuragi hamda o'pkasini teshib o'tib jarahot yetkazish uchun ishlatgan.


Ushbu tur akulalari rivojlanish uchun iliq suvlarni afzal ko'rishgan. Muzlik davri boshlanishi bilan yuzaga kelgan okean sovishi, dengiz sathining pasayishi natijadsida yosh naxanglar uchun sharoit yo'qola boshlaydi. Aynan ushbu sabab turning butunlay yo'q bo'lib ketishiga sabab bo'gan bo'lishi mumkin. Akulaning doimiy ozuqa manbasi hisoblangan Balen kitlarining yashash joylarini o'zgartirishi ham megalodonning asosiy oziq-ovqat manbasini qisqartirgani holda ushbu yirik tur taqdiriga jiddiy zarba bergan bo'lishi mumkin.

Tasniflanish

Nomlanishi

An illustration of a shark head (sideview). Visible are wrinkles and an exaggerated nose and eyes, and at the bottom are two individual drawings of shark teeth
Nikolas Stenoning "Bo'laklangan naxang boshi" asaridagi akulaning chanoq suyak tasviri

Uyg'onish davri ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, dengizlarni o'rab turgan qoyalarda ulkan tish izi sifatida qolib ketgan uchburchaksimon tasvirlar, o'sha davrlarda, ajdarholar yohud bahaybat ilonlarga tegishli deya ishonilgan. Ushbu talqinga 1667 yilda daniyalik tabiatshunos Nikolas Steno tomonidan tuzatish kiritilgan. Taqiqodshunos olim ushbu tasvirlarni juda ulkan hajmdagi akulaning tishlari deya e'tirof etgan va mashhur tishlarga ega akulaning boshi tasvirini yaratishga qaror qilgan. U o'z topilmalarini "Parchalangan naxang chanog'i " kitobida tasvirlab bergan. Ushbu manbada megalodon tishining tasviri ham mavjud. [10] [11] [12]

Shveysariyalik tabiatshunos Lui Agassiz tish qoldiqlariga asoslanib, 1843 yilda chop etilgan Baliqlarning qazilma qoldiqlarini o'rganish asarida ushbu akulaga Karxarodon megalodon nomini bergan. [13] [14] Ingliz paleontologi Edvard Charlzvort o'zining 1837 yilgi maqolasida Karxarias megalodon nomini ishlatgan va Agassizni muallif sifatida keltirgan. Ingliz paleontologi Charlz Devis Sherborn 1928 yilda akulaning birinchi ilmiy tavsifi sifatida Agassizning 1835 yilgi maqolalarini sanab o'tgan [15] Megalodonning o'ziga xos nomi qadimgi yunoncha: μέγας "katta tish", mĭgas yoqilgan va ὀdeoss ( odoús ), "tish". so'zlari qo'shilmasidan kelib chiqqan. Megalodonning tishlari morfologik jihatdan katta oq akula ( Karcharodon karxarias ) ga o'xshaydi va bu kuzatish asosida Agassiz megalodonni Karxarodon turiga mansub deb e'lon qilgan. [14] "Megalodon" akulaning norasmiy nomi bo'lsa-da, u ko'pincha norasmiy ravishda "gigant oq akula", [16] "Bahaybat tishli akula" yoki oddiygina "Meg" deb ataladi.. [17] :4

Evolyutsiya

Megalodon xronoturlarining evolyutsion diagrammasi

Eng qadimgi megalodon qoldiqlari taxminan 28 million yil oldin kech Oligotsen davridan xabar beradi. [18] [19] Biroq, ushbu yirtqich qachon paydo bo'lganligi haqida olimlar va tadqiqochlar orasida kelishmovchiliklar mavjud. [20] Megalodon Pliotsen oxirida, taxminan 2,6 mingyillikka yaqin yo'q bo'lib ketgan degan tahmin ham mavjud. [20] [21]

Megalodon Otodontida oilasining a'zosi hisoblanadi. Otodus turi, uning oldingi Lamnida va Karxarodon turlari tasnifidan tubdan farqlanadi. [20] [7] [21] [1] [2] Megalodonning Karxarodon tasnifi katta oq akula tishlari o'xshashligi bilan bog'liq edi. Ammo hozirda ko'pchilik mualliflar bu konvergent evolyutsiya bilan bog'liq hodisa deb hisoblashadi. Ushbu modelda katta oq akula megalodondan ko'ra yo'q bo'lib ketgan keng tishli mako ( Isurus hastalis ) bilan nisbatan yaqin tur sifatida ko'riladi. Bu ikki akuladagi o'xshashliklar ko'proq tishlar bilan tasdiqlanadi.

A black megalodon tooth and two white great white shark teeth above a centimeter scale, the megalodon tooth extends between the zero and thirteen-and-a-half centimeter marks. One great white tooth extends between the eleven and thirteen centimeter marks, and the other extends between from the thirteen and sixteen centimeter marks.
Ikkita katta oq akula tishlari megalodon tishi bilan yonma-yon

Karxarokles turkumi hozirda to'rt turni o'z ichiga oladi: avrikulatus, angustidens, chubutensis va megalodon . [17] :30–31Ushbu naslning evolyutsiyasi tishlarning ko'payishi, boshning tepa qismi kengayishi, ko'proq uchburchak shaklining rivojlanishi va lateral dumlarning yo'qolishi bilan tavsiflanadi. [17] :28–31[22] Tish evolyutsiyasi yirtqichlar taktikasi o'zgarishi; terini yirtish uchun mo'ljallangan tishlashdan kesuvchi tishlashga o'tishini aks ettiradi. [23] Xubutensis va megalodon o'rtasidagi o'tish davridagi, taxminan 12 million yil davom etgan, bosqichma-bosqich jarayonda lateral burmalar yo'qola borgan. [23]

A great white shark swimming a few meters below the surface, above a school of much smaller fish.
Katta oq akula ( Karxarodon karxarias ) va megalodon ilgari yaqin qarindoshlar deb hisoblangan. [14] [24]

1960 yilda Kezyer tomonidan taklif qilingan ushbu jins evolyutsiyasining yana bir modeli, Karxaroklarning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ajdodi Otodus oblikus akulasi bo'lib, u paleotsendan Miozen davrigacha, 60-13 mingyilliklarda yashagan. [24] [22] Otodus turi oxir-oqibat bo'r davridagi akula Kretolamnadan olingan. [1] [25] Ushbu modelda, dastavval, Oblikus Aksuatikusga, Avrikulatusga, keyin Angustidensga, so'ngra Xubutensisga, so'ngra Megalodonga aylaishi tavsiflangan.

2001 yilda paleontolog Maykl Benton tomonidan taklif qilingan nazariyaga asosan Karxaroklar evolyutsiyasining yana bir modeli shundan iboratki, qolgan uchta tur aslida akulaning yagona turi bo'lib, vaqt o'tishi bilan Paleotsen va Pliotsen o'rtasida asta-sekin o'zgarib, uni xronoturga aylantirgan. [17] :17[19] [26] Quyidagi kladogramma megalodon va boshqa akulalar, jumladan, katta oq akula o'rtasidagi faraziy munosabatlarni ifodalaydi.

Lamniformes
 
Otodontidae
 

Kenolamna gunsoni

 
 
 
 

Cretalamna appendiculata

 
 

Cretalamna aschersoni

 
 
 
 

Megalolamna paradoxodon

 
 
 

Otodus obliquus

 
 

Otodus megalodon

 
 
 
 
 
Lamnidae
 

Isurus oxyrinchus

 
 

Carcharodon carcharias

 
 
 
 
A drawing of a swimming shark showing the front left underside view
Katta oq akula bilan tashqi ko'rinishdagi o'xshashlikni namoyish etish maqsadidagi tiklov natijasi.
Sculpture of a giant shark mounted on display in a museum next to a mounted shark jawbone
Meksikaning Puebla shahridagi Evolyutsiya muzeyidagi haykal
Black-and-white photo of a man sitting inside a megalodon jaw reconstruction.
Reconstruction by Bashford Dean in 1909
A white megalodon tooth on the palms of a person. On the right side of the image is a ruler. The tip of the tooth starts at zero and ends at the seventeen centimeter marker on the ruler.
Tooth compared to hand
A sideview of the inside of a megalodon jaw reconstruction showing five rows of teeth. Each row is more horizontal than the last, with the last row essentially resting on the jaw.
Zaxira tishlarning holatini ko'rsatadigan rekonstruksiya
A dark-yellow megalodon jaw reconstruction with two rows of white teeth stained black on the top.
Baltimordagi Milliy akvariumda ko'rgazmada qayta tiklangan jag'lar.
A skeletal reconstruction of megalodon. Visible are the jaws with two rows of teeth, eye sockets, a pointed snout, several long, straight spines protruding outwards in the gill area behind the head, and a long horizontal item representing the vertebral column
Qayta tiklangan megalodon skeleti Kalvert dengiz muzeyida namoyish etiladi.
Smmothly rounded dark brown rock-like coprolite
Megalodonga tegishli koprolit

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Manbalar

Qo'shimcha manbalar

Havolalar

Paleontologiyaga oid videolar (inglizcha)
  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Shimada, K.; Chandler, R. E.; Lam, O. L. T.; Tanaka, T.; Ward, D. J. (2016). "A new elusive otodontid shark (Lamniformes: Otodontidae) from the lower Miocene, and comments on the taxonomy of otodontid genera, including the 'megatoothed' clade". Historical Biology 29 (5): 1–11. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1236795.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Shimada2016" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Shimada, Kenshu (2019). "The size of the megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae), revisited". Historical Biology 33 (7): 1–8. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1666840. ISSN 0891-2963.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Shimada2019" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Cooper, J. A.; Pimiento, C.; Ferrón, H. G.; Benton, M. J. (2020). "Body dimensions of the extinct giant shark Otodus megalodon: a 2D reconstruction". Scientific Reports 10 (14596): 14596. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71387-y. PMID 32883981. PMC 7471939. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7471939. 
  4. ↑ {{Veb manbasi}} andozasidan foydalanishda sarlavha= parametrini belgilashingiz kerak. „{{{title}}}“.
  5. ↑ Perez, Victor; Leder, Ronny; Badaut, Teddy (2021). "Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions". Palaeontologia Electronica 24 (1): 1–28. doi:10.26879/1140. https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2021/3284-estimating-lamniform-body-size. 
  6. ↑ Pimiento, C.; MacFadden, B. J.; Clements, C. F.; Varela, S.; Jaramillo, C.; Velez-Juarbe, J.; Silliman, B. R. (2016). "Geographical distribution patterns of Carcharocles megalodon over time reveal clues about extinction mechanisms". Journal of Biogeography 43 (8): 1645–1655. doi:10.1111/jbi.12754. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/33f8fdc5db865749b334dba9dc3d0d8e15fb5b06. 
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Pimiento, C.; Balk, M. A. (2015). "Body-size trends of the extinct giant shark Carcharocles megalodon: a deep-time perspective on marine apex predators". Paleobiology 41 (3): 479–490. doi:10.1017/pab.2015.16. PMID 26321775. PMC 4541548. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4541548.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Pimiento&Balk2015" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Prothero, Donald R. „09. Mega-Jaws: The Largest Fish. Carcharocles“,. The Story of Life in 25 Fossils: Tales of Intrepid Fossil Hunters and the Wonders of Evolution (en). New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 25 August 2015 — 96–110 bet. DOI:10.7312/prot17190-010. ISBN 978-0-231-53942-5. 
  9. ↑ Wroe, S.; Huber, D. R.; Lowry, M.; McHenry, C.; Moreno, K.; Clausen, P.; Ferrara, T. L.; Cunningham, E. et al. (2008). "Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?". Journal of Zoology 276 (4): 336–342. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x. http://www.bio-nica.info/Biblioteca/Wroe2008GreatWhiteSharkBiteForce.pdf. 
  10. ↑ Haven, Kendall. 100 Greatest Science Discoveries of All Time. Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited, 1997 — 25–26 bet. ISBN 978-1-59158-265-6. OCLC 230807846. 
  11. ↑ Hsu, Kuang-Tai „The Path to Steno's Synthesis on the Animal Origin of Glossopetrae“,. The Revolution in Geology from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment Rosenburg: . Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8137-1203-1. OCLC 608657795. 
  12. ↑ Eilperin, J.. Demon Fish. Pantheon Books, 2012 — 43 bet. ISBN 978-0-7156-4352-5. 
  13. ↑ Agassiz, Louis. Recherches sur les poissons fossiles (fr). Neuchatel: Petitpierre, 1843 — 41 bet. 
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Nyberg, K. G.; Ciampaglio C. N.; Wray G. A. (2006). "Tracing the ancestry of the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, using morphometric analyses of fossil teeth". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (4): 806–814. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[806:TTAOTG]2.0.CO;2.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "A" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ Keyes, I. W. (2012). "New records of the Elasmobranch C. megalodon (Agassiz) and a review of the genus Carcharodon in the New Zealand fossil record". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 15 (2): 229. doi:10.1080/00288306.1972.10421956. 
  16. ↑ Augilera, Orangel A.; García, Luis; Cozzuol, Mario A. (2008). "Giant-toothed white sharks and cetacean trophic interaction from the Pliocene Caribbean Paraguaná Formation". Paläontologische Zeitschrift 82 (2): 204–208. doi:10.1007/BF02988410. ISSN 0038-2353. 
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 Renz, Mark. Megalodon: Hunting the Hunter. Lehigh Acres, Florida: PaleoPress, 2002 — 1–159 bet. ISBN 978-0-9719477-0-2. OCLC 52125833.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "H" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ Yabe, H.; Goto, M.; Kaneko, N. (2004). "Age of Carcharocles megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae): A review of the stratigraphic records". The Palaeontological Society of Japan 75: 7–15. 
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Gottfried, M. D.; Fordyce, R. E. (2001). "An associated specimen of Carcharodon angustidens (Chondrichthyes, Lamnidae) from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand, with comments on Carcharodon interrelationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (4): 730–739. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0730:AASOCA]2.0.CO;2. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:MgxUX8ckLrYJ:www.thefossilforum.com/applications/core/interface/file/attachment.php%3Fid%3D270846+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CA" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 Pimiento, C.; MacFadden, B. J.; Clements, C. F.; Varela, S.; Jaramillo, C.; Velez-Juarbe, J.; Silliman, B. R. (2016). "Geographical distribution patterns of Carcharocles megalodon over time reveal clues about extinction mechanisms". Journal of Biogeography 43 (8): 1645–1655. doi:10.1111/jbi.12754. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/33f8fdc5db865749b334dba9dc3d0d8e15fb5b06.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Pimiento2016" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Pimiento, C.; Clements, C. F. (2014). "When Did Carcharocles megalodon Become Extinct? A New Analysis of the Fossil Record". PLOS ONE 9 (10): e111086. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111086. PMID 25338197. PMC 4206505. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4206505.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Pimiento2014" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 {{Veb manbasi}} andozasidan foydalanishda sarlavha= parametrini belgilashingiz kerak. „{{{title}}}“. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "C" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Perez, V. J.; Godfrey, S. J.; Kent, B. W.; Weems, R. E.; Nance, J. R. (2019). "The transition between Carcharocles chubutensis and Carcharocles megalodon (Otodontidae, Chondrichthyes): lateral cusplet loss through time". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38 (6): e1546732. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1546732. 
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Ehret D. J.; Hubbell G.; Macfadden B. J. (2009). "Exceptional preservation of the white shark Carcharodon from the early Pliocene of Peru". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1671/039.029.0113.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "FSP" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ↑ Siverson, M.; Lindgren, J.; Newbrey, M.G.; Cederström, P.; Cook, T.D. (2013). "Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Campanian) mid-palaeolatitude sharks of Cretalamna appendiculata type". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: 2. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0137. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131019193239/http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app58/app20120137_acc.pdf. 
  26. ↑ Benton, M. J.; Pearson, P. N. (2001). "Speciation in the fossil record". Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 (7): 405–411. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02149-8. PMID 11403874.  
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