Fayl:Closed orbits.gif

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Closed_orbits.gif(592 × 483 piksel, fayl hajmi: 6,52 MB, MIME tipi: image/gif, looped, 300 frames, 30 soniya)

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Taʼrif
English: Central forces that decay as 1/r² are special, as they guarantee that all bound orbits are going to be closed (Bertrand's theorem). Small changes in the power will lead to significantly different kind of orbits.
Sanasi
Manba https://twitter.com/j_bertolotti/status/1247542284616269826
Muallif Jacopo Bertolotti
Ruxsat
(Bu faylning takror foydalanilishi)
https://twitter.com/j_bertolotti/status/1030470604418428929

Mathematica 12.0 code

ep = {0, 0};
me = 5;
mp = {{0, 5}, {0, 5}, {0, 5}};
acc = {me (ep - mp[[1]])/(Norm[ep - mp[[1]]]^1 Norm[ep - mp[[1]]]^2), me (ep - mp[[2]])/(Norm[ep - mp[[2]]]^1 Norm[ep - mp[[2]]]^1.9), me (ep - mp[[3]])/(Norm[ep - mp[[3]]]^1 Norm[ep - mp[[3]]]^2.1)};
mv = mv = {{Sqrt[Abs[Norm[acc[[1]] ] Norm[mp[[1]] - ep] ]], 0.2}, {Sqrt[Abs[Norm[acc[[1]] ] Norm[mp[[1]] - ep] ]], 0.2}, {Sqrt[Abs[Norm[acc[[1]] ] Norm[mp[[1]] - ep] ]], 0.2}};
dt = 0.2;
mpold = mp;
mp = mpold + mv dt + acc/2 dt^2;
evo = Reap[Do[
      acc = {me (ep - mp[[1]])/(Norm[ep - mp[[1]]]^1 Norm[ep - mp[[1]]]^2), 
        me (ep - mp[[2]])/(Norm[ep - mp[[2]]]^1 Norm[ep - mp[[2]]]^1.9), 
        me (ep - mp[[3]])/(Norm[ep - mp[[3]]]^1 Norm[ep - mp[[3]]]^2.1)};
      mpoldold = mpold;
      mpold = mp;
      mp = 2 mpold - mpoldold + acc dt^2;
      Sow[mp];
      , {1500}];][[2, 1]];
plots = Table[
   Legended[
    Graphics[{Gray, Disk[ep, 0.1 ],
      Purple, Disk[evo[[j, 2]], 0.5 ], Line[evo[[1 ;; j, 2]] ]
      ,
      Orange, Disk[evo[[j, 3]], 0.5 ], Line[evo[[1 ;; j, 3]] ]
      ,
      Black, Disk[evo[[j, 1]], 0.5 ], Line[evo[[1 ;; j, 1]] ]
      },
     PlotRange -> {{-10, 10}, {-10, 10}}, Frame -> False], LineLegend[{Black, Purple, Orange}, {"F\[Proportional]\!\(\*FractionBox[\(1\), \SuperscriptBox[\(r\), \(2\)]]\)", "F\[Proportional]\!\(\*FractionBox[\(1\), SuperscriptBox[\(r\), \(1.9\)]]\)", "F\[Proportional]\!\(\*FractionBox[\(1\), SuperscriptBox[\(r\), \(2.1\)]]\)"}] ]
   , {j, 1, Dimensions[evo][[1]]}];
ListAnimate[plots[[1 ;; -1 ;; 5]] ]

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Central forces proportional to 1/r² and r are the only ones that guarantee that all bound orbits are closed.

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7 Aprel 2020

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592 piksel

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