Tuberkulin: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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18-Sentyabr 2023, 18:02 dagi koʻrinishi

Tuberkulin, shuningdek, tozalangan oqsil sifatida ham tanilgan, sil kasalligini tashxislashda ishlatiladigan oqsillarning birikmasidir^[1].Ushbu foydalanish tuberkulin teri testi deb ataladi va faqat yuqori xavf ostida bo'lganlar uchun tavsiya etiladi^[2].Teri testini ishonchli boshqarish katta hajmdagi mashg'ulotlar, nazorat va amaliyotni talab qiladi. In'ektsiya teriga amalga oshiriladi^[2].48 dan 72 soat o'tgach, agar shishning besh-o'n millimetrdan ortiq maydoni bo'lsa, test ijobiy deb hisoblanadi^[2].

Umumiy nojo'ya ta'sirlar orasida qizarish, qichishish va in'ektsiya joyida og'riq mavjud^[1].Ba'zida allergik reaktsiyalar paydo bo'lishi mumkin^[1]. Ilgari BCG bilan emlangan yoki boshqa turdagi mikobakteriyalar bilan kasallanganlar uchun test noto'g'ri ijobiy bo'lishi mumkin^[2].Infektsiyadan keyin o'n hafta ichida, olti oydan kichik bo'lganlarda va ko'p yillar davomida infektsiyalanganlarda test noto'g'ri salbiy bo'lishi mumkin^[2].Homiladorlik paytida foydalanish xavfsizdir^[2].

Tuberkulin 1890 yilda Robert Koch tomonidan kashf etilgan ^[3]. Sil kasalligi (TB) etiologiyasi bo'yicha o'zining ishi bilan mashhur bo'lgan Kox patogen va keyinchalik Koch postulatlari deb nomlangan o'ziga xos kasallik o'rtasida o'rnatilishiga yordam beradigan turli xil qat'iy ko'rsatmalarni ishlab chiqdi^[4]^[3]. Tuberkulin Mycobacterium tuberculosis ekstraktidan tayyorlanadi^[1].

Tarix

Ixtiro

Tuberkulin oqsili 1890-yilda nemis olimi va shifokori Robert Kox tomonidan ixtiro qilingan.Tuberkulin tuberkulyoz tayoqchasining glitserin ekstrakti bo'lib, sil kasalligini davolash vositasi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan. Bu dastlab sil kasalligini davolovchi vosita hisoblanib, bemorlarga teri ostiga kulturli filtratlar orqali to'plangan jigarrang, shaffof suyuqlik dozasida berilgan^[5].Biroq, davolanish o'limning ko'rsatkichlarini kamayishiga olib kelmadi. </link>

1890-yilda bemorlarga tuberkulin bilan davolash birinchi marta berilganda, ko'pchilik bemorlarda 4-5 soat davom etgan febril reaktsiya qayd etilgan. Ushbu reaktsiyalarning alomatlari qusish, konstitutsiyaviy alomatlarning boshqa shakllari bilan birga kelgan isitmani o'z ichiga oladi^[5].Bemorlarda bu alomatlar takrorlangandan so'ng, Kox vaqt o'tishi bilan davolash dozalarini oshirib yuborish silning yengil holatlarida tezroq va samaraliroq davolanishga olib kelishini, shuningdek, rivojlanishi sekinroq, ammo progressiv bo'lgan jiddiyroq holatlarni qayd etdi^[5].

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 „Tuberculin“. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2017-yil 9-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 8-yanvar. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "AHFS2017" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 ^2,3 ^2,4 ^2,5 „Tuberculin Skin Testing“. www.cdc.gov. 2017-yil 9-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 8-yanvar. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CDC2017" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 Evans, Alfred S.. Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control (en). Springer, 2013 — 605 bet. ISBN 9781475711400.
↑ Tyagi, Jaya S. (2006-09-01). "The timeless legacy of Robert Koch" (en). Resonance 11 (9): 20–28. doi:10.1007/BF02834330. ISSN 0973-712X. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02834330.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 Huebner, Robin E.; Schein, Maybelle F.; Bass, John B., Jr. (1993). "The Tuberculin Skin Test". Clinical Infectious Diseases 17 (6): 968–975. doi:10.1093/clinids/17.6.968. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 8110954. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4457498. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HuebnerAl1993" defined multiple times with different content

Havolalar

Tuberkulin teri testlari

[AHFS2017-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 „Tuberculin“. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2017-yil 9-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 8-yanvar. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "AHFS2017" defined multiple times with different content

[CDC2017-2] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 ^2,3 ^2,4 ^2,5 „Tuberculin Skin Testing“. www.cdc.gov. 2017-yil 9-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 8-yanvar. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CDC2017" defined multiple times with different content

[Al2013-3] 3,0 ^3,1 Evans, Alfred S.. Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control (en). Springer, 2013 — 605 bet. ISBN 9781475711400.

[4] Tyagi, Jaya S. (2006-09-01). "The timeless legacy of Robert Koch" (en). Resonance 11 (9): 20–28. doi:10.1007/BF02834330. ISSN 0973-712X. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02834330.

[HuebnerAl1993-5] 5,0 ^5,1 ^5,2 Huebner, Robin E.; Schein, Maybelle F.; Bass, John B., Jr. (1993). "The Tuberculin Skin Test". Clinical Infectious Diseases 17 (6): 968–975. doi:10.1093/clinids/17.6.968. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 8110954. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4457498. Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name "HuebnerAl1993" defined multiple times with different content

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@@ Qator 1: / Qator 1: @@
-'''Tuberkulin''' — sil diagnostikasida qoʻllaniladigan preparatlar. Odam va hayvon organizmida allergik reaksiya hosil qilib sil infeksiyasi boryoʻqligini aniqlash uchun qoʻllanadi. Birinchi marta nemis olimi R. Kox olgan. Suyuq T. yoki Kox alttuberkulini sil bakteriyasi oʻstirilgan suyuqlikni bugʻlatib olinadi; quruq tozalangan T. (PPD) bakteriya filtratiga oqsillarni choʻkmaga tushiruvchi kimyoviy moddalar qoʻshish va uni keyin tozalash yoʻli bilan; suyuq tozalangan T. (PPDl) quruq tozalangan T.ni bir xilda eritib hosil qilinadi. Aholini silga qarshi yalpi tekshiruvdan oʻtkazishda T. (qarang [[Mantu sinamasi]])r,an foydalaniladi.
+[[Category:Chemical articles without CAS registry number|*]]
-{{OʻzME}}
+[[Category:Articles without EBI source|*]]
+[[Category:Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier|*]]
+[[Category:Articles without KEGG source|*]]
+[[Category:Articles without InChI source|*]]
+[[Category:Articles without UNII source|*]]
+[[Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes|*]]
+'''Tuberkulin''', shuningdek, '''tozalangan oqsil''' sifatida ham tanilgan, [[Sil|sil kasalligini]] tashxislashda ishlatiladigan [[Proteinlar|oqsillarning]] birikmasidir<ref name="AHFS2017">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Tuberculin |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tuberculin.html |nashriyot=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |qaralgan sana=8 January 2017 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022549/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tuberculin.html |arxivsana=9 January 2017}}</ref>.Ushbu foydalanish [[Mantu sinamasi|tuberkulin teri testi]] deb ataladi va faqat yuqori xavf ostida bo'lganlar uchun tavsiya etiladi<ref name="CDC2017" />.Teri testini ishonchli boshqarish katta hajmdagi mashg'ulotlar, nazorat va amaliyotni talab qiladi. In'ektsiya [[Teri|teriga]] amalga oshiriladi<ref name="CDC2017" />.48 dan 72 soat o'tgach, agar shishning besh-o'n millimetrdan ortiq maydoni bo'lsa, test ijobiy deb hisoblanadi<ref name="CDC2017">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Tuberculin Skin Testing |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.htm |ish=www.cdc.gov |qaralgan sana=8 January 2017 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022127/https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.htm |arxivsana=9 January 2017}}</ref>.
+Umumiy nojo'ya ta'sirlar orasida qizarish, qichishish va in'ektsiya joyida og'riq mavjud<ref name="AHFS2017">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Tuberculin |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tuberculin.html |nashriyot=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |qaralgan sana=8 January 2017 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022549/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tuberculin.html |arxivsana=9 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tuberculin.html "Tuberculin"]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022549/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tuberculin.html Archived] from the original on 9 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref>.Ba'zida [[Allergiya|allergik reaktsiyalar]] paydo bo'lishi mumkin<ref name="AHFS2017" />. Ilgari [[Bsj|BCG]] bilan emlangan yoki boshqa turdagi [[mikobakteriyalar]] bilan kasallanganlar uchun test noto'g'ri ijobiy bo'lishi mumkin<ref name="CDC2017">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Tuberculin Skin Testing |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.htm |ish=www.cdc.gov |qaralgan sana=8 January 2017 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022127/https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.htm |arxivsana=9 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.htm "Tuberculin Skin Testing"]. ''www.cdc.gov''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022127/https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.htm Archived] from the original on 9 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref>.Infektsiyadan keyin o'n hafta ichida, olti oydan kichik bo'lganlarda va ko'p yillar davomida infektsiyalanganlarda test noto'g'ri salbiy bo'lishi mumkin<ref name="CDC2017" />.[[Homiladorlik]] paytida foydalanish xavfsizdir<ref name="CDC2017" />.
+Tuberkulin 1890 yilda [[Robert Koch]] tomonidan kashf etilgan <ref name="Al2013">{{Kitob manbasi |last=Evans |first=Alfred S. |title=Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781475711400 |page=605 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gEOEBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA605 |language=en}}</ref>. Sil kasalligi (TB) etiologiyasi bo'yicha o'zining ishi bilan mashhur bo'lgan Kox patogen va keyinchalik Koch postulatlari deb nomlangan o'ziga xos kasallik o'rtasida o'rnatilishiga yordam beradigan turli xil qat'iy ko'rsatmalarni ishlab chiqdi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tyagi|first1=Jaya S.|date=2006-09-01|title=The timeless legacy of Robert Koch|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02834330|journal=Resonance|language=en|volume=11|issue=9|pages=20–28|doi=10.1007/BF02834330|issn=0973-712X}}</ref><ref name="Al2013" />. Tuberkulin ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' ekstraktidan tayyorlanadi<ref name="AHFS2017">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Tuberculin |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tuberculin.html |nashriyot=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |qaralgan sana=8 January 2017 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022549/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tuberculin.html |arxivsana=9 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tuberculin.html "Tuberculin"]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022549/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tuberculin.html Archived] from the original on 9 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref>.
-{{chala}}
+== Tarix ==
+=== Ixtiro ===
+Tuberkulin oqsili 1890-yilda nemis olimi va shifokori [[Robert Koch|Robert Kox]] tomonidan ixtiro qilingan.Tuberkulin tuberkulyoz tayoqchasining [[glitserin]] ekstrakti bo'lib, sil kasalligini davolash vositasi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan. Bu dastlab sil kasalligini davolovchi vosita hisoblanib, bemorlarga teri ostiga kulturli filtratlar orqali to'plangan jigarrang, shaffof suyuqlik dozasida berilgan<ref name="HuebnerAl1993">{{Cite journal|last=Huebner|first1=Robin E.|last2=Schein|first2=Maybelle F.|last3=Bass|first3=John B., Jr.|date=1993|title=The Tuberculin Skin Test|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4457498|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=17|issue=6|pages=968–975|doi=10.1093/clinids/17.6.968|jstor=4457498|pmid=8110954|issn=1058-4838}}</ref>.Biroq, davolanish o'limning ko'rsatkichlarini kamayishiga olib kelmadi. </link>
+-yilda bemorlarga tuberkulin bilan davolash birinchi marta berilganda, ko'pchilik bemorlarda 4-5 soat davom etgan febril reaktsiya qayd etilgan. Ushbu reaktsiyalarning alomatlari qusish, konstitutsiyaviy alomatlarning boshqa shakllari bilan birga kelgan isitmani o'z ichiga oladi<ref name="HuebnerAl1993">{{Cite journal|last=Huebner|first1=Robin E.|last2=Schein|first2=Maybelle F.|last3=Bass|first3=John B., Jr.|date=1993|title=The Tuberculin Skin Test|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4457498|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=17|issue=6|pages=968–975|doi=10.1093/clinids/17.6.968|jstor=4457498|pmid=8110954|issn=1058-4838}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuebnerScheinBass1993">Huebner, Robin E.; Schein, Maybelle F.; Bass, John B., Jr. (1993). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4457498 "The Tuberculin Skin Test"]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''17''' (6): 968–975. [[Raqamli obyekt identifikatori(DOI)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/clinids/17.6.968|10.1093/clinids/17.6.968]]. [[Xalqaro standart seriya raqami|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1058-4838|1058-4838]]. [[JSTOR (identifikator)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4457498 4457498]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8110954 8110954].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Andoza:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Turkum:CS1 ta'minoti: bir nechta nomlar: mualliflar ro'yxati|link]])</span>
+[[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref>.Bemorlarda bu alomatlar takrorlangandan so'ng, Kox vaqt o'tishi bilan davolash dozalarini oshirib yuborish silning yengil holatlarida tezroq va samaraliroq davolanishga olib kelishini, shuningdek, rivojlanishi sekinroq, ammo progressiv bo'lgan jiddiyroq holatlarni qayd etdi<ref name="HuebnerAl1993" />.
+== Manbalar ==
+{{Manbalar}}
+== Havolalar ==
+* [http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/Tuberculin-Skin-Tests Tuberkulin teri testlari]
+*
+[[Turkum:Immunologiya]]
+[[Turkum:Tuberkulyoz]]
+[[Turkum:Ftiziatriya]]
+[[Turkum:Pulmonologiya]]