Olmaning chirishi: Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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7-Aprel 2023, 08:51 dagi koʻrinishi

Olmaning achchiq chirishi
Honeycrispolma ustidagi achchiq chirish, xarakterli kirib borgan jarohatlarni ko'rsatadi. Lezyon yuzasida acervulikonsentrik halqalari ko'rinadi.
Keng qo'llaniladigan nomlar Olma atraknozi, olma achchiq chirishi, achchiq chirish, olmaning achchiq chirishi, Glomerella meva chirishi
Sabab bo'luvchilar Colletotrichum acutatum va C. gloeosporioides turlari majmuasi
Yo'nalishlar Yomg'ir ta'sirida
Tarqalish hududi Butun dunyo bo'ylab issiq nam ob-havo (Tropik iqlim) bo'lgan hududlarda
Alomatlari Olma etiga konus shaklida kirib borgan jarohatlar
Parvarishlash Kasallikka chidamli olma navlarini ekish, daraxtlarni parvarishlash va meva namligini kamaytirish uchun bog'dorchilik usullarini yaxshilash, qishlash vaqtida kasallangan novdalar va mevalarni olib tashlash, fungitsidlar

Olmaning achchiq chirishi - bu olma mevasining zamburug' kasalligi bo'lib, Colletotrichum acutatum va Colletotrichum gloeosporioides turlari komplekslarida bir nechta turlar keltirib chiqaradi[1]. Olma eti ichiga konussimon kirib borishi bilan hosil bo'lgan dumaloq jarohatlar bilan aniqlanadi, ular olma kasallangan markazi teng yarmidan kesilganda V shaklida ko'rinadi[1]. Bu tropik hududlarda olma mevalarining keng miqyosda ziyon keltiruvchi kasalliklaridan biridir[2].

Umumiy nomlari

"Achchiq chirish" atamasi 1800-yillarda Qo'shma Shtatlardagi adabiyotlarda doimiy ravishda ushbu kasallik bilan bog'lagan holda keltirilgan[3][4][5]. 1950–1980 yillarda Buyuk Britaniya va Irlandiyada Neofabraea (yoki Gloeosporiumning eski sinonimi) turlaridan kelib chiqqan olma chirishi uchun "achchiq chirish" umumiy nomini ishlatadigan adabiyotlar mavjud edi, hozirgi kunda esa lentikel chirish yoki buqalar ko'z chirishi deb ataladi[6][7][8]. Janubiy Koreya adabiyotida ko'pincha "olma antraknozi" nomi ishlatiladi[9][10]. Ayrim olimlar C. gloeosporioides va C. acutatum tur komplekslari keltirib chiqaradigan chirishlarni bir-biridan ajratib, ularni mos ravishda “Glomerel chirish” va “achchiq chirish” deb atashadi[11]. Biroq "achchiq chirish" yoki aniqroq holda "olmaning achchiq chirishi" ingliz adabiyotida ishlatiladigan eng keng tarqalgan atamalardir[12][13][14][15].

Sababli turlari

Olmaning markazidan kesilgan achchiq chirish yarasi, olma etiga konus yoki V shaklidagi xarakterli kirib borishini ko'rsatadi.

Tarixiy nomlari

Olmaning achchiq chirishiga olib keladigan zamburug'lar birinchi marta 1856 yilda Buyuk Britaniyalik Mayl Berkli tomonidan Gloeosporium fructigenum sifatida tasvirlangan[16]. Berta Stounman keyinchalik G. fructigenum Pier Andrea Sakkardo Colletotrichum jinsiga joylashtirgan sitrusdan olingan ba'zi zamburug'larga o'xshashligini kuzatgan[17][18]. 1900-yillarning boshlarida Perli Spaulding va Hermann Von Shrenk Glomerella cingulata nomi ostida bir nechta farq qilib bo'lmaydigan zamburug'larni birlashtirdilar[19]. Texnik jihatdan faqat teleomorfning nomi bo'lsa-da, amalda G. cingulata nomi achchiq chirishga olib keladigan ko'payishi jinsiy va jinsiy bo'lmagan zamburug'lar uchun ishlatilgan. Qo'shma Shtatlarda achchiq chirishga olib keladigan zamburug'larni asosan jinssiz shimoliy shaklga va tezroq o'sadigan peritetsiya hosil qiluvchi (jinsiy yo'l bilan ko'payadigan) janubiy shaklga bo'lish mumkinligi qayd qilingan[20].

Achchiq chirishga sabab bo'lgan zamburug'ni tasvirlash uchun kamdan-kam qo'llanilsa-da, anamorf (jinssiz shakl) odatda qaysi xo'jayin o'simligidan ajratilganiga qarab farq qiladigan bir nechta turli nomlar bilan farqlanadi. 1957-yilda zamburug' turlarining yirik tartibsizligidan Jozef Adolf fon Arks sistematik birlik yaratdi va 600 dan ortiq zamburug' nomlarini Colletotrichum gloeosporioides yagona nomiga sinonimlashtirdi[21]. Biroq, von Arx juda uzoqqa bordi va o'n yildan kamroq vaqt o'tgach, o'tkir (uchli) conidia (jinsiy sporlar) bo'lgan izolatlarni Colletotrichum acutatum deb nomladi[22]. G. cingulata va C. gloeosporioides bir xil qoʻziqorinning teleomorf va anamorf (jinsiy va jinssiz) bosqichlari boʻlsa, C. acutatum anamorf boʻlib, teleomorf deyarli kuzatilmagan.

G. singulata nomi keng tarqalgan boʻlsa-da, achchiq chirishga olib keladigan zamburugʻlar 2000-yillarning boshlariga qadar G. cingulata, C. gloeosporioides va C. acutatum nomlari bilan tasniflab kelingan[23].

Hozirgi nomlari

Molekulyar filogenetikaga asoslangan turlarni aniqlashning rivojlanishi bilan jinsiy bosqichni aniqlash kerak bo'lmay qoldi va Colletotrichum ning yagona jins nomi golomorf sifatida tanlandi. Molekulyar filogenetikadan foydalanib, C. gloeosporioides va C. acutatum turlarining barchasi bir necha oʻnlab yangi turlarga boʻlingan va ular ayni vaqtda tur komplekslari sifatida birlashtirilgan[24][25].

C. acutatum turlar majmuasida C. fioriniae, C. godetiae, C. nymphaeae, C. salicis, C. orientalis, C. cuscutae, C. acerbum, C. acutatum, C. melonis, C. rhombiforme, C. limetticola, C. paranaense va C. simmondsii hozirgi vaqtgacha achchiq chirishga sababchi ekanligi aniqlangan[15][13]. Yuqoridagi turlardan C. fioriniae, C. godetiae va C. nymphaeae turlari achchiq chirish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan, eng keng tarqalgan turlar hisoblanadi[15].

C. gloeosporioides turlar majmuasida C. fructicola, C. chrysophilum, C. siamense, C. noveboracense, C. tropicale, C. alienum, C. theobromicola ( sin. C. fragariae ), C. aenigma, C. kahawae, C. gloeosporioides va C. henanense achchiq chirishga sababchi ekanligi aniqlangan[15][26][27]. Ularning C. fructicola, C. chrysophilum, C. siamense va C. noveboracense turlari achchiq chirish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan, keng tarqalgan turlar hisoblanadi[15][27].

Xususiyatlari

Ikki tur majmuasidan C. gloeosporioides tur majmuasi C. acutatum tur majmuasiga qaraganda yuqori optimal oʻsish haroratiga va tez oʻsishga intiladi[15]. C. gloeosporioides tur kompleksi keltirib chiqaradigan chirishlar yuzasi silliq, C. acutatum turlar majmuasi keltirib chiqaradigan chirishlar kontsentrik halqalarga ega bo'lib, losos rangidagi konidiya massasini hosil qiladi[11]. Ikki turdagi komplekslar ichida alohida turlar bog'dorchilik jihatidan bir-biridan sezilarli darajada farq qilishi ma'lum emas[27][28]. Ikkala tur kompleksi ham hemibiotroflardir va bu turlarning ko'pchiligining asosiy ekologik joyi endofit hisoblanadi[29][30][31].

Kasallik sikli

Achchiq chirishga olib keladigan Colletotrichum turlari zararlangan mevali mumiyalarda, kurtaklarda, novdalar va novdalar saratonida qishlaydi[2]. Nam sharoitda kuzda tuproq yuzasiga tushadigan kasallangan olma keyingi yil zararlashning muhim manbai bo'lolmaydi, chunki Colletotrichum odatda turli achitqi zamburug'lar tomonidan o'zlashtiriladi[32]. Harorat 10°C dan 32°C gacha bo'lgan barglar namligi davrida sporlar yil davomida tarqaladi[33]. Olma mevasi vegetatsiya vaqtida, spora mavjud bo'lganda va harorat va namlik vaqti infeksiya uchun eng qulay bo'lgan vaqtda infeksiyalanishi mumkin[33]. Gemibiotroflarga xos bo'lgan shaklda, achchiq chirish infeksiyasi chirishga olib kelguniga qadar o'zini namoyon qiladi, ko'pincha meva pishishiga qadar namoyon bo'lmasligi bilan nekrotrofiyaga o'tish uchun chirishga nisbatan kamroq chidamli bo'ladi va chuqur botgan achchiq chirish jarohatlarini hosil qiladi[15][33]. Yozda kasallangan mevalar ko'pincha yig'im-terimga yaqin yoki undan keyin hech qanday chirish alomatlarini qilmaydi.

Boshqaruv

Madaniy nazorat

Olmaning achchiq chirishi yaxshi bog'dorchilik amaliyotlaridan boshlanadi, ular achchiq chirishga kamroq moyil bo'lgan daraxtlarni ekish, kasallangan mevalarni, o'lik novdalar va Antraknozlarni uyqu davrida olib tashlash, sog'lig'i va kuchini saqlash uchun mukammal parvarishlash amaliyotlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Daraxtni qurishi va mevaning nam bo'lish vaqtini kamaytirish uchun daraxtni havo oqimi bilan ta'minlash uchun daraxtga shakl berish va kesish[23].

Fungitsidlar

Yaxshi bog'dorchilik amaliyotlari bilan birgalikda issiq va nam sharoitda sezgir navlarda achchiq chirishga qarshi muvaffaqiyatli kurashish uchun fungitsidlarni muntazam ravishda qo'llash kerak[23]. Agar ro'yxatdan o'tgan har qanday fungitsidlar yaxshi davolovchi faollikka ega bo'lsa, infeksiya paydo bo'lishidan oldin qo'llanilishi kerak[33][28]. Achchiq chirishga qarshi kurashda eng samarali fungitsidlar qatoriga ko'p tarmoqli fungitsid captan, osmotik signal uzatishni parchalovchi fludioxonil, oksidlovchi fosforillanishni ajratuvchi fluazinam, QOI inhibitors pyraclostrobin va trifloksistrobin hamda SDHI ingibitori kiradi[28].

Manbalar

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Kimberly Leonberger, Madison McCulloch, and Nicole W Gauthier (2019). "Bitter Rot of Apple". University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PPFS-FR-T-24. https://plantpathology.ca.uky.edu/files/ppfs-fr-t-24.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 John W. Roberts and Leslie Pierce (1935). "Apple bitter rot and its control". U.S. Dept. Of Agriculture Farmers Bulletin (938). OCLC 15355792. http://worldcat.org/oclc/15355792. 
  3. ↑ Willich, A. F. M.. The domestic encyclopaedia; or, A dictionary of facts, and useful knowledge: comprehending a concise view of the latest discoveries, inventions, and improvements, chiefly applicable to rural and domestic economy. Together with descriptions of the most interesting objects of nature and art; the history of men and animals, in a state of health or disease; and practical hints respecting the arts and manufactures, both familiar and commercial, illustrated with numerous engravings and cuts in five volumes. Philadelphia: W.Y. Birch and A. Small, 1804 — 112–113 bet. OCLC 36488723. 
  4. ↑ A Subscriber (1842). "The Bitter-rot in Apples". Western Farmer and Gardener III: 22–23. 
  5. ↑ Alwood, William B. (1890). "Ripe Rot, or Bitter Rot, of Apples". Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 3 (40): 59–82. 
  6. ↑ Kavanagh, J. A. (1969). "Occurrence in Ireland of Bitter Rot of Apples Caused by Gloeosporium album". Irish Journal of Agricultural Research 8: 288. 
  7. ↑ Tan, A. M.; Burchill, R. T. (1972). "The infection and perennation of the bitter rot fungus, Gloeosporium album, on apple leaves". Annals of Applied Biology 70 (3): 199–206. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1972.tb04705.x. ISSN 0003-4746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1972.tb04705.x. 
  8. ↑ Rosenberger, David A. (2016). "Bitter rot of apples: Recent changes in what we know and implications for disease management". Proceedings of the Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference 92: 118–127. http://csfwc.grapepathology.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016-CSFWC-Proceedings.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Kim, Young Soo; Balaraju, Kotnala; Jeon, Yongho (2016). "Biological Control of Apple Anthracnose by Paenibacillus polymyxa APEC128, an Antagonistic Rhizobacterium" (en). The Plant Pathology Journal 32 (3): 251–259. doi:10.5423/PPJ.OA.01.2016.0015. ISSN 1598-2254. PMID 27298600. PMC 4892821. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4892821. 
  10. ↑ Kim, Chi Hyun; Hassan, Oliul; Chang, Taehyun (2020). "Diversity, Pathogenicity, and Fungicide Sensitivity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Apple Anthracnose in South Korea" (en). Plant Disease 104 (11): 2866–2874. doi:10.1094/PDIS-01-20-0050-RE. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 32924872. 
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 „Glomerella Leaf Spot and Fruit Rot | NC State Extension Publications“ (en-US). content.ces.ncsu.edu. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 3-yanvar.
  12. ↑ Grammen, Amelie; Wenneker, M.; Van Campenhout, J.; Pham, K. T. K.; Van Hemelrijck, W.; Bylemans, D.; Geeraerd, A.; Keulemans, W. (2018). "Identification and pathogenicity assessment of Colletotrichum isolates causing bitter rot of apple fruit in Belgium". European Journal of Plant Pathology 153 (1): 47–63. doi:10.1007/s10658-018-1539-z. ISSN 0929-1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1539-z. 
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Liang, Xiaofei; Zhang, Rong; Gleason, Mark L.; Sun, Guangyu (2021). "Sustainable Apple Disease Management in China: Challenges and Future Directions for a Transforming Industry" (en). Plant Disease 106 (3): PDIS–06–21-1190-FE. doi:10.1094/PDIS-06-21-1190-FE. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 34698518. 
  14. ↑ Rockenbach, Mathias F.; Velho, Aline C.; Gonçalves, Amanda E.; Mondino, Pedro E.; Alaniz, Sandra M.; Stadnik, Marciel J. (2016). "Genetic Structure of Colletotrichum fructicola Associated to Apple Bitter Rot and Glomerella Leaf Spot in Southern Brazil and Uruguay" (en). Phytopathology 106 (7): 774–781. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-09-15-0222-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 27019063. 
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 15,5 15,6 Dowling, Madeline; Peres, Natalia; Villani, Sara; Schnabel, Guido (2020). "Managing Colletotrichum on Fruit Crops: A "Complex" Challenge" (en). Plant Disease 104 (9): 2301–2316. doi:10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2378-FE. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 32689886. 
  16. ↑ Berkeley, Miles (1856). "Disease in Apples". Garden Chronicles: 245. 
  17. ↑ Stoneman, Bertha (1898). "A Comparative Study of the Development of Some Anthracnoses". Botanical Gazette 26 (2): 69–120. doi:10.1086/327721. ISSN 0006-8071. 
  18. ↑ Saccardo, Pier Andrea (1884). "Seconda contribuzione allo studio dei funghi agrumicoli". Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 5: 670–671. 
  19. ↑ von Schrenk, Hermann; Spaulding, Perley (1903). "The Bitter-Rot Fungus". Science 17 (436): 750–751. doi:10.1126/science.17.436.750-b. ISSN 0036-8075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.17.436.750-b. 
  20. ↑ Edgerton, Claude Wilbur (1908). "The Physiology and Development of Some Anthracnoses". Botanical Gazette 45 (6): 367–408. doi:10.1086/329594. ISSN 0006-8071. 
  21. ↑ von Arx, Josef Adolf (1957). "Die Arten der Gattung Colletotrichum Cda". Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 29: 418–468. 
  22. ↑ Simmonds, J. H. (1965). "A study of the species of Colletotrichum causing ripe fruit rots in Queensland". Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences 22: 437–459. 
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Sutton, Turner. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases, Second Edition. St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society, 2014 — 20–21 bet. ISBN 9780890544334. 
  24. ↑ Weir, B.S.; Johnston, P.R.; Damm, U. (2012). "The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex". Studies in Mycology 73 (1): 115–180. doi:10.3114/sim0011. ISSN 0166-0616. PMID 23136459. PMC 3458417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/sim0011. 
  25. ↑ Damm, U.; Cannon, P.F.; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Crous, P.W. (2012). "The Colletotrichum acutatum species complex" (en). Studies in Mycology 73 (1): 37–113. doi:10.3114/sim0010. PMID 23136458. PMC 3458416. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3458416. 
  26. ↑ Khodadadi, Fatemeh; González, Jonathan B.; Martin, Phillip L.; Giroux, Emily; Bilodeau, Guillaume J.; Peter, Kari A.; Doyle, Vinson P.; Aćimović, Srđan G. (2020). "Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum species causing apple bitter rot in New York and description of C. noveboracense sp. nov." (en). Scientific Reports 10 (1): 11043. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66761-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 32632221. PMC 7338416. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7338416. 
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Martin, Phillip L.; Krawczyk, Teresa; Khodadadi, Fatemeh; Aćimović, Srđan G.; Peter, Kari A. (2021). "Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic United States: Causal Species and Evaluation of the Impacts of Regional Weather Patterns and Cultivar Susceptibility" (en). Phytopathology 111 (6): PHYTO–09–20–043. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-09-20-0432-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 33487025. 
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 Martin, Phillip L.; Krawczyk, Teresa; Pierce, Kristen; Thomas, Catherine Anne; Khodadadi, Fatemeh; Aćimović, Srđan; Peter, Kari (2021). "Fungicide sensitivity of Colletotrichum species causing bitter rot of apple in the Mid-Atlantic United States" (en). Plant Disease 106 (2): 549–563. doi:10.1094/PDIS-06-21-1142-RE. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 34353127. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-06-21-1142-RE.  Manba xatosi: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  29. ↑ Münch, Steffen; Lingner, Ulrike; Floss, Daniela S.; Ludwig, Nancy; Sauer, Norbert; Deising, Holger B. (2008). "The hemibiotrophic lifestyle of Colletotrichum species" (en). Journal of Plant Physiology 165 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2007.06.008. PMID 17765357. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0176161707001356. 
  30. ↑ Rojas, Enith I.; Rehner, Stephen A.; Samuels, Gary J.; Van Bael, Sunshine A.; Herre, Edward A.; Cannon, Paul; Chen, Rui; Pang, Junfeng et al. (2010). "Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.l. associated with Theobroma cacao and other plants in Panamá: multilocus phylogenies distinguish host-associated pathogens from asymptomatic endophytes" (en). Mycologia 102 (6): 1318–1338. doi:10.3852/09-244. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 20943565. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3852/09-244. 
  31. ↑ Martin, Phillip L.; Peter, Kari A. (2021). "Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte" (en). Phytopathology 111 (2): 333–344. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0157-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 32729787. 
  32. ↑ Martin, Phillip L.; King, William L.; Bell, Terrence H.; Peter, Kari A. (2022). "The Decay and Fungal Succession of Apples with Bitter Rot Across a Vegetation Diversity Gradient" (en). Phytobiomes Journal 6 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1094/PBIOMES-06-21-0039-R. ISSN 2471-2906. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PBIOMES-06-21-0039-R. 
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 33,3 Martin, Phillip L.; Peter, Kari (2023). "Spore dispersal patterns of Colletotrichum fioriniae in orchards and the timing of apple bitter rot infection periods" (en). Plant Disease: PDIS–08–22-1966-RE. doi:10.1094/PDIS-08-22-1966-RE. ISSN 0191-2917. https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-08-22-1966-RE.  
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