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„Childhood trauma“ sahifasi tarjima qilib yaratildi
(Farq yoʻq)

13-Mart 2023, 16:20 dagi koʻrinishi

Bolalik travması ko'pincha jiddiy salbiy bolalik tajribasi (ACE) sifatida tavsiflanadi. [1] Bolalar psixologik travma sifatida tasniflanadigan bir qator tajribalardan o'tishi mumkin; bularga beparvolik, [2] tashlab ketish, [2] jinsiy zo'ravonlik, hissiy zo'ravonlik va jismoniy zo'ravonlik, [2] aka-uka yoki ota-onaga nisbatan zo'ravonlik guvohi bo'lish yoki ruhiy kasal ota-onasi bo'lishi mumkin. Ushbu hodisalar chuqur psixologik, fiziologik va sotsiologik ta'sirga ega bo'lib, sog'liq va farovonlikka salbiy, doimiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin, masalan, nosotsial xatti-harakatlar, diqqat etishmasligi giperaktivligi buzilishi (DEHB) va uyqu buzilishi. [3] Xuddi shunday, homiladorlik paytida travmatik yoki stressli hodisalarni boshdan kechirgan onalari bo'lgan bolalar bolaning ruhiy salomatligi va boshqa neyrorivojlanish kasalliklari xavfini oshirishi mumkin. [3] Kaiser Permanente va Kasalliklarni nazorat qilish va oldini olish markazlarining 1998 yildagi noxush bolalik tajribasiga oid tadqiqoti shuni ko'rsatdiki, bolalik davridagi travmatik tajribalar ko'plab ijtimoiy, hissiy va kognitiv buzilishlarning asosiy sababi bo'lib, bu nosog'lom o'z-o'zini buzadigan xatti-harakatlar xavfini oshiradi, [2] zo'ravonlik yoki qayta qurbon bo'lish xavfi, surunkali sog'liq sharoitlari, past hayot potentsiali va erta o'lim. Noqulay tajribalar soni ortib borayotganligi sababli, bolalikdan kattalargacha bo'lgan muammolar xavfi ham ortadi. [4] Dastlabki tadqiqotdan keyin 30 yillik o'rganish buni tasdiqladi. Ko'pgina shtatlar, sog'liqni saqlash provayderlari va boshqa guruhlar endi ota-onalar va bolalarni ACE uchun muntazam ravishda tekshiradilar. Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Salomatlik

Asosiy maqola: Stress in early childhood
Lasting effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences
Bolalik davridagi salbiy tajribalarning doimiy ta'siri

Bolalik davridagi travmatik tajribalar stressni keltirib chiqaradi, bu odamning allostatik yukini oshiradi va shu bilan immunitet tizimiga, asab tizimiga va endokrin tizimga ta'sir qiladi. [5] [6] [7] [8] Surunkali stressga ta'sir qilish salbiy tibbiy natijalarga zaiflikni uch yoki to'rt baravar oshiradi. [9] Bolalik travmasi ko'pincha ruhiy tushkunlik, gipertenziya, otoimmün kasalliklar, o'pka saratoni va erta o'lim kabi salbiy sog'liq muammolari bilan bog'liq. [5] [7] [10] [11] Bolalik travmasining miya rivojlanishiga ta'siri hissiy tartibga solishga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatadi va ijtimoiy ko'nikmalarning rivojlanishining buzilishini o'z ichiga oladi. [7] Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, travmatik yoki xavfli oila muhitida o'sgan bolalar haddan tashqari ichkilashtirish (masalan, ijtimoiy chekinish, tashvish) yoki tashqi (masalan, tajovuzkor xatti-harakatlar) va o'z joniga qasd qilish xatti-harakatlariga ega. [7] [12] [13] So'nggi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, jismoniy va jinsiy zo'ravonlik balog'at yoshidagi kayfiyat va tashvish buzilishi bilan bog'liq, shaxsiyatning buzilishi va shizofreniya esa kattalardagi hissiy zo'ravonlik bilan bog'liq. [14] [15] Bundan tashqari, tadqiqotlar bolalik travmasidan kelib chiqqan ruhiy salomatlik natijalarini o'ziga xos kasalliklardan farqli o'laroq, o'lchovli ramka (ichki va tashqi ko'rinish) orqali yaxshiroq tushunish mumkinligini taklif qildi. [16]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Psixologik ta'sir

Asosiy maqola: Epigenetics

Bolalikdagi travma ruhiy kasalliklar, shu jumladan posttravmatik stress buzilishi ( TSSB ), bog'lanish muammolari, depressiya va giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish xavfini oshirishi mumkin. Bola rivojlanishining sezgir va tanqidiy bosqichlari o'zgargan nevrologik faoliyatga olib kelishi mumkin, bu zararli muhitga moslashadi, ammo qulayroq muhit uchun qiyin.Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Stefaniya Tognin va Mariya Kalem tomonidan o'tkazilgan tadqiqotda sog'lom taqqoslashlar (HC) va klinik jihatdan psixoz rivojlanishi xavfi yuqori bo'lgan shaxslar (CHR) CHR bilan kasallangan bemorlarning 65,6 foizi va HCning 23,1 foizi ba'zi darajadagi bolalik travmasını boshdan kechirgan. Tadqiqot xulosasi shuni ko'rsatadiki, bolalikdagi travma ta'siri va psixoz xavfi yuqori bo'lish o'rtasida bog'liqlik mavjud. [17]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Kattalarga ta'siri

Voyaga etganda bolalikdagi travma bilan boshlangan tashvish, tashvish, uyat, aybdorlik, nochorlik, umidsizlik, qayg'u, qayg'u va g'azab tuyg'ulari davom etishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, bolaligida jarohatlarga chidaganlar tashvish, ruhiy tushkunlik, o'z joniga qasd qilish va o'z joniga qasd qilish, TSSB, giyohvandlik va spirtli ichimliklarni suiiste'mol qilish va munosabatlardagi qiyinchiliklarga ko'proq duch kelishadi. [18] Bolalikdagi jarohatlarning oqibatlari faqat hissiy oqibatlar bilan tugamaydi. Bolalik travmasidan omon qolganlar, shuningdek, astma, yurak-qon tomir kasalliklari, diabet yoki insultni rivojlanish xavfi yuqori. Shuningdek, ularda o‘zlarining his-tuyg‘ularini tartibga solishni qiyinlashtiradigan, uyqudagi qiyinchiliklarga, immunitetni pasaytirishga va balog‘at yoshida bir qator jismoniy kasalliklarga chalinish xavfini oshirishga olib keladigan “stressning kuchayishi” rivojlanishi ehtimoli ko‘proq. [18]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Epigenetika

Asosiy maqola: Transgenerational trauma

Bolalik travmasi [8] bola genlarida epigenetik izlar qoldirishi mumkin, bu esa genlarni o'chirish yoki faollashtirish orqali gen ifodasini kimyoviy jihatdan o'zgartiradi. [19] Bu asosiy biologik jarayonlarni o'zgartirishi va hayot davomida salomatlik natijalariga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin. [19] 2013 yilda o'tkazilgan tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatdiki, bolalik davridagi travmani boshdan kechirgan odamlar, bolalikdan keyin boshdan kechirgan travmadan TSSB bo'lgan odamlarga qaraganda turli xil nevropatologiyaga ega. [19] Rhesus makakalarda olib borilgan yaqinda o'tkazilgan yana bir tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatdiki, DNK metilatsiyasining o'zgarishi erta hayotdagi qiyinchiliklar bilan bog'liq bo'lib, balog'at yoshiga qadar saqlanib qolgan. [20]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Urush jarohati yoki bolalik davridagi yomon muomaladan omon qolganlar travmadan keyingi stress buzilishi (TSSB) kabi travma spektri kasalliklari [21] xavfi yuqori. Bundan tashqari, travmatik stress neyroendokrin va immunitet tizimidagi o'zgarishlar bilan bog'liq bo'lib, jismoniy kasalliklar xavfini oshiradi. [22] Xususan, gipotalamus-gipofiz-buyrak usti bezlari o'qini, shuningdek, immunitet tizimini tartibga soluvchi genlarda epigenetik o'zgarishlar bolalik va kattalar travmasidan omon qolganlarda kuzatilgan. [23] [24]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Travmatik tajribalar hatto keyingi avlodning psixologik va biologik parametrlariga ham ta'sir qilishi mumkin, ya'ni travmatik stress avloddan-avlodga ta'sir qilishi mumkin. [25] [21] Ota-onalarning shikastlanishiga ta'sir qilish bolalarda post-travmatik stress buzilishi (TSSB) va ruhiy holat va xavotirlik buzilishlarining ko'proq xavfi bilan bog'liqligi aniqlandi, chunki TSSB va/yoki stress bilan bog'liq boshqa kasalliklar bilan bog'liq biologik o'zgarishlar travmadan omon qolganlarning avlodlarida ham kuzatilgan. o'zlari travma yoki psixiatrik kasallik haqida xabar bermaydilar. [26] Hayvonlar modellari stress ta'siri keyingi avlodda epigenetik o'zgarishlarga olib kelishi mumkinligini ko'rsatdi va bunday mexanizmlar travmadan omon qolgan nasllarning alomatlariga zaiflikni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun faraz qilingan. [27] Voyaga etgan nasllarning stressga chidamli xatti-harakatlari va epigenetik o'zgarishlar bachadon ta'sirida gametalardagi o'zgarishlar, tug'ruqdan keyingi erta parvarishdagi o'zgarishlar va/yoki ota-onalarning ta'siriga bog'liq bo'lgan boshqa erta hayot tajribalari orqali vositachilik qilishini ko'rsatdi (Yehuda, Daskalakis, Bierer)., Bader, Klengel, Holsboer va Binder, 2015).Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Ushbu o'zgarishlar stressga javob berishning barqaror o'zgarishiga, shuningdek, jismoniy sog'liq uchun xavf tug'dirishi mumkin. [21] Bundan tashqari, ota-ona travmasining oqibatlari keyingi avlodga ota-onalarning iztiroblari va tug'ruqdan oldingi va postnatal muhit, shuningdek, jinsiy yo'l orqali uzatiladigan epigenetik belgilar orqali o'tishi mumkin. [26] Epigenetik tadqiqotlar travma oqibatlarini tushunishimizni rivojlantirish uchun yuqori potentsialga ega bo'lsa-da, topilmalarni ehtiyotkorlik bilan talqin qilish kerak, chunki epigenetika o'zaro ta'sir qiluvchi biologik va atrof-muhit omillarining murakkab jumboqning faqat bir qismini ifodalaydi. [21]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Shuningdek qarang

  • Bolalar va oila salomatligi markazi, 1996 yil tashkil etilgan

Ma'lumotnomalar

Ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy xarajatlar

Bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik va qarovsizlikning ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy xarajatlarini hisoblash qiyin. Ba'zi xarajatlar oddiy va noto'g'ri munosabat bilan bevosita bog'liq, masalan, jismoniy zo'ravonlik natijasida olingan jarohatlarni davolash uchun shifoxona xarajatlari va bolalar o'z oilalari bilan xavfsiz qololmaganda ularni olib ketish natijasida kelib chiqadigan homiylik qilish xarajatlari. Suiiste'mollik holatlari bilan bevosita bog'liq bo'lmagan boshqa xarajatlarga akademik yutuqlarning pastligi, kattalar jinoyatchiligi va umrbod ruhiy salomatlik muammolari kiradi. To'g'ridan-to'g'ri va bilvosita xarajatlar jamiyat va iqtisodiyotga ta'sir qiladi. [28] [29]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Transgenerativ effektlar

Asosiy maqola: Psychological resilience

Odamlar o'zlarining epigenetik belgilarini, shu jumladan miyelinsiz neyronlarni o'z farzandlariga o'tkazishlari mumkin. Shikastlanish oqibatlari bolalik davridagi travmadan omon qolganlarning bir avlodidan keyingi avlodlarga o'tkazilishi mumkin. Bu nasl-nasl travması yoki avlodlararo travma sifatida tanilgan va ota-onalarning xatti-harakatlarida, shuningdek epigenetik jihatdan namoyon bo'lishi mumkin. [30] [31] [32] Bolalik travmasiga ta'sir qilish, shuningdek, atrof-muhit stressi genlar va gen ifodalarida o'zgarishlarga olib kelishi mumkin. [33] [34] [35] Ko'payib borayotgan adabiyotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, bolalarning yaqin munosabatlardagi jarohatlari va zo'ravonliklari nafaqat ularning bolalikdagi farovonligiga xavf tug'diradi, balki balog'at yoshiga qadar davom etadigan uzoq davom etadigan oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin. [36] Ushbu uzoq davom etadigan oqibatlar hissiyotlarni tartibga solish muammolarini o'z ichiga olishi mumkin, ular keyinchalik bolalar va ota-onalarning o'zaro ta'siri va o'rganilgan xatti-harakatlari orqali keyingi avlodlarga o'tishi mumkin. [37] (shuningdek qarang: xulq-atvor epigenetikasi, epigenetika, tarixiy travma va zo'ravonlik davri )Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Chidamlilik

Asosiy maqola: Complex post-traumatic stress disorder#Children and adolescents

Bolalikda yomon munosabatda bo'lish katta yoshdagi turli xil salbiy oqibatlarni sezilarli darajada bashorat qiladi. [38] Biroq, potentsial travmatik hodisaga duchor bo'lgan barcha bolalar ruhiy yoki jismoniy salomatlik bilan keyingi kurashlarni rivojlantirmaydi. [39] Shu sababli, potentsial travmatik hodisalarning ta'sirini kamaytiradigan va shaxsni potentsial travmatik hodisaga duchor bo'lganidan keyin ruhiy salomatlik muammolarini rivojlanishidan himoya qiluvchi omillar mavjud. Bularga chidamlilik omillari deyiladi.Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Qiyinchiliklarga duch kelganda moslashuvchan rivojlanishni ko'rsatgan bolalar bo'yicha tadqiqotlar 1970-yillarda boshlangan va hozirgi kungacha davom etmoqda. [40] Chidamlilik "qiyin yoki tahdidli vaziyatlarga qaramay, muvaffaqiyatli moslashish jarayoni, qobiliyati yoki natijasi" deb ta'riflanadi [41] . Chidamlilik kontseptsiyasi ijobiy his-tuyg'ularni boshdan kechirish salbiy his-tuyg'ularni boshdan kechirishda umumiy jismoniy va psixologik farovonlikka, aniqrog'i, travma reaktsiyalariga nisbatan tiklovchi va profilaktik ta'sir ko'rsatadigan tadqiqotlardan kelib chiqadi. [42] [43] Ushbu tadqiqot yo'nalishi travmatik hodisani boshdan kechirgan shaxsning kamchiliklariga e'tibor qaratishdan farqli o'laroq, chidamlilikni oshirishga qaratilgan tadbirlarni ishlab chiqishga yordam berdi. [40] Chidamlilik o'z joniga qasd qilish, ruhiy tushkunlik, tashvish va bolalikdagi travma ta'siri bilan bog'liq boshqa ruhiy salomatlik muammolari xavfini kamaytirishi aniqlandi. [44] [45] [46] [47]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Chidamliligi yuqori bo'lgan shaxs potentsial travmatik hodisani boshdan kechirganda, ularning nisbiy faoliyat darajasi potentsial travmatik hodisaga duchor bo'lishdan oldin namoyon bo'lgan faoliyat darajasidan sezilarli darajada chetga chiqmaydi. [41] Bundan tashqari, o'sha odam potentsial shikastli tajribadan tezroq va muvaffaqiyatli tuzalib ketishi mumkin, bu kamroq bardoshli deb aytish mumkin bo'lgan shaxsga qaraganda. [41] Bolalarda faoliyat darajasi bolaning o'zini o'zi shu yoshdagi bolaning rivojlanishiga mos keladigan tarzda tutishda davom etishi bilan ishlaydi. [40] Faoliyat darajasi, shuningdek, ruhiy tushkunlik, tashvish, travmadan keyingi stress buzilishi va boshqalar kabi ruhiy kasalliklarning mavjudligi bilan o'lchanadi. [39]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Chidamlilikka ta'sir qiluvchi omillar

Moslashuvchanlikka ta'sir qiluvchi omillar orasida ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy maqom kabi madaniy omillar mavjud bo'lib, ko'proq resurslarga ega bo'lish, odatda, jarohatlarga nisbatan ko'proq chidamlilikka tenglashadi. [40] Bundan tashqari, potentsial travmatik tajribaning zo'ravonligi va davomiyligi bolalik travması natijasida salbiy oqibatlarni boshdan kechirish ehtimoliga ta'sir qiladi. [39] [45] Chidamlilikka ta'sir qilmaydigan omillardan biri bu jinsdir, erkaklar ham, ayollar ham xavf va himoya omillariga teng darajada sezgir. [39] Kognitiv qobiliyat ham chidamlilikning bashoratchisi emas. [39]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Qo'shilish shaxsning nisbiy chidamliligini baholashda e'tiborga olish kerak bo'lgan eng muhim omillardan biri ekanligi ko'rsatilgan. [39] Samarali kurash strategiyalariga ega bo'lgan kattalar bilan xavfsiz bog'langan bolalar, ehtimol, bolalik davridagi noqulay tajribalarni (ACE) moslashuvchan tarzda boshdan kechirishgan. [40] Butun umr davomida (shu jumladan o'smirlik va balog'at yoshida) ishonchli qo'shilish chidamlilikni rivojlantirish va saqlashda bir xil darajada muhim ko'rinadi. [39] O'smirlik davrida o'z tengdoshlari bilan ishonchli bog'lanish, ayniqsa, chidamlilikning kuchli prognozidir. [39] Zo'ravonlik kontekstida, bu xavfsiz qo'shimchalar zo'ravonlikka uchragan bolalar boshqalarni ishonchsiz deb bilish darajasini pasaytiradi deb o'ylashadi. [39] Boshqacha qilib aytadigan bo'lsak, zo'ravonlikka uchragan ba'zi bolalar boshqa odamlarni xavfli va ishonchli deb bilishni boshlagan bo'lsa-da, sog'lom munosabatlarni rivojlantirish va saqlashga qodir bo'lgan bolalar bunday qarashlarga ega bo'lish ehtimoli kamroq. Bolalik, o‘smirlik va balog‘at yoshida travmatizmni boshdan kechirgan, lekin ayni paytda bir nechta odamlar guruhlari (mohiyatiga ko‘ra, kattalar, tengdoshlar, ishqiy sheriklar va boshqalar) bilan sog‘lom bog‘lanishni boshdan kechirgan bolalar ayniqsa chidamli bo‘ladilar. [39]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Shaxsiyat, shuningdek, bolalik davridagi zo'ravonlik natijasida kattalar psixopatologiyasining rivojlanishiga (yoki rivojlanishning etishmasligiga) ta'sir qiladi. [39] Nevrotizm bo'yicha past ball olgan shaxslar, potentsial travmatik hodisaga duchor bo'lganidan keyin psixopatologiya, jinoiy faoliyat va yomon jismoniy salomatlik kabi kamroq salbiy natijalarni ko'rsatadi. [39] Bundan tashqari, tajribaga ochiqlik, vijdonlilik va ekstraversiya bo'yicha yuqori ballga ega bo'lgan shaxslar bolalikdagi travma ta'siriga nisbatan chidamliroq ekanligi aniqlandi. [48] [49]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Chidamlilikni oshirish

Moslashuvchanlik haqidagi eng keng tarqalgan noto'g'ri tushunchalardan biri shundaki, chidamlilik ko'rsatadigan odamlar qandaydir tarzda maxsus yoki g'ayrioddiydir. [40] Muvaffaqiyatli moslashish yoki chidamlilik bolalar orasida juda keng tarqalgan. [40] Bu qisman bolalik rivojlanishining tabiiy moslashuvchanligi bilan bog'liq. Shunday qilib, chidamlilik bolaning tug'ma chidamliligiga putur etkazadigan omillardan himoya qilish orqali yaxshilanadi. [40] Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, jarohatlarga duchor bo'lgan bolalarga o'zlarini xavfsiz his qiladigan va sog'lom kattalar bilan ishonchli bog'lana oladigan muhit bilan ta'minlash orqali chidamlilikni oshirish mumkin. [50] Shu sababli, kuchli ota-ona va bola munosabatlarini rag'batlantiradigan aralashuvlar travmaning mumkin bo'lgan salbiy ta'siriga qarshi buferlashda ayniqsa samaralidir. [50]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Bundan tashqari, chidamlilik tadqiqotchilarining ta'kidlashicha, muvaffaqiyatli moslashish nafaqat natija, balki insonning butun umri davomida davom etadigan rivojlanish jarayonidir. [50] Shunday qilib, chidamlilikni muvaffaqiyatli targ'ib qilish ham insonning butun umri davomida davom etishi kerak.Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Prognoz

Travma barcha bolalarga turlicha ta'sir qiladi (qarang: erta bolalikdagi stress ). Shikastlangan ba'zi bolalarda sezilarli va uzoq davom etadigan muammolar paydo bo'ladi, boshqalari esa minimal alomatlarga ega va tezroq tuzalib ketishi mumkin. [51] Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, travmaning keng ta'siriga qaramay, bolalar tuzalib ketishi va tiklanishi mumkin va travmadan xabardor qilingan parvarish va aralashuvlar "odatdagidek davolash" dan ko'ra yaxshiroq natijalar beradi. Travma haqida ma'lumotga ega bo'lgan yordam - bu jarohat olgan odamlarning maxsus ehtiyojlarini qondiradigan tarzda xizmatlar yoki yordam ko'rsatish sifatida aniqlanadi. [52]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Shikastlanish turlari

Hissiy suiiste'mol

Hissiy zo'ravonlik ko'pincha ochiq va yashirin tarzda sodir bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan shikastlanishning kam ifodalangan shaklidir. Hissiy zo'ravonlik hissiy manipulyatsiya, haqoratli so'zlar, izolyatsiya, diskretizatsiya, kamsitish va boshqalarning namunasi atrofida aylanadi, ular shaxsning o'zini o'zi qadrlashi, ideallari, qadriyatlari va haqiqatiga ichki ta'sir ko'rsatadi. [53] Bolalardagi hissiy zo'ravonlik, bolalik davridagi travma va hissiy zo'ravon oilada o'sayotganda yoki hissiy zo'ravon shaxslar bilan munosabatda bo'lgan bolalarga ta'siri bilan bog'liq alohida muammodir. [54]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Bezorilik

Bezorilik - jismoniy yoki ijtimoiy jihatdan kamroq kuchga ega bo'lgan shaxsga jismoniy yoki psixologik zarar etkazish niyatida har qanday sababsiz harakat. Bezorilik ko'pincha takrorlanadigan va odatiy hol bo'lib, shaxsan yoki onlayn tarzda sodir bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan ta'qib qilishning bir shaklidir. [55]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Bolalikda zo'ravonlik o'smirlikning keyingi bosqichiga ta'sir qilishi mumkin bo'lgan zarar yoki qayg'u va ta'limga zarar etkazishi mumkin. [56] Jabrlanuvchi, zo'ravonlik, zo'ravonlik/jabrlanuvchi yoki guvoh sifatida zo'ravonlikning ishtiroki bolalarning farovonligiga tahdid solishi mumkin. Bezorilik ovqatlanish buzilishining rivojlanishi uchun xavf omili bo'lishi mumkin, u HPA o'qining ishlashiga ta'sir qilishi mumkin va u kattalardagi faoliyatga ta'sir qilishi mumkin. Bu yallig'lanish, diabet va yurak xavfi kabi jismoniy muammolar va tashvish, depressiya, agorafobiya, vahima buzilishi, giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish va PTSD kabi ruhiy salomatlik muammolari xavfini oshiradi. [57]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Jamiyat zo'ravonligi

Bevosita zo'ravonlikdan farqli o'laroq, jamiyatdagi zo'ravonlik jarohati har doim ham bolada to'g'ridan-to'g'ri davom etavermaydi, aksincha, guruh zo'ravonligi, maktabdagi otishmalar, tartibsizliklar yoki politsiya zo'ravonligi kabi jamiyatdagi zo'ravon harakatlar va xatti-harakatlarga duchor bo'lish natijasidir. [58] Jamoatchilik zo'ravonligiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki bilvosita ta'sir qilish bolalar va o'smirlarning ruhiy salomatligiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan ko'plab salbiy natijalar bilan bog'liq, shu jumladan travma bilan bog'liq alomatlar, [59] akademik muammolar, [60] giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish [61] va o'z joniga qasd qilish g'oyalari. [62]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, zo'ravonlik ko'proq zo'ravonlikni keltirib chiqaradi; jamiyatdagi zo'ravonlikka guvoh bo'lgan bolalar rivojlanish davrlarida, jumladan, erta [59] va o'rta bolalik, [63] [64], shuningdek, o'smirlik davrida doimiy ravishda yuqori darajadagi tajovuzkorlik darajasini ko'rsatadi. [65]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Murakkab travma

Asosiy maqola: Child sexual abuse

Murakkab travma qurbonlikning ko'p va takroriy epizodlari yoki boshqa travmatik hodisalar ta'siridan kelib chiqadi. Shikastlanishning ko'p shakllariga duchor bo'lgan odamlar ko'pincha bir nechta travma ta'siriga duchor bo'lganlarga nisbatan keng ko'lamli qiyinchiliklarni ko'rsatadilar. Masalan, kognitiv asoratlar (dissosiatsiya), affektiv, somatik, xulq-atvor, munosabatlar va o'z-o'zini bog'lash muammolari murakkab travmalarni boshdan kechirgan shaxslarda kuzatilgan. [66]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Falokatlar

Tabiiy va texnogen ofatlarning o'z tajribasidan tashqari, ofat bilan bog'liq jarohatlar yaqinlarini yo'qotish, falokat natijasida uy-joysizlik va qiyinchiliklar natijasida yuzaga kelgan buzilishlar va jamoat tuzilmalarining buzilishini o'z ichiga oladi. [67]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Tabiiy ofatga ta'sir qilish, ayniqsa bolalarda, turli xil noqulay oqibatlarga olib keladigan juda stressli tajribadir. [68] Tabiiy ofatlarga ta'sir qilish bolalar va o'smirlarning yomon psixologik salomatligi uchun xavf omilidir. Psixologik alomatlar vaqt o'tishi bilan ta'sir qilishdan keyin pasayadi, bu tez jarayon emas. [69]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Intim sherigiga zo'ravonlik

Jamiyatdagi zo'ravonlikka o'xshab, yaqin sheriklar bilan bog'liq zo'ravonlik bilan bog'liq jarohatlar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bolada bo'lishi shart emas, lekin uy ichidagi zo'ravonlik, ko'pincha bir yoki bir nechta tarbiyachilar yoki oila a'zolariga nisbatan zo'ravonlik ta'siriga duchor bo'lishi mumkin. Ko'pincha bolaning bevosita jismoniy va hissiy zo'ravonligi bilan birga keladi. [70] Hayotning dastlabki yillarida tarbiyachiga nisbatan zo'ravonlik va tahdidlarni ko'rish bolaning salomatligi va rivojlanishiga jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi bilan bog'liq.Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Bolalar uchun oqibatlarga psixologik tanglik, xulq-atvorning buzilishi, o'z-o'zini tartibga solishning buzilishi, ijtimoiy o'zaro munosabatlardagi qiyinchiliklar va tartibsiz bog'lanish kiradi. [71] Shaxslararo zo'ravonlikka duchor bo'lgan bolalar, shaxslararo jarohatlarga ega bo'lganlarga qaraganda uzoq muddatli ruhiy salomatlik muammolarini rivojlanish ehtimoli ko'proq edi. [72] Intim sherik zo'ravonligini ko'rishning ta'siri kichikroq bolalar uchun jiddiyroq bo'lishi mumkin. Yosh bolalar nafaqat jismoniy, balki hissiy jihatdan ham katta yoshdagi bolalarga qaraganda o'z tarbiyachilariga to'liq bog'liqdirlar. Bu ularning normal nevrologik, psixologik va ijtimoiy rivojlanishi uchun zarurdir. Bu qaramlik ularning g'amxo'rlariga nisbatan zo'ravonlik guvohi bo'lish zaifligiga hissa qo'shishi mumkin.Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Tibbiy travma

Tibbiy travma, ba'zan "pediatrik tibbiy travmatik stress" deb ataladigan bolalar va ularning oilalarining og'riq, jarohat, jiddiy kasallik, tibbiy muolajalar va invaziv yoki qo'rqinchli davolash tajribalariga psixologik va fiziologik javoblari majmuini anglatadi. Tibbiy travma bir yoki bir nechta tibbiy hodisalarga javob sifatida yuzaga kelishi mumkin. [73] Bolalarda ular hali ham kognitiv qobiliyatlarni rivojlantirmoqdalar va shuning uchun ular ma'lumotni boshqacha qayta ishlaydilar. Ular og'riqni jazo bilan bog'lashlari mumkin va ular noto'g'ri ish qilganliklariga ishonishlari mumkin, bu ularning og'rig'iga sabab bo'lgan yoki qandaydir tarzda jarohat olgan. [74]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Bolalar o'zlarining travmatik tibbiy tajribalari tufayli o'z tarbiyachilari bilan bog'lanishlarida buzilishlarga duch kelishlari mumkin. Bu bolaning yoshiga va ularning tibbiy qiyinchiliklarini tushunishiga bog'liq. Misol uchun, yosh bola, agar ular dori-darmonlarni qabul qilish yoki shifokorga olib borish kabi bolaning og'rig'iga sabab bo'lgan va hissa qo'shgan harakatlarda ishtirok etishga majbur bo'lsa, ota-onasi tomonidan xiyonat qilishlari mumkin. Shu bilan birga, ota-onalar o'zlarini kuchsizligi, aybdorligi yoki qobiliyatsizligi tufayli ota-ona va bola munosabatlari keskinlashadi. [74]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Jismoniy zo'ravonlik

Bolaning jismoniy zo'ravonligi - bu bolaga urish, urish, urish yoki boshqa yo'llar bilan zarar etkazish natijasida yuzaga keladigan jismoniy shikastlanish yoki jismoniy shikastlanish. [75] Bu suiiste'mol tasodifiy emas deb hisoblanadi. Jarohatlar engil ko'karishdan tortib suyaklarning sinishi, bosh suyagi sinishi va hatto o'limgacha bo'lishi mumkin. [76] Bolalarga nisbatan jismoniy zo'ravonlikning qisqa muddatli oqibatlari orasida sinishlar, [77] kognitiv yoki aqliy nuqsonlar, ijtimoiy ko'nikmalarning etishmasligi, TSSB, boshqa psixiatrik kasalliklar, [76] kuchaygan tajovuzkorlik va tashqi xatti-harakatlar, [78] tashvish, xavf-xatarli xatti-harakatlar va o'z joniga qasd qilish harakati. [79] Uzoq muddatli oqibatlarga boshqalarga ishonish qiyinligi, o'zini past baho, tashvish, jismoniy muammolar, g'azab, tajovuzni ichkilashtirish, depressiya, shaxslararo qiyinchiliklar va giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish kiradi.Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Qochqin jarohati

Qochqinlar bilan bog'liq bolalik jarohati urush, quvg'in yoki zo'ravonlik tufayli bolaning kelib chiqqan mamlakatida sodir bo'lishi mumkin, lekin ayni paytda ko'chirish jarayoni yoki hatto belgilangan mamlakatga ko'chirishning uzilishi va o'tish jarayonining natijasi bo'lishi mumkin. [80] Qochqin yoshlar o'rtasida olib borilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, urush bilan bog'liq jarohatlarga yuqori darajada ta'sir ko'rsatadi va bu tajribalar bolalarning ruhiy salomatligi uchun chuqur salbiy oqibatlarini aniqladi. Qochqin bolalarda travmani boshdan kechirishning ba'zi natijalari xulq-atvor muammolari, kayfiyat va tashvishlarning buzilishi, TSSB va moslashishda qiyinchiliklardir. [81]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Ajralish jarohati

Ajralish jarohati [82] - bu nevrologik rivojlanishni buzadigan va o'limga olib keladigan bog'lanish munosabatlaridagi buzilish. [83] [84] Qarovchidan surunkali ajralish bola uchun juda shikast bo'lishi mumkin. [85] [86] Bundan tashqari, alohida bolalik travmasini boshdan kechirgan holda, ota-onadan yoki qo'shilish shaxsidan ajralish, shuningdek, bolaning bog'lanish xavfsizligiga chidamli ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin. [87] Bu keyinchalik travmadan keyingi kattalar simptomologiyasining rivojlanishi bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin. [87]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Jinsiy zo'ravonlik

Asosiy maqola: Child sexual abuse

Travmatik qayg'u

Travmatik qayg'u an'anaviy qayg'u jarayonidan ajralib turadi, chunki bola kundalik hayotga dosh bera olmaydi, hatto o'lim holatlaridan tashqarida yaqin kishini eslay olmaydi. Bu ko'pincha o'lim to'satdan kasallik yoki zo'ravonlik harakati natijasida sodir bo'lishi mumkin. [88]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Davolash

Bolalik travmasining sog'liqqa ta'siri parvarish va davolash orqali yumshatilsa bo'ladi. [89] [90] [91]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Bolalik travmasini davolashning ko'plab usullari mavjud, jumladan, psixososyal muolajalar va farmakologik muolajalar . [89] [90] [91] Psixososyal muolajalar psixoterapiya kabi shaxslarga qaratilgan bo'lishi mumkin yoki maktab miqyosidagi aralashuvlar kabi kengroq aholiga mo'ljallangan bo'lishi mumkin. [89] [92] Mavjud dalillarni o'rganish ( tizimli sharhlar ) davolashning ko'p turlari [93] samarali ekanligini ko'rsatgan bo'lsa-da, travmaga yo'naltirilgan kognitiv xulq-atvor terapiyasi [94] bolalik travmasini davolashda eng samarali bo'lishi mumkin. [91] [95]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Bundan farqli o'laroq, boshqa tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, farmakologik terapiya bolalik travmasini davolash uchun psixososyal terapiyaga qaraganda kamroq samarali bo'lishi mumkin. [89] [91] Nihoyat, erta aralashuv bolalik travmasining salomatlik salbiy oqibatlarini sezilarli darajada kamaytirishi mumkin. [96] [97]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Psixososyal muolajalar

Kognitiv xulq-atvor terapiyasi

Kognitiv xulq-atvor terapiyasi (CBT) TSSB uchun tanlangan psixologik davolash usuli bo'lib, eng yaxshi davolash ko'rsatmalari tomonidan tavsiya etiladi. [95] CBTning maqsadi bemorlarga his-tuyg'ularini yaxshiroq nazorat qilish uchun o'z fikrlarini, e'tiqodlarini va munosabatlarini o'zgartirishga yordam berishdir. [98] Bundan tashqari, u bemorlarga jarohatni yaxshiroq engishga va muammolarni hal qilish ko'nikmalarini yaxshilashga yordam berish uchun tuzilgan. [98] Ko'pgina tadqiqotlar CBT TSSB ni davolashdan oldingi darajadan simptomlarni kamaytirish va diagnostik tiklanish nuqtai nazaridan samarali ekanligini isbotlaydi. [89] [91] [99] Tegishli davolash to'siqlari orasida stigma, narx, geografiya va davolanishning etarli emasligi kiradi. [100]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Travmaga yo'naltirilgan kognitiv xatti-harakatlar terapiyasi

Travmaya yo'naltirilgan kognitiv xulq-atvor terapiyasi (TF-CBT) bolalar va o'smirlarda TSSB holatlarini davolash uchun mo'ljallangan kognitiv xatti-harakatlar terapiyasining bir tarmog'idir. [101] Ushbu davolash modeli KBT tamoyillarini travmaga sezgir yondashuvlar bilan birlashtiradi. [102] Bu bolaga travmani xavfsiz joyda mustaqil ravishda qayta ishlashga ruxsat berishdan oldin, agar mavjud bo'lsa, bolaga ham, ota-onaga ham travma belgilari bilan kurashish ko'nikmalarini joriy etishga yordam beradi. [103] Tadqiqotlar ( tizimli sharhlar ) travmaga yo'naltirilgan kognitiv xulq-atvor terapiyasi bolalik travmasining, xususan, TSSBning salbiy psixologik ta'sirini minimallashtirish uchun eng samarali davolash usullaridan biri ekanligini ko'rsatdi. [89] [91] [95] [104]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Ko'z harakati desensitizatsiyasi va qayta ishlash terapiyasi

Ko'z harakatini desensitizatsiyalash va qayta ishlash terapiyasi (EMDR) - bu travmatik xotiralarni qayta ishlashga yordam berish uchun terapevtlar tomonidan qo'llaniladigan usul. [105] Ushbu aralashuv bemorni shikastli xotiralarni eslab qolishini va his-tuyg'ularini tartibga solishga yordam berish uchun ko'z harakati yoki barmoqni teginish kabi ikki tomonlama stimulyatsiyani qo'llaydi. [105] Bemor xotiraga sezgir bo'lib qolganda va salbiy javob bermasdan uni eslay oladigan bo'lsa, jarayon tugallanadi. [105] Randomize nazorat ostida o'tkazilgan tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatdiki, EMDR bitta travmatik hodisaga duchor bo'lgan bolalarda TSSB belgilarini kamaytirdi va iqtisodiy jihatdan samarali bo'ldi. [106] Bundan tashqari, tadqiqotlar EMDR TSSB uchun samarali davolash ekanligini ko'rsatdi. [104]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Dialektik xulq-atvor terapiyasi

Dialektik xulq-atvor terapiyasi (DBT) o'z-o'ziga zarar etkazishning oldini olishga yordam beradi va kognitiv xulq-atvor va aql-idrok usullarining kombinatsiyasi orqali tajribadan qochish va ifodalangan g'azabni kamaytirish orqali shaxslararo faoliyatni yaxshilashga yordam beradi. Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Haqiqiy hayot qahramonlari

Haqiqiy hayot qahramonlari (RLH) davolash, murakkab TSSB bilan og'rigan bolalar uchun ketma-ket, biriktirishga qaratilgan davolash aralashuvi, u 3 asosiy komponentga qaratilgan: ta'sirni tartibga solish, hissiy jihatdan qo'llab-quvvatlovchi munosabatlar va chidamlilik uchun resurslar va ko'nikmalarni shakllantirish uchun hayot tarixi integratsiyasi. [107] 126 nafar bola ishtirokida o‘tkazilgan tadqiqot shuni ko‘rsatdiki, Real Life Heroes davolash TSSB alomatlarini kamaytirish va xulq-atvor muammolarini yaxshilashda samarali bo‘ladi. [108]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Hikoya-hissiyot jarayonini kodlash tizimi

Hikoya-hissiyot jarayonini kodlash tizimi (NEPCS) sakkizta mijoz belgilarini aniqlaydigan xatti-harakat kodlash tizimidir: mavhum hikoya, bo'sh hikoya, hikoya qilinmagan his-tuyg'ular, inchoate hikoya, bir xil eski hikoya, raqobatdosh syujetlar hikoyasi, kutilmagan natijalar hikoyasi va kashfiyot hikoyasi. Har bir marker o'ziga xos hikoya va hissiyot jarayoni ko'rsatkichlari videotasvirga olingan terapiya seanslaridan olingan bir daqiqalik vaqt segmentlarida ifodalanganlik darajasiga qarab farq qiladi. Rivoyat va hissiy ifodaning yaxshilangan integratsiyasi ilgari murakkab travmadan tiklanish bilan bog'liq edi. [109]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Qo'shimchalar, o'z-o'zini tartibga solish va vakolat doirasi

Qo'shimchalar, o'z-o'zini tartibga solish va malaka (ARC) asosi - bu murakkab travma ta'siriga uchragan bolalar va o'smirlar uchun aralashuv. [110] ARC ramkasi murakkab travmani boshdan kechirgan bolalar va o'smirlarni davolash uchun moslashuvchan, komponentlarga asoslangan aralashuvdir. [110] Nazariy jihatdan bog'lanish, travma va rivojlanish nazariyalariga asoslangan va surunkali, shaxslararo travma ta'siriga uchragan uchta asosiy sohani ko'rib chiqadi: biriktirish, o'zini o'zi boshqarish va rivojlanish kompetentsiyalari. [110] AQSh Milliy Bolalar Travmatik Stress Tarmog'i ma'lumotlaridan foydalangan holda o'tkazilgan tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatdiki, ARC tizimi bilan davolash samarali bo'lib, xulq-atvor muammolari va TSSB simptomlarini travmaga yo'naltirilgan kognitiv xulq-atvor terapiyasiga o'xshash darajada kamaytiradi. [101]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Maktab miqyosida yondashuvlar

O'rganilgan ko'plab maktab miqyosidagi tadbirlar bir-biridan sezilarli darajada farq qiladi, bu esa bolalik travmasini davolash uchun maktab miqyosidagi tadbirlarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi dalillarning kuchini cheklaydi; biroq, maktab miqyosidagi yondashuvlarni o'rganish shuni ko'rsatadiki, ular o'rtacha darajada samarali bo'lib, travma belgilarini kamaytiradi, xatti-harakatlarning o'zgarishini rag'batlantiradi va o'z-o'zini hurmat qilishni yaxshilaydi. [92]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Farmatsevtik muolajalar

Farmatsevtika vositalaridan (dorilar) bolalik travmasini davolashda foydalanish samaradorligini baholaydigan ko'pgina tadqiqotlar TSSBni davolashga qaratilgan. [89] [91] TSSB - bu bolalik travmasidan kelib chiqadigan sog'liq uchun faqat bitta ta'sir. [111] TSSBdan tashqari, bolalik travmasining boshqa sog'liqqa ta'sirini davolash uchun farmatsevtik davolash samaradorligini bir nechta tadqiqotlar baholaydi.Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Selektiv serotoninni qayta qabul qilish inhibitörleri (SSRI) va boshqa antidepressantlar TSSB belgilarini davolash uchun keng qo'llaniladigan dorilardir. [112] Tadqiqotlar ( tizimli sharhlar ) dori-darmonlar TSSBni davolash uchun psixososyal terapiyaga qaraganda kamroq samarali bo'lishi mumkinligini ko'rsatdi. [89] [91] Biroq, dorilar TSSB uchun CBT kabi terapiyaning boshqa shakli bilan birlashtirilganda samarali bo'lishi ko'rsatilgan. [113]Ncbdsvc ndbcv bndc hdfcv bdf cbfd chbdf cbhd fcbfdv hbdf vbdfv cbd fvcbdf vbdfbnv dfbv dfbv bndfnbd bb bd bd bdh dhbv hdfvc ndfb hdfbv dfvhdvbv dbfv bdncnbd bdn bdv bnb ndb nbdv nxb cnb

Ma'lumotnomalar

  1. ↑ "Childhood adversity and trauma: experiences of professionals trained to routinely enquire about childhood adversity". Heliyon 5 (7): e01900. July 2019. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01900. PMID 31372522. PMC 6658729. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6658729. 
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 "Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior". The American Journal of Psychiatry 148 (12): 1665–71. December 1991. doi:10.1176/ajp.148.12.1665. PMID 1957928. 
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Lupien, Sonia J.; McEwen, Bruce S.; Gunnar, Megan R.; Heim, Christine (2009). "Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition" (en). Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10 (6): 434–445. doi:10.1038/nrn2639. ISSN 1471-0048. PMID 19401723. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2639. 
  4. ↑ „The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study“. Centers for Diesase Control. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 6-iyun.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 "Adverse childhood experiences are associated with the risk of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study". BMC Public Health 10: 20. January 2010. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-20. PMID 20085623. PMC 2826284. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2826284. 
  6. ↑ "Cumulative childhood stress and autoimmune diseases in adults". Psychosomatic Medicine 71 (2): 243–50. February 2009. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907888. PMID 19188532. PMC 3318917. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3318917. 
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 "Early environment, emotions, responses to stress, and health". Journal of Personality 72 (6): 1365–93. December 2004. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00300.x. PMID 15509286. 
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 "Stress, stress response, and health". The Nursing Clinics of North America 39 (1): 1–17. March 2004. doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2003.11.001. PMID 15062724. 
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  55. ↑ „Bullying“ (en). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2018-yil 26-mart). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 26-oktyabr.
  56. ↑ "Consequences of Childhood Bullying on Mental Health and Relationships for Young Adults". Journal of Child and Family Studies 28 (9): 2379–2389. September 2019. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1197-y. 
  57. ↑ "Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence". JAMA Psychiatry 70 (4): 419–26. April 2013. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.504. PMID 23426798. PMC 3618584. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3618584. 
  58. ↑ „Community Violence“ (en). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2017-yil 8-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 26-oktyabr.
  59. ↑ 59,0 59,1 "Community violence: a meta-analysis on the effect of exposure and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents". Development and Psychopathology 21 (1): 227–59. January 2009. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000145. PMID 19144232. 
  60. ↑ "Psychological symptoms linking exposure to community violence and academic functioning in African American adolescents". Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42 (2): 250–62. February 2013. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9895-z. PMID 23277294. PMC 4865382. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4865382. 
  61. ↑ "Violence exposure and substance use in adolescents: findings from three countries". Pediatrics 111 (3): 535–40. March 2003. doi:10.1542/peds.111.3.535. PMID 12612233. 
  62. ↑ "Longitudinal associations between community violence exposure and suicidality". The Journal of Adolescent Health 43 (4): 380–6. October 2008. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.02.015. PMID 18809136. PMC 2605628. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2605628. 
  63. ↑ "Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children". Child Development 74 (5): 1561–76. October 2003. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00623. PMID 14552414. 
  64. ↑ "Community violence exposure and children's social adjustment in the school peer group: the mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (4): 670–83. August 2000. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.670. PMID 10965642. 
  65. ↑ "Social–cognitive mediators of the association between community violence exposure and aggressive behavior". School Psychology Quarterly 24 (3): 199–210. September 2009. doi:10.1037/a0017362. 
  66. ↑ "The need for inclusion of psychological trauma in the professional curriculum: A call to action". Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 1 (1): 3–23. 2009. doi:10.1037/a0015224. 
  67. ↑ „Disasters“ (en). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2018-yil 25-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 26-oktyabr.
  68. ↑ "Katrina inspired disaster screenings and services: School-based trauma interventions". Traumatology 25 (2): 133–141. June 2019. doi:10.1037/trm0000178. 
  69. ↑ "Children exposed to a natural disaster: psychological consequences eight years after 2004 tsunami". Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 72 (1): 75–81. January 2018. doi:10.1080/08039488.2017.1382569. PMID 28990835. 
  70. ↑ „Intimate Partner Violence“ (en). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2017-yil 30-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 26-oktyabr.
  71. ↑ "Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes". Aggression and Violent Behavior 13 (2): 131–140. March 2008. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1320&context=psychfacpub. 
  72. ↑ Lambert, Hilary K.; Meza, Rosemary; Martin, Prerna; Fearey, Eliot; McLaughlin, Katie A. (2017), „Childhood Trauma as a Public Health Issue“, Evidence-Based Treatments for Trauma Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents, Cham: Springer International Publishing: 49–66, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46138-0_3, ISBN 978-3-319-46136-6, qaraldi: 2021-09-22
  73. ↑ "Posttraumatic stress following acute medical trauma in children: a proposed model of bio-psycho-social processes during the peri-trauma period". Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 17 (4): 399–411. December 2014. doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0174-2. PMID 25217001. PMC 4319666. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4319666. 
  74. ↑ 74,0 74,1 "Play therapy treatment of pediatric medical trauma: A retrospective case study of a preschool child". International Journal of Play Therapy 29 (1): 33–42. January 2020. doi:10.1037/pla0000109. 
  75. ↑ "Supplemental Material for Differences in Childhood Physical Abuse Reporting and the Association Between CPA and Alcohol Use Disorder in European American and African American Women". Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: adb0000174.supp. 2016. doi:10.1037/adb0000174.supp. 
  76. ↑ 76,0 76,1 „Child Physical Abuse“,The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment. SAGE Publications, 2001 — 21–50 bet. ISBN 978-0-7619-1991-9. 
  77. ↑ "Fractures in infants: one in four is non-accidental". Child Abuse Review 12 (6): 384–391. November 2003. doi:10.1002/car.806. 
  78. ↑ "Dimensions of child maltreatment and children's adjustment: contributions of developmental timing and subtype". Development and Psychopathology 13 (4): 759–82. December 2001. doi:10.1017/s0954579401004023. PMID 11771907. 
  79. ↑ "Psychosocial Characterization of Physically Abused Children from Low Socioeconomic Households in Comparison to Neglected and Nonmaltreated Children". Journal of Child and Family Studies 11 (4): 441–453. 1 December 2002. doi:10.1023/A:1020983308496. 
  80. ↑ „Refugee Trauma“ (en). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2018-yil 25-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 26-oktyabr.
  81. ↑ "Trauma history and psychopathology in war-affected refugee children referred for trauma-related mental health services in the United States". Journal of Traumatic Stress 25 (6): 682–90. December 2012. doi:10.1002/jts.21749. PMID 23225034. 
  82. ↑ "Symbolisierung früher Trennungstraumata und Neubildung von Repräsentanzen [Symbolization of early separation traumas and the formation of new representations]" (de). Psyche 64 (1): 1–33. 2010. https://elibrary.klett-cotta.de/article/99.120105/ps-64-1-1?pid=99.120105. 
  83. ↑ "Failure-to-thrive is associated with disorganized infant-mother attachment and unresolved maternal attachment". Infant Mental Health Journal 21 (6): 428–442. 2000. doi:10.1002/1097-0355(200011/12)21:6<428::aid-imhj2>3.0.co;2-b. 
  84. ↑ "Institutional childcare and the affective deficiency syndrome: consequences on growth, nutrition and development". Early Human Development 65 Suppl: S145-52. November 2001. doi:10.1016/s0378-3782(01)00216-x. PMID 11755045. 
  85. ↑ "Complex Trauma in Children and Adolescents". Psychiatric Annals 35 (5): 390–398. 2005-05-01. doi:10.3928/00485713-20050501-05. 
  86. ↑ "The Psychiatric Effects of Massive Trauma on Cambodian Children: I. The Children". Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 25 (3): 370–376. 1986. doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60259-4. 
  87. ↑ 87,0 87,1 Bryant, R. A.; Creamer, M.; O'Donnell, M.; Forbes, D.; Felmingham, K. L.; Silove, D.; Malhi, G.; Hoof, M. van et al. (August 2017). "Separation from parents during childhood trauma predicts adult attachment security and post-traumatic stress disorder" (en). Psychological Medicine 47 (11): 2028–2035. doi:10.1017/S0033291717000472. ISSN 0033-2917. PMID 28535839. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/separation-from-parents-during-childhood-trauma-predicts-adult-attachment-security-and-posttraumatic-stress-disorder/1A276EB81F24C50729F72A29CB084D89. 
  88. ↑ „Traumatic Grief“ (en). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2018-yil 25-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 26-oktyabr.
  89. ↑ 89,0 89,1 89,2 89,3 89,4 89,5 89,6 89,7 Wethington, Holly R.; Hahn, Robert A.; Fuqua-Whitley, Dawna S.; Sipe, Theresa Ann; Crosby, Alex E.; Johnson, Robert L.; Liberman, Akiva M.; Mościcki, Eve et al. (September 2008). "The Effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce Psychological Harm from Traumatic Events Among Children and Adolescents" (en). American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35 (3): 287–313. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.024. PMID 18692745. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074937970800528X. 
  90. ↑ 90,0 90,1 Ehring, Thomas; Welboren, Renate; Morina, Nexhmedin; Wicherts, Jelte M.; Freitag, Janina; Emmelkamp, Paul M. G. (December 2014). "Meta-analysis of psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood abuse". Clinical Psychology Review 34 (8): 645–657. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.10.004. ISSN 1873-7811. PMID 25455628. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455628. 
  91. ↑ 91,0 91,1 91,2 91,3 91,4 91,5 91,6 91,7 Coventry, Peter A.; Meader, Nick; Melton, Hollie; Temple, Melanie; Dale, Holly; Wright, Kath; Cloitre, Marylène; Karatzias, Thanos et al. (August 2020). "Psychological and pharmacological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental health problems following complex traumatic events: Systematic review and component network meta-analysis". PLOS Medicine 17 (8): e1003262. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003262. ISSN 1549-1676. PMID 32813696. PMC 7446790. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7446790. 
  92. ↑ 92,0 92,1 Avery, Julie C.; Morris, Heather; Galvin, Emma; Misso, Marie; Savaglio, Melissa; Skouteris, Helen (2021). "Systematic Review of School-Wide Trauma-Informed Approaches". Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma 14 (3): 381–397. doi:10.1007/s40653-020-00321-1. PMID 34471456. PMC 8357891. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=8357891. 
  93. ↑ van der Kolk, Bessel A (April 2003). "The neurobiology of childhood trauma and abuse". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 12 (2): 293–317. doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(03)00003-8. ISSN 1056-4993. PMID 12725013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(03)00003-8. 
  94. ↑ De Bellis, Michael D.; Zisk, Abigail (April 2014). "The Biological Effects of Childhood Trauma". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 23 (2): 185–222. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.01.002. ISSN 1056-4993. PMID 24656576. PMC 3968319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2014.01.002. 
  95. ↑ 95,0 95,1 95,2 "First-line therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of cognitive behavioural therapy and psychodynamic approaches". Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 18 (3): 237–250. September 2018. doi:10.1002/capr.12174. PMID 30147450. PMC 6099301. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6099301. 
  96. ↑ "A paradigm shift in responding to children who have experienced trauma: The Australian treatment and care for kids program". Children and Youth Services Review 94: 525–534. November 2018. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.08.031. 
  97. ↑ Oosterbaan, Veerle; Covers, Milou L. V.; Bicanic, Iva A. E.; Huntjens, Rafaële J. C.; de Jongh, Ad (2019). "Do early interventions prevent PTSD? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of early interventions after sexual assault". European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10 (1): 1682932. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1682932. ISSN 2000-8066. PMID 31762949. PMC 6853210. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6853210. 
  98. ↑ 98,0 98,1 Harris, Stephanie (2012-10-19). "Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Basics and Beyond (2nd edn.) Judith S. Beck New York: The Guilford Press, 2011. pp. 391, £34.99 (hb)". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 41 (1): 124–125. doi:10.1017/s135246581200094x. ISBN 978-160918-504-6. ISSN 1352-4658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246581200094x. 
  99. ↑ Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The National Academies Press, 2008-12-18. DOI:10.17226/11955. ISBN 978-0-309-10926-0. 
  100. ↑ "Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) for posttraumatic stress disorder versus waitlist control: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial". Trials 16 (1): 544. December 2015. doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1059-5. PMID 26628268. PMC 4666048. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4666048. 
  101. ↑ 101,0 101,1 Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press, 2006. ISBN 9781462528400. 
  102. ↑ Cohen, Judith A.; Mannarino, Anthony P.; Iyengar, Satish (January 2011). "Community treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder for children exposed to intimate partner violence: a randomized controlled trial". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 165 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.247. ISSN 1538-3628. PMID 21199975. 
  103. ↑ Cohen, Judith A.; Mannarino, Anthony P. (July 2015). "Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Traumatized Children and Families". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 24 (3): 557–570. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2015.02.005. ISSN 1558-0490. PMID 26092739. PMC 4476061. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4476061. 
  104. ↑ 104,0 104,1 Bisson, J.; Andrew, M. (2007-07-18). Bisson, Jonathan. ed. "Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD003388. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 17636720. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17636720. 
  105. ↑ 105,0 105,1 105,2 "EMDR, adaptive processing, and case conceptualization". Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 1: 68–87. 2007. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.68. https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgremdr/1/2/68. 
  106. ↑ de Roos, Carlijn; van der Oord, Saskia; Zijlstra, Bonne; Lucassen, Sacha; Perrin, Sean; Emmelkamp, Paul; de Jongh, Ad (November 2017). "Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, cognitive behavioral writing therapy, and wait-list in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder following single-incident trauma: a multicenter randomized clinical trial". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 58 (11): 1219–1228. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12768. ISSN 1469-7610. PMID 28660669. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28660669. 
  107. ↑ Kagan, Richard; Spinazzola, Joseph (October 2013). "Real Life Heroes in Residential Treatment: Implementation of an Integrated Model of Trauma and Resiliency-Focused Treatment for Children and Adolescents with Complex PTSD" (en). Journal of Family Violence 28 (7): 705–715. doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9537-6. ISSN 0885-7482. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10896-013-9537-6. 
  108. ↑ Kagan, Richard; Henry, James; Richardson, Margaret; Trinkle, Joanne; LaFrenier, Audrey (September 2014). "Evaluation of Real Life Heroes treatment for children with complex PTSD." (en). Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 6 (5): 588–596. doi:10.1037/a0035879. ISSN 1942-969X. http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0035879. 
  109. ↑ "Narrative and emotion integration processes in emotion-focused therapy for complex trauma: an exploratory process-outcome analysis". Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies 15 (2): 67–94. 2 April 2016. doi:10.1080/14779757.2015.1132756. 
  110. ↑ 110,0 110,1 110,2 Blaustein, Margaret E.; Kinniburgh, Kristine M. (2017), „Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency (ARC)“, Evidence-Based Treatments for Trauma Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents, Cham: Springer International Publishing: 299–319, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46138-0_14, ISBN 978-3-319-46136-6, qaraldi: 2021-09-14
  111. ↑ Hughes, Karen; Bellis, Mark A.; Hardcastle, Katherine A.; Sethi, Dinesh; Butchart, Alexander; Mikton, Christopher; Jones, Lisa; Dunne, Michael P. (August 2017). "The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet. Public Health 2 (8): e356–e366. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4. ISSN 2468-2667. PMID 29253477. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29253477. 
  112. ↑ American Psychiatric Association. „Medications for PTSD“. www.apa.org. 2019-yil 22-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 3-aprel.
  113. ↑ Hien, D.A.; Levin, Frances R.; Ruglass, Lesia; Lopez-Castro, Teresa (January 2015). "Enhancing the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD and alcohol use disorders with antidepressant medication: A randomized clinical trial". Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146: e142. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.303. ISSN 0376-8716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.303.  
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