Choʻqon Valixonov

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Shoqan

Choʻqon Valixonov
Fayl:Shoqan Balikhanov portrait.jpg
A portrait of Shoqan Balikhanov in his military uniform
Tavalludi November 1835
Kushmurun fort in Kostanay Province
Vafoti 10-aprel 1865-yil(1865-04-10)
(29 yoshda)
Village of Sultan Tezek in Almaty Province
Fuqaroligi Rossiya Imperiyasi
Kasbi Scholar, Historian, Ethnographer and Folklorist, Officer in Asiatic Department of Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Turmush oʻrtogʻi Aisary Walikhanova
Otasi Shyngys Walikhanov
Onasi Zeiynep Shormanova

Shokan Shyngysuly Balikhanov (qozoqcha: Шоқан Шыңғысұлы Уәлихан, ruscha: Чокан Чингисович Валиханов), given name Mukhammed Kanafiya (qozoqcha: Мұхаммед Қанафия) (November 1835 – April 10, 1865) was a Kazakh scholar, ethnographer, historian and participant in the Great Game. His reputation "as the father of modern Kazakh history and ethnography" is recorded in the Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan [1]. The Kazakh Academy of Sciences became the Ch.Ch. Valikhanov Kazakh Academy of Sciences in 1960 [2][3]. English-language texts sometimes give his name as "Chokan Valikhanov", based on a transliteration of the Russian spelling [4]. that he used himself.

Bolalik davrida[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

1847-yilda Omsk harbiy akademiyasiga o'qishga kirgan Shoqan

Muhammed Shoqan Shyngysuly Qanafiya Balikhanov 1835-yil noyabr oyida Qozog'istonning hozirgi Kostanay viloyatida joylashgan Qushmurun qahrosi doirasida yangi rivojlangan Aman-Qaragai tumanida tug'ilgan. Qozog'iston o'rta Jüz xanlari bo'lgan Abu'l-Mansur Xanning to'rtinchi avlodidan bo'lgan. Shoqan oilasi Rossiya imperiyasi hukumati tomonidan juda hurmatga ega edi va Balikhanovning otasi hayotining olti yilligida Qushmurun okrugining katta sultoni, chegara kengashi,bosh qozoq maslahatchisi, polkovnik lavozimini oshirish va Kokshetau okrugida katta sulton sifatida alohida muddatga tayinlandi [5].

Shoqan yoshligini otasining yurtida o'tkazgan. Shoqanning otasi Chingis o'g'lining erta o'quvini tashkil etdi va 1842-yilda olti yoshida uni maktab o'qishga kirgandi. Shoqan o'sha paytda arab tilidan foydalanilgan qozoq tilida ta'lim olishini shu yerda boshladi.

Shoqan kichkina faytida otasining uyidan,Srimbetdagi ota-bobosi Aiganimning mol-mulkiga ko'chib o'tdi. Shoqanning buvisi tomonidan Sibir kadetlar korpusida o'qishga qabul qilingan.

Balikhanov 1847-yilda Omsk harbiy akademiyaga kirdi. Omsk kadet maktabini bitirganidan so'ng, u nafaqat rus, balki ingliz adabiyotini o'qigan, Balikhanov 1850-yillarning oxirida Markaziy Osiyoda ko'p sayohat qildi [6]. O'zi O'mskda bo'lganida, Balikhanov birinchi marta Fyodor Dostoyevskiy bilan tanishdi.

O'smirlik davri[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Shoqanning ishi harbiy ma'lumotlarni va geografik tadqiqotlarni birlashtirgan. Uning birinchi muvaffaqiyatli ekspeditsiyasi Issyq Köl hududiga 1855-1856 yilgi missiyasi edi. Keyinchalik 1857-yilda Petersburgga hisobot berish uchun chaqirildi va u erda Shoqan Rossiya geografik jamiyati saylandi.

On June 28, 1858, Walikhanov began the expedition that would lead him to instant fame throughout Europe and into the pages of history. Serving as a decoy to the geo-political intentions of the mission, Walikhanov embarked with a caravan of 43 men, 101 camels and 65 horses. Following his successful passage through the Chinese border without suspicion, the caravan arrived in Kashgar in early October of 1858. Over the course of a half-year, Walikhanov took meticulous notes regarding major towns, including maps, the goods in the bazaars, the languages spoken and the customs practiced.[7]

Ekspeditsiya ko'paygan shubhalar oqibatida yakunlandi va ular 1859-yil aprel oyida Qashqardan ketishdi. Balikhanov Sankt-Peterburgga qaytib, poytaxtimizda qisqa vaqt (1860 - 1861-yil bahori) bo'lganida intellektual va madaniy hayotning o'ziga xos qismiga aylandi. Yosh Balikhanov G'arbga aylanish qat'iy tarafdori va o'z vatanida Islom ta'siriga tanqid qilgan. Etnograf Nikolay Yadrintsev so'zlariga ko'ra, Balikhanov uchun Evropa sivilizatsiyasi "hayotning yangi Qur'oni"ni ifodalaydi [6].

1861-yilning bahorida u sil kasalligi chalingan va Sankt-Peterburgdan ketishga majbur bo'lgan. U sog'lig'ini tiklash umidi bilan o'z yurtining stepa hududiga qaytib keldi. U hech qachon Sankt-Peterburgga qaytib kelmadi, ammo sog'lig'ining tez-tez qaytishi uning faoliyatining muvaffaqiyat qozonishiga to'sqinlik qildi. Do'sti Dostoyevskiga yo'llagan xatlarida Balikanov Sankt-Peterburgga qaytish uchun bir necha bor muvaffaqiyatsiz rejalar tuzganini aytib o'tgan. Balikhanov shuningdek otasi kabi Tobolskda joylashgan G'arbiy Siberiya Bosh gubernatori siyosiy lavozim uchun kampaniya o'tkazganini esladi. 1862-yilda u katta Sulton uchun muvaffaqiyatli o'z nomini qo'lga kiritdi, ammo general-gubernator Aleksandr Duhamel, Aleksandr Osipovich Balikhanovning sog'lig'i tufayli o'z lavozimini tasdiqlashni rad etdi.

I. A. Kardovskiy tomonidan Sankt-Peterburgda suratga olingan Shoqan Valixanov portretlari
Shoqan Walikhanov 1965 yilgi sovet xotirasi pochtasida.

Balikhanov 1863-yilda Qozog'iston sud-huquq amaliyotlari bo'yicha materiallarni to'pladi. Bu Duhamel tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan hukumat loyihasining bir qismi bo'lib, 1864-yilgi Sud islohotlari memorandumiga olib keldi. 1864-yilda Shoqan polkovnik Cherniaevning Markaziy Osiyoni egallab olishida yordam berish uchun tayinlandi. Cherniaev qo'shinlari Vernoe (hozirgi Almaty) qal'asidan g'arbga chiqishdi. Chernayev Kokand xonati yaqinlashib, Aulie-Ata (hozirgi Taraz) shahriga hujum qilishni rejalashtirgan. Shoqan zo'ravonliksiz muzokara natijalarini erishishga muvaffaqiyatsiz harakat qildi. Cherniaev oson g'alaba qozonib, Vernoga qaytdi. Shoqan Aulie-Ata hodisalaridan keyin Chernayevdan chiqib, Vernoe shahrida to'xtatib, Vernoyning shimolida Ili daryosi joylashgan Sultan Tezek qishlog'iga ko'chib o'tdi. Kolonel Cherniaev, ammo Balikanovning ishidan norozi emas va uni lavozimga ko'tarish uchun tavsiya qiladi.

Shoqan o'zining qolgan oxirgi oylarini Sultan Tezek qishlog'ida o'tkazdi va oxir-oqibat Sultan Tezekning singlisi Aisari bilan turmush quradi.. Bu vaqt davomida Semipalatinsk viloyatining harbiy gubernatori general Kolpakovskiga 1864-yil noyabridan 1865-yil fevralgacha yozilgan xatlar musulmonlarning ko'tarilishlari va yaqin Qulja shahridagi isyonkorlar faoliyati haqida ma'lumot berdi. Kolpakovski Shoqanni shunchalik hurmat qilganki, sog'lig'i tiklanganidan so'ng, Shoqanga o'z idorasida lavozim taklif qildi.

Balikhanov 1865-yil 10-aprel kuni 29 yoshida kasallikka chalingan. Shoqan hozirgi Almaty viloyati Kochen-Togan qabristonida dafn etildi.

1904-yilda Balikhanovning asarlari to'plamini tahrirlagan Nikolay Veselovskiy, Balikhanovni qisqa umr ko'rish "shariq fanlari sohasida shovqin-shuvchanlik meteor" bo'lganini aytdi "[8].

Balikanov va Dostoyevskiy[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Shoqan Balixanov va Fyodor Dostoyevskiy

Dostoyevskiy Omskda bo'lganida Shoqan Balixanov bilan uchrashgan. Dostoyevskiyning fikricha, Balikhanov aql bovar qilmaydigan, jasoratli, olim va etnograf va iste'dodli folklorist edi. Ikki ziyoli o'zaro yozishmalarida o'zaro katta muhabbat va hurmatlarini tan oldilar.

Dostoyevskiy Semipalatinsk (hozir Semey deb nomlanadi) xizmat qilganida, Balikhanov bilan yana uchrashdi. Ikkala kishi ham tanilgan geograf Peter Semenov Tian-Shansky va baron A. E. Wrangel bilan yaqin tanish edilar.

Dostoyevskiy Semipalatinskdan 1856-yil 14-dekabr kuni do'sti Baliyxanovga yo'naltirilgan eng hayajonli maktublaridan birini yozdi:

You write me that you love me. I will tell you without ceremony that I have fallen in love with you. Never, to anybody, not even to my own brother, have I felt such attraction as I do to you, and God knows how this has come about. One could say much in explanation, but why should I praise you! And you will believe in my sincerity even without proof, my dear Vali-khan, and even if one were to write ten books on this theme, one would write nothing: feeling and attraction are inexplicable

— Fyodor Dostoevsky, 14 December 1856, Semipalatinsk[9]

Qozog'istonning Semey shahrida, mahalliy Dostoyevskiy muzeyi yaqinida Balikhanov va Dostoyevskining haykali bor.

Shoqanning ijodi[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Ulikhanov Markaziy Osiyo tarixi va madaniyatiga bag'ishlangan ko'plab maqola va kitoblar chop etdi. Qisqacha roʻyxat:

  • "Xitoy Turkestan va Dzungariya: Walikhanov va boshqa rus sayohatchilari", "Rusiyalar Markaziy Osiyoda", London, Edward Stanford, 1865 yil.
  • Qozogʻlar orasida shamanlik izlari
  • Qozogʻiston koʻchmachilarining lagerlari toʻgʻrisida
  • Qozogʻistonliklar
  • Tengri
  • Qozogʻistonning anʼanaviy sheʼriyatining shakllari
  • Issyk-Kul sayohat jurnali
  • Kul-Ju sayohat jurnali
  • Jangarlar to'g'risidagi yozuvlar

Balikhanov shuningdek, "Kozy-Korpesh - Bayan-Sulu" ga o'xshash epik she'riyotni ham to'pladi, shuningdek, o'zi "Stepa Iliadi" deb atagan birinchi yozib olingan variantni, Manas epik asarini [10]. Keyinchalik Nazar Bolot uulu deb tan olingan nomsiz ijrochi tomonidan to'plandi. Balikhanovning "Manas" haqidagi nashr etilgan taqdimnomasi uning rus adabiy madaniyati bilan tanishligi va bandligini aks ettirgan bo'lib, uning kelajakdagi eposning tushunchasini shakllantirgan [11][12].

Balikhanovning 1858-1859 yillarda Qashgar'arga safarining hisoboti Bali Xanning hududga bostirib kirishi va 1860-yillarda musulmonlar inqilobining oldidagi Xinjiang vaziyat haqida qimmatli hisob bo'lib qolmoqda.

Shoqan Balikhanov bahori[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Balikhanov nomidan nomlangan Shoqan Balikhanov buloq Altyn-Emel milliy bog'ida joylashgan. Bu Almaty viloyatining Kerbulak tumanida, Maly Kalkan tog'lari orasida, joylashgan. Balikhanovning yo'li 1856-yilda Rossiyadan Kashgaryagacha, hozirgi ipark hududidan o'tadi. Ekspeditsiya bahorda to'xtadi. O'sha paytdan beri odamlar bahorda suvni ichib, ko'plab kasalliklarni davolash mumkin, degan fikrda. Iyul va avgust oylarida, ko'pincha bahor qurigan paytda, suv ichish uchun kichik oq mavjud.

Izohlar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]


Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  1. ↑ Kassymova, Didar „Valikhanov, Chokan Shinghisuly (1835-1865)“,. Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East Woronoff: . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 18 May 2012 — 279 bet. ISBN 9780810879836. 2024-yil 17-aprelda qaraldi. „[...] Valikhanov served in the administration of the tsarist colonial regime and is seen as the father of Kazakh history and ethnography [...].“ 
  2. ↑ „Valikhanov, Chokan Shinghsuly“,Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East Kassymova: . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press — 279 bet. ISBN 9780810879836. 2022-yil 12-mayda qaraldi. „[...] Valikhanov served in the administration of the tsarist colonial regime [...] and the Kazakh Academy of Sciences is named after him [...].“ 
  3. ↑ Scholars' Guide to Humanities and Social Sciences in the Soviet Union and the Baltic States: The Academies of Sciences of Russia, Ukraine, Belorussia, Moldova, the Transcaucasian and Central Asian Republics and Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, 2, Studies of Central Asia and the Caucasus Martirosyan: , Routledge. ISBN 9781315488431. 2022-yil 12-mayda qaraldi. „In 1946, when the Kazakh Subdivision became the Kazakh Academy of Sciences, the Institute became part of that system. The name of Ch.Ch. Valikhanov, the outstanding nineteenth-century Kazakh scholar and educator, was added in 1960.“ 
  4. ↑ „Valikhanov, Chokan Shinghsuly“,Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East Kassymova: . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press — 279 bet. ISBN 9780810879836. 2022-yil 12-mayda qaraldi. „Sometimes his name is written as Chokan Valikhanov - an English version based on the Russian spelling.“ 
  5. ↑ „In the Footsteps of Chokan Valikhanov - Birthplace and Childhood“. www.valikhanov.si.edu. 2015-yil 10-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 12-noyabr.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Futrell, Michael. Dostoyevsky and Islam (And Shoqan Walikhanov). 'The Slavonic and East European Review'. Vol. 57, No. 1 (Jan., 1979), p. 20
  7. ↑ „Expedition Overviews - Second Expedition (1858-1859)“. www.valikhanov.si.edu. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 12-noyabr.
  8. ↑ Taken from "The Meteor Flash", at the Smithsonian Institution site
  9. ↑ Futrell, Michael. "Dostoyevsky and Islam (And Shoqan Walikhanov)". The Slavonic and East European Review. Vol. 57, No. 1 (Jan., 1979), p. 21
  10. ↑ The Memorial Feast for Kökötöy-Khan (Kökötöydün ašı): A Kirghiz Epic Poem Hatto: . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. 
  11. ↑ Plumtree, J. K. (12 April 2024). "Onegin and Manas, Valikhanov and Belinsky; Russian Literary Criticism and Kyrgyz Oral Poetry". Vestnik Bishkek state university af K Karasaev 67 (1): 76–84. doi:10.35254/bsu/2024.67.11. https://www.academia.edu/119109235/Onegin_and_Manas_Valikhanov_and_Belinsky_Russian_Literary_Criticism_and_Kyrgyz_Oral_Poetry. 
  12. ↑ Prior, Daniel. Patron, Party, Patrimony: Notes on the Cultural History of the Kirghiz Epic Tradition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. 

Walikhanovning asarlari ingliz tilida mavjud[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Chokan Valikhanovning tanlangan asarlari: Buyuk Stepa etnograf va tarixchisi. Ed. Nick Fielding, Tr. Arch Tait. London: Qozog'iston Respublikasining Buyuk Britaniya va Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi elchixonasi Kembridj universitet matbuot kompaniyasi bilan hamkorlikda ishlaydi, 2000.
  • "Dzungariyaning umumiy ko'rgazmasi" va "Dzungaryada sayohatlar", kapitan Walikhanov tomonidan: Michell, John; Walikhanova, Shoqan Chingisovich; Venyukov, Mixail Ivanovich (1865), Markaziy Osiyodagi ruslar: Qirg'iz stepalarini va Syr-Dariyaning chizig'ini egallab olishlari: Khiva, Bokhara va Kokan bilan siyosiy munosabatlari: shuningdek, Xitoy Turkiston va Dzungariyani tasvirlashlari; kapitan Walikhonov, M. Veniukof va [O'rlar]. Michell, John; Walikhanov, Shoqan Chingisovich; Venyukov, Mikhail Ivanovich (1865), The Russians in Central Asia: their occupation of the Kirghiz steppe and the line of the Syr-Daria : their political relations with Khiva, Bokhara, and Kokan : also descriptions of Chinese Turkestan and Dzungaria; by Capt. Walikhanov, M. Veniukof and [others]. Translated by John Michell, Robert Michell, E. StanfordJon Mikkel, Robert Mikkel va E. Stenford tarjima qilgan

Tashqi bog'lar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

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