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Nadine Gordimer

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Nadine Gordimer

Gordimer Gothenburg kitob yarmarkasida, 2010
Tavalludi 20-noyabr 1923-yil
Springs,Janubiy Afrika,Transvaal
Vafoti 13-iyul 2014-yil(2014-07-13)
(90 yoshda)
Yoxannesburg, Janubiy Afrika
Ijod qilgan tillari Ingliz tili
Fuqaroligi JAR[1]
Janr
  • roman
  • dramatik asarlar
Mukofotlari

Kitobxon mukofoti 1974-yil

Adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti ,1991-yil
Turmush oʻrtogʻi
  • Gerald Gavron
    (turm. 1949; ajr. 1952)
  • Reinhold Cassirer
    (turm. 1954; o'limi 2001)
Bolalari 2

Nadine Gordimer (1923-yil 20-noyabr – 2014-yil 13-iyul) – Janubiy Afrikalik yozuvchi va siyosiy aktivist. 1991-yilda adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofotiga sazovor boʻlgan va „oʻzining ajoyib epik asarlari orqali insoniyatga juda katta foyda keltirgan“ yozuvchi sifatida tan olingan[2].

Gordimerning asarlari asosan axloqiy va irqiy muammolarga, shuningdek Janubiy Afrikadagi aparteidga bagʻishlangan holda yozilgan. Oʻsha davrlarda Burger’s Daughter kabi asarlar taqiqlangan edii. Shunga qaramasdan Gordimer aparteidga qarshi harakatda faol boʻlgan, tashkilot taqiqlangan kunlarda Afrika Milliy Kongressiga qoʻshilgan va Nelson Mandelaga 1964-yildagi mashhur mudofaa nutqi boʻyicha maslahat bergan va bu uning umrbod hukm qilinishiga olib kelgan. U OIV/OITS masalalarida ham faol edi.

Hayoti[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Gordimer Yoxannesburg tashqarisida joylashgan Sharqiy Rand kon shaharchasi Springs yaqinida tugʻilgan. U Litvaning Žagarė shahridan (oʻsha paytda Rossiya imperiyasi tomonidan bosib olingan) litvalik yahudiy muhojir soatsoz Isidore Gordimerning[3][4] va Londondan Hannah „Nan“ Gordimerlarning ikkinchi qizi edi[5][6]. Uning onasi yahudiy assimilyatsiya qilingan oiladan edi, lekin Gordimer dunyoviy qarashlarga oilada oʻsgan.

Gordimerning ota-onasi unda Janubiy Afrikadagi irqiy va iqtisodiy tengsizlikka qiziqishini uygʻotishadi. Aslida otasining chor Rossiyasidan qochqin boʻlib kelganligi Gordimerning siyosatga qiziqishiga sababchi boʻladi[7]. Aksincha, Gordimerning onasi anchagina faol boʻladi, uning Janubiy Afrikadagi qora tanlilar duch keladigan qashshoqlik va kamsitishlar haqidagi tashvishi uni qora tanli bolalar uchun bolalar bogʻchasi ochishga undaydi[8]. Gordimer o'smirlik chogʻidanoq hukumat repressiyalarini oʻz koʻzi bilan koʻrgan, politsiya uning oilasiga bostirib kirib, xizmatkor xonasidan xat va kundaliklarni musodara qilgan.

Faoliyati[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Gordimer Witwatersrand universitetida bir yil davomida oʻqiydi. Shuningdek, u Sophiatown renessansiga ham oʻz hissasini qoʻshgan[9]. Afsuski u oʻqishni tamomlay olmaydi, ammo 1948-yilda Yoxannesburgga koʻchib oʻtadi va u yerda yashay boshlaydi. Yoxannesburgda saboq olayotganda, u ijod qilishni davom ettiradi va asosan Janubiy Afrikaning mahalliy jurnallarida oz ishlarini nashr ettiradi. U 1949-yilda chop etilgan „Face to Face“ kitobida oʻzining dastlabki hikoyalarning koʻpini toʻplagan.

1951-yilda New Yorker gazetasi Gordimerning „ Watcher of the Dead“ hikoyasini qabul qildi[10] va bu esa ularning uzoq muddatli hamkorliklarining boshlanishi edi. Qisqa hikoyalarni bizning davrimiz uchun adabiy shakl deb hisoblagan Gordimer[11] qisqa hikoyalarini New Yorker va boshqa taniqli adabiy jurnallarda nashr etishda davom etadi. Uning birinchi noshiri Lulu Friedman parlamentariy Bernard Friedmanning rafiqasi edi va Gordimer boshqa antiaparteid yozuvchilari bilan Yoxannesburgning Quyi Xoughtondagi „Baland daraxtlar“ uyida uchrashgan[12]. Gordimerning ilk romani "The Lying Days " 1953-yilda nashr etilgan.

1960-yilda uning eng yaqin doʻsti Bettie du Toitning[13] hibsga olinishi va Sharpevil qirgʻini Gordimerning aparteidga qarshi harakatga kirishiga turtki boʻladi[14]. Shundan soʻng, u tezda Janubiy Afrika siyosatida faollashadi va 1962-yilgi sud jarayonida Nelson Mandelaning himoyachilari (Bram Fisher va Jorj Bizos) bilan yaqin doʻst boʻldi. U, shuningdek, Mandelaga uning mahkamasidan berilgan mashhur „Men oʻlishga tayyorman“ nutqini tahrirlashda yordam ham bergan[15]. 1990-yilda Mandela qamoqxonadan chiqqanida, eng koʻp Gordimerni koʻrishni xohlaydi.

Adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Gordimer 1972-1973-yillarda Shvetsiya akademiyasi aʼzosi Artur Lundkvist tomonidan adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti bilan taqdirlangan[16].

Mukofot va unvonlari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • W. H. Smith Commonwealth Literary Award for Friday’s Footprint (1961)[17]
  • James Tait Black Memorial Prize for A Guest of Honour (1972)[17]
  • Booker Prize for The Conservationist (1974)[17]
  • Central News Agency Literary Award for The Conservationist (1974)[18]
  • Grand Aigle d’Or (France) (1975)[19]
  • Orange Prize shortlist; she declined[20]
  • Central News Agency Literary Award for Burger’s Daughter (1979)[18]
  • Central News Agency Literary Award for July’s People (1981)[18]
  • Scottish Arts Council Neil M. Gunn Fellowship (1981)[17]
  • Modern Language Association Honorary Fellow (1984)[21]
  • Rome Prize (1984)[22][23]
  • Premio Malaparte (Italy) (1985)[17]
  • Nelly Sachs Prize (Germany) (1985)[17]
  • Bennett Award (United States) (1987)[24]
  • Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for A Sport of Nature (1988)[25]
  • Inducted as an honorary member into Phi Beta Kappa (1988)[26]
  • Central News Agency Literary Award for My Sonʼs Story (1990)[18]
  • Nobel Prize for Literature (1991)[20]
  • International Botev Prize Laureate (1996)[27]
  • Commonwealth Writers' Prize for the Best Book from Africa for The Pickup (2002)[28]
  • Booker Prize longlist for The Pickup (2001)[29]
  • Officier of the Legion of Honour (2007)
  • American Philosophical Society, Member (2008)[30]
  • American Academy of Arts and Letters, Honorary Member (1979)[19]
  • American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Honorary Member (1980)[19]
  • Royal Society of Literature, Fellow[31]
  • Congress of South African Writers, Patron[32]
  • Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Commander[19]
  • 15 honorary degrees[31]
  • Senior Fellow, Massey College of the University of Toronto
  • Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond Tutu at an awards ceremony at St. Georgeʼs Cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa (2009)[33][34]
  • Order of the Aztec Eagle[35]

Romanlari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • The Lying Days (1953)
  • A World of Strangers (1958)
  • Occasion for Loving (1963)
  • The Late Bourgeois World (1966)
  • A Guest of Honour (1970)
  • The Conservationist (1974) – joint winner of the Booker prize in 1974
  • Burger’s Daughter (1979)
  • July’s People (1981)
  • A Sport of Nature (1987)
  • My Sonʼs Story (1990)
  • None to Accompany Me (1994)
  • The House Gun (1998)
  • The Pickup (2001)
  • Get a Life (2005)
  • No Time Like the Present (2012)[36]

Sahna asarlari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • The First Circle, Janubiy Afrikalik mualliflarning oltita bir pardali pyesasi (1949)

Qisqa hikoyalari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

Insholari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • The Black Interpreters (1973)
  • What Happened to Burger’s Daughter or How South African Censorship Works (1980)
  • The Essential Gesture: Writing, Politics and Places (1988)
  • Writing and Being: The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures (1995)
  • Living in Hope and History (1999)
  • Gordimer, Nadine (16 December 2013). „Nelson Mandela“. The Talk of the Town. Postscript. The New Yorker. 89-jild, № 41. 24, 26-bet.

Tahrirlangan asarlari[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Telling Tales (2004)
  • Telling Times: Writing and Living, 1950–2008 (2010)

Yana qarang[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • List of female Nobel laureates
  • List of Jewish Nobel laureates

Manbalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  1. ↑ (unspecified title)
  2. ↑ „The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991“. Nobelprize (2010-yil 7-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2010-yil 7-oktyabr.
  3. ↑ Ettin, Andrew Vogel. Betrayals of the Body Politic: The Literary Commitments of Nadine Gordimer. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993 — 29-30 bet. ISBN 978-0-8139-1430-5. „although she had always referred to her father as Lithuanian, in recent years she has noted that his parents lived and worked in Riga, and now she identifies him as Latvian .“ 
  4. ↑ Nadine Gordimer's 'Burger's daughter': A Casebook Newman: . New York: Oxford University Press, 2003 — 4 bet. ISBN 978-0-19-514717-9. „She believed for many years that he was Lithuanian (like many South African Jewish immigrants) and only discovered later in life that he was Latvian.“ 
  5. ↑ Gordimer, Nadine. Conversations with Nadine Gordimer Bazin: . Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1990 — xix bet. ISBN 978-0-87805-445-9. „1923 – Born, 20 November in Springs, a small mining town in the Transvaal, South Africa. Second daughter of Isidore Gordimer, Jewish watchmaker and jeweler who had emigrated from Latvia at age 13, and Nan Myers Gordimer, a native of England.“ 
  6. ↑ Wästberg. „Nadine Gordimer and the South African Experience“. Nobelprize.org (2001-yil 26-aprel). Qaraldi: 2010-yil 16-avgust.
  7. ↑ "A Writer’s Life: Nadine Gordimer", Telegraph, 3 April 2006.
  8. ↑ Wästberg. „Nadine Gordimer and the South African Experience“. Nobelprize.org (2001-yil 26-aprel). Qaraldi: 2010-yil 16-avgust.
  9. ↑ Nadine Gordimer: A Sport of Nature[sayt ishlamaydi], The Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards.
  10. ↑ New Yorker, 9 June 1951.
  11. ↑ Nadine Gordimer, Guardian Unlimited (last visited 25 January 2007).
  12. ↑ „A mixture of ice and fulfilled desire“. Mail & Guardian (2005-yil 14-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2010-yil 16-avgust.
  13. ↑ „Nadine Gordimer Biography and Interview“. www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  14. ↑ Wästberg. „Nadine Gordimer and the South African Experience“. Nobelprize.org (2001-yil 26-aprel). Qaraldi: 2010-yil 16-avgust.
  15. ↑ Glen Frankel. „The Speech at Rivonia Trial that Changed History“. Washington Post (2013-yil 5-dekabr).
  16. ↑ „Nomination Archive - Nadine Gordimer“. NobelPrize.org (2024-yil mart). Qaraldi: 2024-yil 14-mart.
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 17,5 „Nadine Gordimer“. British Council. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 1-oktyabr.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 „Nadine Gordimer“. LibraryThing. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 1-oktyabr.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 Brendon Nicholls. Nadine Gordimer's July's People: A Routledge Study Guide. Routledge, 2013. ISBN 978-1-134-71871-9. 
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 „Nadine Gordimer, anti-apartheid author, dies aged 90“. The Telegraph (2014-yil 14-iyul). 2022-yil 12-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 1-oktyabr.
  21. ↑ „Past Honorary Fellows | Modern Language Association“. Mla.org (1959-yil 27-dekabr). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 2-noyabr.
  22. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. „UNHCR Gordimer, Nadine“. Unhcr.org (1923-yil 20-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 14-iyul.
  23. ↑ Mehren, Elizabeth. „Merger Of The Arts, Scholarship, Funding : Rome Prize Sidesteps The Cutbacks“. Los Angeles Times (1985-yil 16-may). Qaraldi: 2013-yil 15-sentyabr.
  24. ↑ „Bennett Award Acceptance Speech, 1986“. The Hudson Review. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 1-oktyabr.
  25. ↑ „Winners by Year“. Anisfield-Wolf (2018). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 1-oktyabr.
  26. ↑ „Nobel Laureates Who Are BK Members (through 2009)“. Pbk.org. 2016-yil 14-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 2-noyabr.
  27. ↑ „На колене пред слънцето на свободата!“. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 1-oktyabr.
  28. ↑ „Nadine Gordimer“. Macmillan Publishers. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 1-oktyabr.
  29. ↑ Sue Kossew. „Nadine Gordimer, The Pickup“. Quodlibet: The Australian Journal of Trans-national Writing (2005-yil fevral). 2019-yil 28-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 1-oktyabr.
  30. ↑ „APS Member History“. search.amphilsoc.org. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 3-may.
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English Mohit K. Ray: . Atlantic Publishers & Dis, 2007. ISBN 978-81-269-0832-5. 
  32. ↑ Scott Kraft. „Perceptive Works Earned Respect of S. African Blacks : Nobel: Nadine Gordimer's opposition to apartheid, evident in her books, also took her to court“. Los Angeles Times (1991-yil 4-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 1-oktyabr.
  33. ↑ „Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement“. www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  34. ↑ „2009 Summit Photo“. — „Nobel Prize-winning author Nadine Gordimer receives the Golden Plate Award from Archbishop Desmond Tutu.“.
  35. ↑ „Francisco González receives Mexico's Order of the Aztec Eagle honor“. BBVA (2018-yil 18-aprel). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 1-oktyabr.
  36. ↑ Davies. „A Very Long Engagement“. The Oxonian Review. 2012-yil 2-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  37. ↑ Gordimer, Nadine (14 May 2007). „A Beneficiary“. The New Yorker (ingliz (Amerika)). Qaraldi: 1 October 2022.

Havolalar[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]

  • Works by Nadine Gordimer at Open Library
  • Nadine Gordimer IMDbda
  • Short Stories by Nadine Gordimer on the Web
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • Portraits of Nadine Gordimer at the National Portrait Gallery, London
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