David Bruce (mikrobiolog): Versiyalar orasidagi farq

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„David Bruce (microbiologist)“ sahifasi tarjima qilib yaratildi
(Farq yoʻq)

1-Dekabr 2022, 23:41 dagi koʻrinishi

  General-mayor Ser David Bruce[1] (1855-yil 29-may – 1931-yil 27-noyabr) Avstraliyada tugʻilgan ingliz patolog va mikrobiologi boʻlib, tropik tibbiyotga hissa qoʻshgan[2]. 1887-yilda u hozir Brucella deb ataladigan Malta isitmasi bakteriyani topdi. 1894-yilda u Trypanosoma brucei nomli oddiy parazitni nagananing (hayvonlarning tripanosomiazi) qo'zg'atuvchisi sifatida aniqlaydi.

Armiya Tibbiyot Xizmati va Qirollik Armiyasi Tibbiyot Korpusida ishlagan Bryusning asosiy ilmiy hamkori uning mikrobiolog rafiqasi Meri Elizabet Bryus bo'lib, u bilan birga o'zining 172 ta maqolasidan o'ttizga yaqin texnikaga oid maqolalarini nashr etgan[3]. 1886-yilda u Malta isitmasi deb nomlangan kasallikni tekshirish bo'yicha komissiya raisi bo'lib, u sabab ma'lum bir bakteriyani aniqlaydi. Keyinchalik, rafiqasi bilan birga Zululandda nagana deb nomlangan hayvonlar kasalligining tarqalishini tekshirdi va buni keltirib chiqaruvchi protozoa parazitini topdi. U Ugandada inson uyqu kasalligi epidemiyasini o'rgangan. Qirollik jamiyati tomonidan uyushtirilgan ikkinchi va uchinchi uyqu kasalligi bo'yicha komissiya boshqaruvchisi sifatida ish olib borgan va u yerda tsetse pashshasi inson va hayvonlarda ushbu kasalliklarining tashuvchisi (vektori) ekanligini aniqlagan.

Brucella va u keltirib chiqaradigan kasallik brutsellyoz protozoa bilan birga olimning sharafiga Trypanosoma brucei deb nomlangan.

Biografiyasi

Hayoti va ta'limi

Bruce Avstraliyaning Melburn shahrida shotlandiyalik muhandis David Bruce (Airthdan) va uning rafiqasi Jane Russell Hamilton (Stirlingdan) oilasida tug'ilgan. Ular 1850-yilda shoshilinch ravishda Avstraliyaga ko'chib o'tishgan. U yolg'iz farzand edi. U besh yoshida oilasi bilan Shotlandiyaga qaytib kelgan. Ular Stirlingdagi 1-Viktoriya maydonida yashashgan. Bruce Stirling o'rta maktabida tahsil olgan va 1869-yilda Manchesterda shogirdlikni boshlagan. Biroq, pnevmoniya hujumi uni bu ishdan voz kechishga va o'z karerasini qayta yaratishga majbur qiladi. Shundan keyin u zoologiyani o'rganishni boshlaydi. Keyinchalik 1876-yilda Edinburg universitetida tibbiyot sohasi bo'yicha bilim olishga kirishadi[4]. Bruce 1881-yilda oʻqishni tugatgan[5].

Tibbiy martabasi

Surrey shtatining Reygate shahrida Bruce (1881 – 1883) umumiy amaliyot shifokori sifatida qisqa muddat ishlagandan so'ng, rafiqasi Meri bilan uchrashib qoladi va ular turmush qurishadi. Keyin u Hampshirdagi Netley Victoriya kasalxonasidagi Armiya tibbiyot maktabiga o'qishga kirdi. U 1883-yilda harbiy imtihondan o'tadi va armiya tibbiy xizmatiga qo'shiladi (1919-yilgacha xizmat qilgan)[6]. Birinchi lavozimi uchun u 1884-yilda Maltaning Valletta shahrida joylashgan Qirollik Armiyasi Tibbiyot Korpusida ishlay boshlaydi[7].

Bruce 1889-yilda Netley armiya tibbiyot maktabida patologiya kafedrasi dotsenti etib tayinlandi va u yerda besh yil hizmat qiladi[5]. 1894-yilda harbiy xizmatdan qaytgach Pitermaritzburg, Natal, Janubiy Afrikaga yuboriladi. U Zululandda qoramol va ot kasalligi (nagana deb ataladi) ishini tekshirish uchun tayinladi. 1894-yil 27-oktyabrda u rafiqasi (Meri Elizabet) bilan kasallik eng ko'p tarqalgan Ubombo tepaligiga ko'chib o'tadi[8]. 1899-yilda Ikkinchi Bur urushi boshlanganda, xotini hamrohligida u Ladysmit qamalida (1899-yil 2-noyabrdan 1900-yil 28-fevralgacha) dala kasalxonasini boshqaradi. Urush davridagi xizmatlari uchun podpolkovnik unvonini olgan. 1899-yilda Bruce Edinburg universitetining terapevtika bo'yicha Kemeron mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi. 1900-yilda u harbiy lagerlarda dizenteriyani tekshiradigan armiya komissiyasiga qo'shiladi va bir vaqtning o'zida Qirollik jamiyatining uyqu kasalligi bo'yicha komissiyasida ham ishlaydi[6].

Bruce 1902-yildan 1911-yilgacha armiya tibbiy xizmati maslahat kengashi a'zosi bo'lib xizmat qilgan. 1914-yilda u London Millbankdagi Qirollik armiyasi tibbiyot kollejining qo'mondoni etib tayinlandi, 1919-yilda general-mayor lavozimini nafaqaga chiqqunga qadar egalladi[9]. Bu orada Lister institutining boshqaruv organi raisi etib ham tayinlandi. Faoliyati davomida u to'qson yettidan ortiq texnik maqolalarni nashr etdi, ulardan o'ttizga yaqiniga rafiqasi hammualliflik qilgan[5].

Vafoti

Bruce 1931-yilda xotinidan to'rt kun o'tib, uni xotirlash marosimida vafot etgan. Ikkalasi ham Londonda kuydirilgan va ularning kullari Stirling qal'asi yaqinidagi vodiy qabristonida, shimoliy-janubiy asosiy yo'lning sharqiy tomonidagi oddiy tosh xoch ostida, janubiy doira yaqinida dafn etilgan. Ularning farzandlari bo'lmagan[3].

Ilmiy hissalar

David Bryus (markazda), O'rta er dengizi isitmasi komissiyasi a'zolari bilan (brutselloz uchun). Themistocles Zammit yuqori chap tomonda.

Malta isitmasi

Bruce Maltada xizmat qilganida, ingliz askarlari Malta isitmasi deb ataladigan kasallikka chalingan. Kasallik odamlarda to'lqinli isitma va echkilarda abortga olib kelgan. U echki suti orqali yuqadi. 1886-yilda Bryus epidemiyani tekshirgan Malta isitmasi komissiyasini boshqargan[10]. 1886-1887-yillarda u Malta isitmasi bilan kasallangan va kasallikdan vafot etgan besh bemorni o'rgangan. Jasadlarning taloqidan u mikrokokk bakteriyasini topgan va bu haqida quyidagi fikrlarni bildirgan:

Ushbu koloniyalarning biridan olingan qism sterillangan suv tomchisiga solinganda va yuqori quvvat [mikroskop] ostida tekshirilganda, son-sanoqsiz mayda mikrokokklar ko'rinadi. Ular juda faol va raqsga tushayotgandek harakatlanib qoida tariqasida yakka, ba'zan juft bo'lib, kamdan-kam hollarda qisqa zanjirlarda ko'rinishadi[11].

Brucening yordamchisi, jarroh kapitan Matthew Louis Hughes kasallikni "to'lqinli isitma" va keltirib chiqaruvchisini micrccoccus melitensis bakteriyasi deb atagan. Infeksion manbai aniq emas edi, Hughes uni tuproqdan va havodan yutilgan deb hisoblaydi[12]. Bruce 1887-yilda "Amaliyotchi" kitobida ushbu kashfiyot haqida xulosalarini yozib qoldirgan.

Micrococcus jinsi Bruce sharafiga Brucella deb o'zgartirildi va haqiqiy nom sifatida qabul qilindi[13][14]. Shunga ko'ra, kasallik brutsellyoz deb nomlanadi[15][16].

Pashsha kasalligi va uyqu kasalligi

Bruce Janubiy Afrikaga ko'chirilganda, u mahalliy aholi nagana deb atagan hayvonlar kasalligi va Yevropaliklarda pashsha kasalligining tarqalishini tekshirish uchun Zululandga yuborilgan. 1894-yilda u rafiqasi bilan bu kasallik qoramol, eshak, ot va itlar orasida keng tarqalganligini aniqlaydi[8][17]. Ular kasallangan hayvonlardan qon namunalarini yig'ishadi va tekshirishlar natijasida Bryus 1895-yilda o'z hisobotida ta'riflaganidek, "gematozoon" (qon parazitlari bo'lgan protozoalar) turi sifatida to'g'ri aniqlagan parazitlarni topadi.

Uyqu pashshasi bo'yicha komissiya

Uyqu kasalligi bo'yicha uchinchi komissiya a'zolari (to'g'ridan-to'g'ri): Persival Makki, Ledi Bryus, Ser David Bryus, HR Bateman, AE Hamerton

Ugandada 1900-yildan boshlab uyqu kasalligi avj ola boshlagan[18]. 1901-yilga kelib, o'lim soni 20 000 ga yaqin bo'lgan holda og'irlashadi[19]. Yigirma yil davom etgan epidemiyada 250 mingdan ortiq odam halok bo'lgan[18]. Odatda "negro letargiya"[20][21] nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan kasallikning pashsha kasalligi bilan bog'liqligi bilinmagan[22]. O'sha paytda insonlarda uchraydigan bu kasallik bakterial infektsiya yoki gelmint infektsiyasi deb hisoblangan[23].

Qirollik jamiyati epidemiyani tekshirish uchun 1902-yilda uch a'zodan iborat uyqu kasalligi komissiyasini tuzdi[24]. London Gigiena va Tropik tibbiyot maktabidan Jorj Karmaykl Lou boshchiligidagi jamoa tarkibiga uning hamkasbi Aldo Kastellani va Hindistonning Bombay shahrida navbatchi tibbiy xodimi Katbert Kristi qo'shilishdi[25][26]. Ekspeditsiya muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ldi, chunki ular bakteriya yoki gelmintlarning kasallikka aloqasi yo'qligini aniqladilar[27].

1902-yilda ikkinchi komissiya Brucega topshirildi, unga Universitet kolleji kasalxonasidan David Nunes Nabarro yordam berdi. 1903-yil avgustga kelib, Bruce va uning jamoasi kasallik tsetse pashshasi Glossina palpalis orqali yuqishini aniqladi[28][29]. Uchinchi komissiyada (1908-1912) Bruce va uning hamkasblari tsetse pashshasida tripanosomaning to'liq rivojlanish bosqichlarini o'rganishdi[30][31].

Faxr va mukofotlar

David Bruce's name as it features on the LSHTM Frieze in Keppel Street
David Brucening nomi London Gigiena va Tropik tibbiyot maktabida.

Bruce 1899-yilda Qirollik jamiyati (FRS) a'zosi etib saylandi. U 1904-1908-yillarda Qirollik Armiyasi Tibbiyot Korpusi jurnalining muharriri bo'lib ishlagan. 1901-yilda Edinburg universitetining Kemeron mukofoti laureati bo'lgan. 1904-yilda Qirollik jamiyatining Qirollik medali, 1905-yilda Mary Kingsley medali va Britaniya Tibbiyot Assotsiatsiyasining Stewart mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan. U 1915-yilda Qirollik shifokorlar kollejida Croonian o'qituvchisi sifatida faoliyat yuritgan[5]. 1915-yilda Leeuwenhoek medali bilan taqdirlangan, 1908-yilda ritsar unvoniga ega bo'lgan va 1918-yilda Vannaning ritsar qo‘mondoni (KCB) unvoniga ko‘tarilgan[1]. U 1924-1925-yillarda Britaniya Ilmiy Assotsiatsiyasi prezidenti bo'lgan[32].


Bruce 1904-1932-yillarda tripanosomiazdagi kashfiyotlari uchun Fiziologiya va tibbiyot bo'yicha Nobel mukofotiga 31 marta nomzod bo'lgan, ammo hech birida tanlanmagan[33].

Manbalar

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 b., J. R. (1932). "Sir David Bruce. 1855-1931". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 1: 79. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1932.0017. 
  2. ↑ Herron, Jonathan Blair Thomas; Alexander Thomas Dunbar, James (2018). "The British Army's contribution to tropical medicine". Clinical Medicine 18 (5): 380–383. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.18-5-380. PMID 30287430. PMC 6334121. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6334121. 
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 „Sir David Bruce“. www.whonamedit.com. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 2-fevral.
  4. ↑ „Former RSE Fellows 1783–2002“. Royal Society of Edinburgh. 2006-yil 4-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 19-sentyabr.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Brown. „David (Sir) Bruce“. munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk. Royal College of Physicians of London. Qaraldi: 2017-yil 30-yanvar.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Cook, G.C.. Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of The Pioneers. Burlington (US): Elsevier Ltd., 2007 — 145–156 bet. ISBN 978-0-08-055939-1. 
  7. ↑ SACHS A (October 1951). "A memorial to major-general Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 97 (4): 293–5. PMID 14889518. 
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Joubert, J.J.; Schutte, C.H.; Irons, D.J.; Fripp, P.J. (1993). "Ubombo and the site of David Bruce's discovery of Trypanosoma brucei". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87 (4): 494–5. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(93)90056-V. PMID 8249096. 
  9. ↑ S R Christophers: 'Bruce, Sir David (1855–1931)' (rev. Helen J Power), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2008, accessed 23 May 2014
  10. ↑ Robertson, Muriel (1955). "Sir David Bruce: An Appreciation of the Man and his Work" (en). BMJ Military Health 101 (2): 91–99. doi:10.1136/jramc-101-02-03 (inactive 31 July 2022) . PMID 14368591. https://militaryhealth.bmj.com/content/101/2/91. 
  11. ↑ Bruce, David (1887). "Note on the discovery of a microorganism in Malta Fever". The Practitioner 39: 161–170. https://archive.org/details/b30476896. 
  12. ↑ Edwards, Catherine; Jawad, Ali S. M. (2006). "History of brucellosis". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99 (2): 54. doi:10.1177/014107680609900208. PMID 16449771. PMC 1360483. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1360483. 
  13. ↑ Corbel, M.J. „Brucella“,. Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, 2015 — 1–30 bet. DOI:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00807. ISBN 9781118960608. 
  14. ↑ „Genus: Brucella“ (en). lpsn.dsmz.de. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 26-fevral.
  15. ↑ Christopher, Supriya; Umapathy, B. L.; Ravikumar, K. L. (2010). "Brucellosis: review on the recent trends in pathogenicity and laboratory diagnosis". Journal of Laboratory Physicians 2 (02): 55–60. doi:10.4103/0974-2727.72149. PMID 21346896. PMC 3040083. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3040083. 
  16. ↑ Corbel, M. J. (1997). "Brucellosis: an overview". Emerging Infectious Diseases 3 (2): 213–221. doi:10.3201/eid0302.970219. PMID 9204307. PMC 2627605. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2627605. 
  17. ↑ Bruce, David. Further report on the tsetse fly disease or Nagana, in Zululand (English). London: Harrison & Sons, 1896 — 4 bet. OCLC 17444592. 
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Fèvre, E. M.; Coleman, P. G.; Welburn, S. C.; Maudlin, I. (2004). "Reanalyzing the 1900-1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda". Emerging Infectious Diseases 10 (4): 567–573. doi:10.3201/eid1004.020626. PMID 15200843. 
  19. ↑ Cook, Gordon. Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of The Pioneers (en). London: Elsevier, 2007 — 133–135 bet. ISBN 978-0-08-055939-1. 
  20. ↑ Mott, F. W. (1899). "The Changes in the Central Nervous System of Two Cases of Negro Lethargy: Sequel to Dr. Manson's Clinical Report". British Medical Journal 2 (2033): 1666–1669. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2033.1666. PMID 20758763. PMC 2412509. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2412509. 
  21. ↑ Cook, G. C. (1996). "The 'Negro lethargy' in Uganda". Parasitology Today 12 (1): 41. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(96)90083-6. ISSN 0169-4758. PMID 15275309. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15275309. 
  22. ↑ Castellani, Aldo. (1903). "The history of the association of Trypanosoma with sleeping sickness". British Medical Journal 2 (2241): 1565. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2241.1565-a. PMC 2514975. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2514975. 
  23. ↑ Amaral, Isabel (2012). "Bacteria or parasite? the controversy over the etiology of sleeping sickness and the Portuguese participation, 1898-1904". História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 19 (4): 1275–1300. doi:10.1590/s0104-59702012005000004. PMID 23184240. 
  24. ↑ Boyd, J. (1973). "Sleeping sickness. The Castellani-Bruce controversy". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 28: 93–110. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1973.0008. PMID 11615538. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11615538. 
  25. ↑ Cook, G. C. (1993). "George Carmichael Low FRCP: an underrated figure in British tropical medicine". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 27 (1): 81–82. PMID 8426352. PMC 5396591. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5396591. 
  26. ↑ Cook, G.C. (1993). "George Carmichael Low FRCP: twelfth President of the Society and underrated pioneer of tropical medicine" (en). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87 (4): 355–360. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(93)90002-8. PMID 8249057. https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article-lookup/doi/10.1016/0035-9203(93)90002-8. 
  27. ↑ Lumsden, W. H. (1974). "Some episodes in the history of African trypanosomiasis". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 67 (8): 789–796. doi:10.1177/003591577406700846. PMID 4607392. PMC 1645813. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1645813. 
  28. ↑ Welburn, S. C.; Maudlin, I.; Simarro, P. P. (2009). "Controlling sleeping sickness - a review". Parasitology 136 (14): 1943–1949. doi:10.1017/S0031182009006416. PMID 19691861. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19691861/. 
  29. ↑ Steverding, Dietmar (2008). "The history of African trypanosomiasis". Parasites & Vectors 1 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-1-3. PMID 18275594. PMC 2270819. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2270819. 
  30. ↑ Bruce, David; Hamerton, A. E.; Bateman, H. R.; Mackie, F. P. (1909). "The development of trypanosoma gambiense in glossina palpalis". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B 81 (550): 405–414. doi:10.1098/rspb.1909.0041. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1909.0041. 
  31. ↑ Bruce, David; Hamerton, A. E.; Bateman, H. R.; Mackie, F. P. (1911). "Further researches on the development of trypanosoma gambiense in glossina palpalis". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B 83 (567): 513–527. doi:10.1098/rspb.1911.0034. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1911.0034. 
  32. ↑ Presidential Address to the British Association Meeting, held at Toronto in 1924
  33. ↑ „Nomination archive: Sir David Bruce“ (en-US). NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB (2020-yil 1-aprel). Qaraldi: 2022-yil 15-noyabr.
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  • "Sir David Bruce (1855–1931) postal stamps released to commemorate Anti-Brucellosis Congress-Malta 1964". The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 52: 428. May 2004. PMID 15656037. 
  • Haas LF (April 2001). "Sir David Bruce (1855–1931) and Thermistocles Zammit (1864–1935)". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 70 (4): 520. doi:10.1136/jnnp.70.4.520. PMID 11254779. PMC 1737312. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1737312. 
  • Vassallo DJ (September 1996). "The saga of brucellosis: controversy over credit for linking Malta fever with goats' milk". Lancet 348 (9030): 804–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)05470-0. PMID 8813991. 
  • Grogono BJ (August 1995). "Sir David and Lady Bruce. Part II: further adventures and triumphs". Journal of Medical Biography 3 (3): 125–32. doi:10.1177/096777209500300301. PMID 11639830. 
  • Freeling P (June 1995). "The Sir David Bruce Lecture, 1994. A matter of principles". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 141 (2): 61–9. doi:10.1136/jramc-141-02-02. PMID 7562740. 
  • Grogono BJ (May 1995). "Sir David and Lady Bruce. Part I: A superb combination in the elucidation and prevention of devastating diseases". Journal of Medical Biography 3 (2): 79–83. doi:10.1177/096777209500300203. PMID 11640041. 
  • Evans JA (1993). "Sir David Bruce: the dawn of microbiology". Veterinary History 7 (3): 105–9. PMID 11639304. 
  • Carne SJ (June 1991). "Sir David Bruce Lecture 1990. "Heads and tales"". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 137 (2): 63–8. doi:10.1136/jramc-137-02-02. PMID 1875320. 
  • Morrell DC (June 1989). "Sir David Bruce memorial lecture 1988". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 135 (2): 43–8. doi:10.1136/jramc-135-02-02. PMID 2671356. 
  • "100 years of bacteriology—history of the discovery of brucellosis. 1: Uncovering the etiology of Malta fever by the British military surgeon David Bruce and the Mediterranean Fever Commission [100 years of bacteriology—history of the discovery of brucellosis. 1: Uncovering the etiology of Malta fever by the British military surgeon David Bruce and the Mediterranean Fever Commission]" (de). Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung 82 (6): 287–90. 1988. PMID 3043930. 
  • Duggan AJ (September 1977). "Bruce and the African Trypanosomes". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 26 (5 Pt 2 Suppl): 1080–3. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.1080. PMID 20787. http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20787.  
  • Boyd J (June 1973). "Sleeping sickness. The Castellani-Bruce controversy". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 28: 93–110. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1973.0008. PMID 11615538. 
  • ROBERTSON M (April 1956). "Some aspects of trypanosomiasis with particular reference to the work of Sir David Bruce". The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59 (4): 69–77. PMID 13332700. 
  • MACARTHUR W (September 1955). "An account of some of Sir David Bruce's researches, based on his own manuscript notes". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 49 (5): 404–12. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(55)90003-1. PMID 13267903. 
  • "Nova et Vetera". British Medical Journal 1 (4925): 1337. May 1955. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4925.1337. PMID 14363890. PMC 2062064. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2062064. 
  • ROBERTSON M (April 1955). "Sir David Bruce: an appreciation of the man and his work". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 101 (2): 91–9. PMID 14368591. 
  • TULLOCH WJ (April 1955). "Sir David Bruce; an appreciation". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 101 (2): 81–90. PMID 14368590. 
  • DAVIES M (April 1955). "A bibliography of the work of Sir David Bruce, 1887–1924". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 101 (2): 122–9. PMID 13248207. 
  • de Kruif, Paul „IV Bruce: Trail of the Tsetse“,. Microbe Hunters, Blue Ribbon Books. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company Inc., 1926 — 252–277 bet. 
  • Bruce on the porch of his hut in Ubombo, Zululand (now South Africa), where he discovered Trypanosoma brucei.
    Bruce on the porch of his hut in Ubombo, Zululand (now South Africa), where he discovered Trypanosoma brucei.
  • Bruce rafiqasi bilan
    Bruce rafiqasi bilan
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